‘Nsakrae a Ɛsen Biara’

“Nsakrae a ɛsen biara na anya nnipa pii so nkɛntɛnso asisi wɔ afeha 20 yi mu wɔ adesamma abakɔsɛm mu.”—The Times Atlas of the 20th Century.

AKYINNYE biara nni ho sɛ bere a yesusuw nsɛm a asisi wɔ afeha 20 yi mu ho no, yɛn mu pii ne Walter Isaacson a ɔyɛ Time nsɛmma nhoma samufo panyin a ɔkaa eyi no bɛyɛ adwene: “Sɛ yɛde afeha yi toto nea abɛsen kɔ no ho a, yehu sɛ nsɛm a asisi wɔ mu no yɛ nea ɛyɛ hu sen biara: ɛma nkurɔfo ho dwiriw wɔn kɛse bere nyinaa.”

Gro Harlem Brundtland a bere bi na ɔyɛ Norway ɔmampanyin no nso ka sɛ wɔka afeha yi ho asɛm sɛ “mmere a nsɛm akɛseakɛse asisi wom, . . . nea abɔnefosɛm a enni ano ahyɛ mu ma.” Ɔka sɛ ɛyɛ “afeha a nkɔso kɛse aba na wɔanya sikasɛm mu nkɔso kɛse [wɔ mmeae bi].” Nanso, saa bere no ara, esiane ohia ne efi nti, “nnipa nkyereso ne yaredɔm aba nkuro akɛse a wodi hia wom no mu.”

Amammui Mu Nsɛnnennen

Wɔ afeha 20 yi mfiase mu no, na Manchu adehyeɛ abusua a ɛwɔ China, Ottoman Ahemman, ne ahemman pii a ɛwɔ Europa na edi wiase fa kɛse no ara so. Na Britania Ahemman no nkutoo wɔ nkɛntɛnso kɛse wɔ wiase no nkyem anan mu biako so na na edi asase so nnipa 4 mu 1 biara so. Ahemman yi nyinaa hwee ase bere tenteeten ni ansa na afeha yi reba n’awiei, na wɔn abakɔsɛm nkutoo na yɛkae. The Times Atlas of the 20th Century nhoma no ka sɛ: “Abirɛmpɔnsɛmdi nyinaa baa awiei wɔ 1945 mu.”

Abirɛmpɔnsɛmdi a egui no de ɔmampɛ honhom bae wɔ Europa mmeae pii wɔ afeha 17 ne 19 mu na ɛtrɛw kɔɔ nsase pii so. The New Encyclopædia Britannica ka sɛ: “Wɔ Wiase Ko II akyi no ɔmampɛ honhom kɔɔ fam wɔ Europa aman pii so . . . Nanso wɔ Asia ne Africa de, ɔmampɛ honhom gyee ntini ntɛmntɛm wɔ hɔ a na atirimpɔw no ne sɛ wɔde bɛko atia abirɛmpɔnsɛmdi.” Sɛnea The Collins Atlas of World History no kyerɛ no, awiei koraa no, “aman a na kɔmunis nniso nni hɔ no benyaa din kɛse wɔ abakɔsɛm mu, na nniso a efii ase mfe ahanum ansa na nkɔso pii reba Europa no baa awiei.”

Bere a ahemman pii gui no, aman pii benyaa ahofadi—na na demokrase nniso na edi aman a enyaa ahofadi no mu pii so. Na demokrase nniso no taa hyia nsɛnnennen pii, te sɛ nea kankabi nniso a na ɛwɔ Europa ne Asia de bae wɔ Wiase Ko II mu no. Nniso ahorow yi maa afoforo pii huu amane pii na enyaa sikasɛm ho nhyehyɛe, nsɛm ho amanneɛbɔ, ne asraafo so nkɛntɛnso kɛse. Awiei koraa no, ɛka kɛse a wɔbɔe, na nnipa pii hweree wɔn nkwa na ama wɔatumi adi wiase nyinaa so no ankosi hwee.

