Ɛtwene—Sɛ Enni Hɔ a Anka Yɛbɛyɛ Dɛn?

“Yi ɛtwene a wofa so no ayɛ.”—George Colman, afeha a ɛto so 19 no mu Engiresini ɔgokyerɛwfo.

BERE bɛn na etwa to a wofaa twene bi so? So wohyɛɛ no nsow mpo? Nnipa ɔpepem pii fa twene so da biara. Yɛtaa bu no adewa. Yɛnantew so, de kar fa so anaa ase, a ebia yensusuw ho. Nanso sɛ anka enni hɔ ɛ?

Mfe mpem mpem pii ni na esiane ɛtwene ahorow nti nnipa ne mmoa atumi atwa abon a anka ɛyɛ den sɛ wobetumi atwa, sɛ́ ɛyɛ asubɔnten, amoa, anaa obon. Ɛyɛ den sɛ yɛbɛka nkuropɔn bi ho asɛm agyaw emu twene ahorow—Cairo, London, Moscow, New York, Sydney, ne afoforo pii. Yiw, wɔyɛɛ ɛtwene ahorow bi tete hɔ.

Tete Twene Ahorow

Bɛboro mfe 2,500 ni na Ɔhemmaa Nitocris a ofi Babilon yɛɛ twene wɔ Asubɔnten Eufrate so. Dɛn ntia? Greeceni abakɔsɛm kyerɛwfo Herodotus bua sɛ: “Ná asubɔnten no akyɛ [Babilon] mu abien. Wɔ ahene a na wɔabɛsen kɔ bere so no, sɛ na ɔbarima bi pɛ sɛ ofi kurow no fã biako kɔ ɔfã foforo a, na ɛsɛ sɛ ɔde ahyɛmma twa; wɔ me fam no, na ɛte sɛ nea ɔhaw pii wom.” Nitocris de nnua, ntayaa, ne abo yɛɛ adansi nneɛma, na ɔde dade ne sumpii hyehyɛɛ ntam yɛɛ twene too asubɔnten a egyee din sen biara wɔ tete mmere mu no so.

Mmere bi wɔ hɔ a ɛtwene ahorow maa abakɔsɛm mu nsɛm tebea sesae. Bere a Ɔhene Dario Ɔkɛseɛ a ofi Persia kɔe sɛ ɔne Skitefo rekodi ako no, na ɔpɛ sɛ ɔfa asase kesee so kwan a ɛso fa yɛ hare a efi Asia kɔ Europa no so. Na ɛno bɛma ɔne n’asraafodɔm 600,000 no akotwa Bosporus Poka no. Na asiane wom sɛ wɔde ahyɛmma betwa poka no, efisɛ na omununkum kusuu bi asi, na na ɔhweam no ano yɛ den, enti Dario kekaa nhyɛmma boom kosii sɛ ɔde yɛɛ twene a ne tenten yɛ mita 900. Ɛnnɛ, enhia sɛ wohaw wo ho pii sɛnea Dario yɛe no na ama woatwa poka no. Sɛ wode kar na ɛrefa Bosporus twene a ɛwɔ Istanbul, Turkey, no so a, wubetumi de nea ennu simma abien atwa.

Sɛ woyɛ Bible suani a, wubetumi asusuw bere bi a ɛtwene a enni hɔ nti nsɛm tebea bi sesae wɔ abakɔsɛm mu ho. Kae nea ɛtoo Ɔhene Nebukadnesar a ofi Babilon no, bere a okotuaa supɔw so kurow Tiro no. Ɔde mfe 13 bɔɔ mmɔden sɛ obedi kurow no so, nanso wantumi, na nea enti a wantumi no bi ne sɛ na ɛtwene nna supɔw no ne asasetam no ntam. (Hesekiel 29:17-20) Wɔantumi anni supɔw no so kosi mfe ahaasa akyi, bere a Alexander Ɔkɛseɛ twaa kwan fi asasetam no so too po no so kosii supɔw no so no.

Ɛde besi afeha a edi kan no mu no, na ‘akwan nyinaa kɔ Roma,’ nanso na ɛsɛ sɛ Romafo no yɛ twene ne akwan de ka ahemman no bom. Romafo mfiridwumayɛfo de abo adum a emu biara mu duru bɛyɛ tɔn awotwe hyehyɛɛ kontonkurowifa twene ahorow no yiye ma ebi da so ara wɔ hɔ bere a wɔyɛe bɛboro mfe mpem abien ni no. Na wɔn nsuka ne wɔn aka nyinaa nso yɛ ɛtwene.

Wɔ Mfinimfini Mmere no mu no, ɛtɔ mmere bi a na ɛtwene yɛ abannennen. Wɔ 944 Y.B. mu no, Engiresifo de nnua yɛɛ twene too Asubɔnten Thames a ɛwɔ London no so de ko tiaa Denmarkfo ntua. Wɔde Old London Bridge a agye din kɛse wɔ abakɔsɛm ne anwensɛm mu no sesaa nnua twene yi bɛyɛ mfe ahaasa akyi.