Afeha a Yɛahu Akodi Pii Wom

Nea ɛma afeha 20 yi da nsow koraa wɔ afeha afoforo a atwam ho ne akodi. German abakɔsɛm kyerɛwfo Guido Knopp ka eyi fa Wiase Ko I ho: “August 1, 1914: Na obiara nhwɛ kwan sɛ afeha 19 a na asomdwoe pii wɔ Europa no bɛba awiei saa da no; na obiara anhwɛ kwan nso sɛ afeha 20—a wɔde mfe 30 dii ako na wohuu sɛnea nipa betumi ayɛ ne yɔnko nipa no, fii ase ankasa saa bere no.”

Abakɔsɛm ho ɔbenfo Hugh Brogan kae sɛ, “ɔko no nyaa United States so tumi kɛse, na nnɛ mpo wɔ [1998 mu] no, nea efi ɔko no mu bae no da so ara haw wɔn.” Akira Iriye, a ɔyɛ abakɔsɛm ho ɔbenfo wɔ Harvard Sukuupɔn mu no kyerɛwee sɛ: “Wiase Ko a Edi Kan no nyaa Asia Apuei fam aman ne United States so nkɛntɛnso kɛse.”

The New Encyclopædia Britannica ka wiase ko a edi kan ne nea ɛto so abien no ho asɛm ma ɛfata sɛ ɛyɛ “akodi a ɛda nsow wɔ afeha 20 yi amammui nsɛm mu.” Ɛka nso sɛ “Wiase Ko I no de adehye ahemman anan a na ɛwɔ tumi kɛse baa awiei . . . , na ɛkowiee Bolshevik Ɔman Anidan a esii wɔ Russia no mu, na . . . ɛno nso na ɛmaa Wiase Ko II no bae.” Ɛma yehu nso sɛ wiase akodi abien no “kunkum nnipa pii na ɛsɛee nneɛma sen biara.” Saa ara nso na Guido Knopp ka sɛ: “Atirimmɔdenne ne nnipa a wɔyɛɛ wɔn ayayade no yɛ nea na wɔnhwɛ kwan koraa. . . . Wobuu nnipa sɛ afifide bi ara kwa wɔ saa akodi yi mu.”

Nea ɛbɛyɛ na wɔasiw akodi a edi awu sɛɛ ano no, wɔde Amanaman Apam no sii hɔ wɔ 1919 mu. Esiane sɛ apam no antumi amfa wiase nyinaa asomdwoe amma nti, wɔde Amanaman Nkabom no besii n’ananmu. Ɛwom sɛ UN tumi siw wiase ko a ɛto so abiɛsa ano de, nanso antumi anyi Apuei ne Atɔe Ntam Ntawntawdi a wɔ mfe pii mu no anka ɛreyɛ akowie nuklea akodi mu no amfi hɔ. Saa ara nso na entumi mmaa ntawntawdi a akɔ so wɔ wiase nyinaa, te sɛ Balkansfo ntam de no mfii hɔ.

Esiane sɛ aman a ɛwɔ wiase adɔɔso nti, ɛyɛ den sɛ wɔbɛma asomdwoe aba wɔn ntam. Sɛ yɛde asase mfonini a ɛwɔ hɔ nnɛ no toto nea na ɛwɔ hɔ ansa na Wiase Ko I no reba ho a, yehu sɛ wɔ afeha yi mfiase no, na Africa aman 51 ne Asia aman 44 nni ahofadi. Bere a wɔde Amanaman Nkabom no sii hɔ wɔ 1945 mu no, na aman 185 a ɛwɔ mu mprempren no mu 116 nni ahofadi!

“Nsakrae a Ɛsen Biara a Aba no Mu Biako”

Bere a na afeha 19 no reba awiei no, na Russia Ahemman no ne tumi a ɛsen biara wɔ asase so. Nanso mmoa a na enya no fii ase fii ne nsa ntɛmntɛm. Sɛnea nhoma kyerɛwfo Geoffrey Ponton kyerɛ no, na nnipa pii susuw sɛ “nea ehia ne sɛ wɔde wɔn ho bɛhyɛ ɔman anidan mu sen sɛ wɔbɛyɛ nsakrae wɔ tumidi a ɛwɔ hɔ no mu.” Ɔka nso sɛ: “Nanso Wiase Ko a Edi Kan ne mu ɔhaw ahorow no bae ansa na wɔretumi de anidan no ankasa aba.”

Bolshevik tumidi a ebedii Russia so saa bere no fii ahemman foforo bi ase—Komunis nniso a Soviet Union de sii hɔ wɔ wiase nyinaa no. Ɛwom sɛ bere a wɔde nniso yi sii hɔ no na wiase nyinaa ko no rekɔ so de, nanso akodi no antumi ansiw Soviet Ahemman no ano. Down With Big Brother nhoma a Michael Dobbs kyerɛwee no ka sɛ wɔ 1970 mfe no awiei mu hɔ no, na Soviet Union a ɛne “wiase nyinaa ahemman no afi ase rehwere ne tumi no dedaw.”

Nanso, na wɔnhwɛ kwan sɛ ɛbɛhwe ase. Europe—A History nhoma a Norman Davies kyerɛw no ka sɛ: “Na n’asehwe no yɛ kɛse sen ahemman biara a ahwe ase pɛn wɔ Europa abakɔsɛm mu” na “obiara ante ɔkwan a ɛfaa so hwee ase no ase.” Nokwarem no, sɛnea Ponton kyerɛ no, “Soviet Union a wɔde sii hɔ ne nkɔso a enyae ne sɛnea ɛhwee ase no” yɛ “nsakrae a ɛsen biara a aba afeha aduonu yi mu no mu biako.”

Nokwarem no, Soviet Union a ɛhwee ase no yɛ nsakrae a ɛsen biara a anya nnipa pii so nkɛntɛnso kɛse wɔ afeha 20 yi mu no mu biako. Nokwarem no, nsakrae a aba wɔ amammui mu no nyɛ ade foforo. Amammui mu nsakrae akɔ so mfe mpempem pii mu.

Nanso amammui mu nsakrae biako a aba afeha 20 yi mu no da nsow koraa. Yɛbɛka nsakrae yi ne sɛnea ɛka wo pɔtee no ho asɛm akyiri yi.

Nanso, ma yenni kan nsusuw nneɛma ahorow bi a nyansahu atumi ayɛ wɔ afeha 20 yi mu no ho. Ɛdefa eyinom ho no, Ɔbenfo Michael Howard ka sɛ: “Wɔn a wɔwɔ Europa Atɔe fam ne North America no nyinaa betumi de ntease pa aka sɛ afeha aduonu yi yɛ bere foforo na anigye wom wɔ adesamma abakɔsɛm mu.” So nkɔso ahorow yi betumi ama obiara anya nea wɔfrɛ no asetra pa no?

[Nsɛm a wɔahyehyɛ/Mfonini wɔ kratafa 2-7]

(Wopɛ nsɛm a wɔahyehyɛ awie no a, hwɛ nhoma no mu)

1901

Ɔhemmaa Victoria dii ade mfe 64 no, owui

Wiase nnipa dodow duu ɔpepepem 1.6

1914

Wokum Ɔheneba Ferdinand. Wiase ko I fi ase

Nicholas II, Russia ɔhempɔn a otwa to ne n’abusua

1917

Lenin di Russia anim ma wɔde wɔn ho hyɛ ɔman anidan mu

1919

Wɔde Amanaman Apam no si hɔ

1929

U.S. aguadi ho nsɛm sɛe na ɛkowie Sikasɛm mu Ahokyere no mu

Gandhi yere ne ho denneennen de hwehwɛ ahofadi ma Indiafo

1939

Adolf Hitler kɔtow hyɛ Poland so na ɛma Wiase Ko II no fi ase

Winston Churchill bɛyɛ ɔman panyin wɔ Great Britain wɔ 1940

Okunkɛse No

1941

Japanfo tow ɔtopae to Pearl Harbor

1945

United Statesfo tow ɔtopae to Hiroshima ne Nagasaki. Wiase Ko II ba awiei

1946

Amanaman Nkabom no yɛ wɔn nhyiam a edi kan

1949

Mao Tse-tung de China Kwasafo Man no si hɔ

1960

Wonya Africa aman foforo dunson

1975

Vietnam ɔko no baa awiei

1989

Wodwiriw Berlin Ɔfasu no bere a Kɔmunis Aban gu no

1991

Soviet Union mu paapae