Ebeduu bere a Ɔhemmaa Elizabeth I bɛtraa England agua no so no, na Old London Bridge no nyɛ abo abannennen kɛkɛ bio. Na wɔasisi adan wɔ twene no so pɛɛ. Na aguadidan wɔ ase. Na abansoro no so nso ɛ? Ɛhɔ na na aguadifo a wɔyɛ adefo ne ahemfie adehye no mpo te. Ná London Bridge abɛyɛ beae titiriw wɔ London. Aguadidan ne atrae no ho tow a wogyigyei na wɔde siesiee ɛtwene no, yiw, na London Bridge no yɛ twene a wogyigye ho tow!

Bere a na Europafo ani abere de nnua ne abo reyɛ ɛtwene no, na Incafo a wɔwɔ Amerika Kesee fam no de nhama na ɛreyɛ. Emu biako a agye din ne San Luis Rey twene a ɛda Asubɔnten Apurímac so wɔ Peru no. Incafo no yiyii afifide mu nhama nketewa kyinkyim boom yɛɛ nhama a ne kɛse te sɛ nipadua. Wɔde nhama no kyekyeree abo adum ho na afei wɔtwee mu twaa asubɔnten no kɔɔ agya. Sɛ wɔkyekyere wɔ afãnu no nyinaa wie a, na wɔde ntaaboo a wɔabobɔ asɛn so de ayɛ kwan. Ná ɛtwene no ho adwumayɛfo sesa nhama no mfe abien biara. Wɔyɛɛ saa twene yi hwɛɛ so yiye araa ma edii mfe ahanum!

Ɛtwene ne Yɛn Ahiade a Ɛsesa

Ɛsɛ sɛ ɛtwene tumi gyina asasewosow, ahum, ne wim nsakrae ano. Sɛnea yɛahu no, ɛde besi nnansa yi ara no, na mfiridwumayɛfo de nnua, ntayaa, anaa abo na ɛyɛ twene. Bere a wofii ase de kar dii dwuma wɔ afeha a ɛto so 19 awiei no, ɛho behiae sɛ wɔyɛ ɛtwene a na ɛwɔ hɔ no yiye na wɔtrɛw mu ma kar akɛse tumi fa so.

Keteke a wɔyɛe nso ma wɔyeyɛɛ ɛtwene pii. Mpɛn pii no, keteke kwan a ɛho adwuma nyɛ den pii twam wɔ abon akɛse anaa amoa donkudonku so. So na wobetumi ayɛ twene afa amoa no so ama keteke ne nteaseɛnam a ɛtoatoa so pii no atumi afa so? Wɔde cast iron (dade a ɛyɛ den na ebubu penpen) yɛɛ twene besii bere bi. Ɛtwene a egyee din kɛse wɔ afeha a ɛto so 19 no mfiase no mu biako ne ɛtwene a ɛsɛn hɔ a ɛda Menai Poka a ɛwɔ North Wales so, a Scotlandni mfiridwumayɛfo Thomas Telford yɛe na owiei wɔ 1826 mu no. Ne tenten yɛ mita 176, na wɔda so ara fa so! Nanso na cast iron taa bubu penpen, na ɛtwene ahorow bubui mpɛn pii. Awiei koraa no, wɔ 1800 awiei no, wofii ase yɛɛ steel (dade a emmubu). Na saa dade yi yɛ nea ɛfata a wobetumi de ayɛ ɛtwene atenten a asiane nni ho.

Ɛtwene Ahorow

Ɛtwene atitiriw ason na ɛwɔ hɔ. (Hwɛ adaka a ɛwɔ atifi hɔ no.) Yɛbɛka abien ho asɛm tiawa wɔ ha.

Ɛtwene a adum nsisi ase wɔ aban akɛse abien wɔ asubɔnten no afanu. Wɔde nnade akɛse fomfam aban no mu biara ho te sɛ nea wɔde taboo a wogyina so huruw tɔ ɔtare a woguare mu fam adum bi ho wɔ nsu no ano no. Afei wɔde nnade a ɛyɛ den fomfam ho de keka afanu no bom de wie ɛtwene no.

Wɔtaa yɛ twene a adum nsisi ase wɔ asubɔnten a ano yɛ den anaa baabi a osubɔnka no mu yɛ mmerɛw dodo so, efisɛ enhia sɛ wosisi adum wɔ osubɔnka no mfinimfini. Esiane sɛ ɛtwene a adum nsisi ase nhinhim nti eye sɛ wɔde ahyɛn a emu yɛ duru te sɛ keteke fa so.

Ebia woahu sɛnea guasodeyɛfo bi nantew hama a wɔayere mu so wɔ adehwɛdan bi mu pɛn. Wohyɛɛ no nsow sɛ na ɔnam ɛtwene so ankasa—ɛtwene a ɛsɛn hɔ? Ɛtwene a ɛsɛn hɔ ahorow bi a wɔfa so nnɛ reyɛ ayɛ sɛ hama a wɔayere mu pɛpɛɛpɛ. Ebetumi ayɛ hama a wɔakyekyere wɔ adum ho wɔ afanu a kɛntɛn sɛn so. Onipa no tra kɛntɛn no mu pia ne ho kakra ma esian kosi sɛ ebedu ɔfã foforo no. Nnipa a wɔwɔ wiase no afanan nyinaa de hama twene di dwuma bere nyinaa.

Nokwarem no, ɛyɛ den sɛ wode kar bɛfa ɛtwene a wɔde hama ayɛ so. Bere a wɔyɛɛ dade nkɔnsɔnkɔnsɔn ne dade nhama no, wotumi yɛɛ ɛtwene ahorow a ɛsensɛn hɔ a wotumi de nneɛma a emu yɛ duru fa so. Ɛnnɛyi twene a ɛsensɛn hɔ tenten betumi ayɛ mita 1,200 anaa nea ɛboro saa. Wɔde nnade fapem abien a wɔasisi aban wɔ so na ɛtaa yɛ twene a ɛsɛn hɔ. Wɔde nnade nhama a wɔanwene kyekye aban a ɛwɔ afanu no ho de suso ɔkwan a ɛwɔ ase no mu. Nnade nhama no ne ade titiriw a ekura kar a ɛfa so ne ɔkwan no mu duru mu. Sɛ wɔyɛ ɛtwene a ɛsɛn hɔ yiye a, ɛyɛ ɛtwene ahorow a ɛwɔ wiase a asiane nni ho koraa no mu biako.

Bere bi a atwam no, ebia na wubu ɛtwene adewa. Nanso, bere foforo a wobɛfa ɛtwene bi a wotaa fa so so no, bisa wo ho sɛ: ‘Dɛn na minim wɔ saa twene yi ho? Bere bɛn na wɔyɛe?’ Hwɛ no yiye. So ɛyɛ twene a adum nsisi ase, ɛtwene a ɛsɛn hɔ, anaa ɛtwene foforo bi? Dɛn nti na wɔyɛɛ no saa kwan yi so?

Afei, bere a wonam so no, hwɛ fam na bisa wo ho sɛ, ‘Sɛ enni hɔ a anka mɛyɛ dɛn?’

[Kratafa 12 adaka/mfonini]

ƐTWENE AHOROW

1. Wɔtaa yɛ ƐTWENE A ADUM SISI ASE wɔ akwantempɔn so. Wɔyɛ twene no to fapem anaa adum so. Saa twene yi tenten tumi yɛ mita 300.

2. Nnade mpuran a wɔhyehyɛ no ahinasa na ekura MPURAN TWENE mu. Wɔtaa yɛ saa twene yi ma keteke fa so, na wɔyɛ to abon donkudonku, nsubɔnten, ne nneɛma foforo a esiw kwan so.

3. Wɔ KONTONKUROWIFA TWENE ho no, akwan a ɛda adum no ntam no mu biara yɛ kontonkurowifa. Eyi yɛ ɛtwene ahorow a akyɛ sen biara no mu biako. Romafo yɛɛ wɔn nsuka ne wɔn aka nyinaa saa, na wɔde abo hyehyɛɛ kontonkurowifa no ho. Pii da so wɔ hɔ de besi nnɛ.

4. ƐTWENE A NHAMA KURAKURA MU no te sɛ ɛtwene a ɛsɛn hɔ, nanso nsonsonoe a ɛwom ara ne sɛ nhama no nyinaa fi aban no so na ɛsuso ɛtwene no mu.

5. Wɔpagyaw ƐTWENE A WOTUMI MA SO no so kɔ soro anaa nkyɛn ma po so hyɛn twam. Ɛho nhwɛso ne London’s Tower Bridge no.

6. Wɔakyerɛkyerɛ ƐTWENE A ADUM NSISI ASE ne

7. ƐTWENE A ƐSƐN HƆ mu wɔ asɛm no ankasa mu.—World Book Encyclopedia, 1994.

[Nsɛm a wɔahyehyɛ wɔ kratafa 13]

ƐTWENE AHOROW BI A AGYE DIN

ƐTWENE A ƐSƐN HƆ

Storebaelt Denmark Mita 1,624

Brooklyn U.S.A. Mita 486

Golden Gate U.S.A. Mita 1,280

Jiangyin Yangtze China Mita 1,385

ƐTWENE A ADUM NSISI ASE

Quebec Canada Mita 549

Mississippi River U.S.A. Mita 480

DADE KONTONKUROWIFA TWENE

Sydney Harbour Australia Mita 500

Birchenough Zimbabwe Mita 329

ƐTWENE A NHAMA KURAKURA MU

Pont de Normandie France Mita 856

Skarnsundet Norway Mita 530

[Kratafa 10 mfonini]

Ɛnnɛyi twene a adum sisi ase a ɛwɔ tete kontonkurowifa twene atifi wɔ Almería, Spain

[Kratafa 13 mfonini]

Brooklyn Bridge, New York, U.S.A. (ɛsɛn hɔ)

[Kratafa 13 mfonini]

Tower Bridge, London, England (wotumi ma so)

[Kratafa 13 mfonini]

Sydney Harbour Bridge, Australia (kontonkurowifa)

[Kratafa 13 mfonini]

Seto Ohashi, Japan (nhama kurakura mu)