William Tyndale Ɔbarima a Ɔhwɛ Ade Kɔ Akyiri

Wɔwoo William Tyndale wɔ England “wɔ Wales hye so,” gyama Gloucestershire, ɛwom sɛ wontumi nkyerɛ beae ne da pɔtee no de. Wɔ October 1994 mu no, England dii ɔbarima a “ɔmaa yenyaa yɛn Engiresi Bible” no awoda a ɛto so 500. Saa nhoma yi nti na wokum Tyndale sɛ mogya dansefo. Dɛn ntia?

WILLIAM TYNDALE bɔɔ mmɔden wɔ Hela ne Latin a osuae no mu. Wɔ July 1515 mu, bere a na wadi bɛyɛ mfe 21 pɛ no, ogyee Master of Arts abodin krataa wɔ Oxford Sukuupɔn. Eduu 1521 no, na ɔyɛ Roma Katolekni a wɔahyɛ no sɔfo. Saa bere no na basabasayɛ aba Katoleksom mu wɔ Germany esiane Martin Luther dwumadi nti. Nanso England kɔɔ so yɛɛ Katolek man kosii sɛ awiei koraa no, Ɔhene Henry VIII ne Roma twaa abusuabɔ mu wɔ 1534 mu.

Ɛwom sɛ Engiresi ne kasa a na wɔka no kɛse wɔ Tyndale nna no mu de, nanso na nhomasua nyinaa kɔ so wɔ Latin mu. Ɛno nso ne kasa a wɔde yɛɛ asɔre na wɔde kyerɛw Bible no. Wɔ 1546 mu no, Trent Bagua no tĩĩ mu kae sɛ Jerome Latin Vulgate a ɔkyerɛw no afeha a ɛto so anum no nkutoo na ɛsɛ sɛ wɔde di dwuma. Nanso, na nhomanimfo nkutoo na wotumi kenkan. Dɛn nti na ɛnsɛ sɛ wɔma Englandfo nya Engiresi kasa mu Bible ne hokwan a wɔde bɛkenkan? Asɛm a Tyndale bisae ne sɛ: “Jerom[e] nso kyerɛɛ bible no ase kɔɔ ne kurom kasa mu: dɛn nti na yɛn nso yentumi nyɛ saa?”

Gyidi Ho Anammɔntu

Bere a Tyndale fii Oxford na ebia ɔkɔtoaa n’adesua so wɔ Cambridge no, ɔkyerɛɛ John Walsh mmabarima nkumaa no ade wɔ Gloucestershire mfe abien. Saa bere no ɔhyɛɛ ɔpɛ a ɔwɔ sɛ ɔbɛkyerɛ Bible ase akɔ Engiresi mu no mu den, na akyinnye biara nni ho sɛ ɔnam Erasmus Bible nkyerɛwee foforo a Hela wɔ afã na Latin wɔ afã no so maa ne ho kokwawee wɔ nsɛm asekyerɛ mu. Wɔ 1523 mu no, Tyndale fii Walsh abusua no nkyɛn tuu kwan kɔɔ London. Na n’atirimpɔw ne sɛ ɔrebisa hokwan afi Cuthbert Tunstall, London sɔfo panyin, no hɔ de akyerɛ ase.

Na hokwan a Tunstall bɛma ho hia efisɛ na mmara ahorow a wɔyɛe wɔ Oxford wɔ asɔre bagua nhyiam bi ase 1408 a wɔfrɛ no Oxford Mmara no fã bi bara Bible ase a wɔbɛkyerɛ akɔ ɔmanfo kasa mu anaasɛ wɔbɛkenkan, gye sɛ ɔsɔfo panyin no ma ho kwan ansa. Esiane sɛ asɛnkafo akwantufo a wɔfrɛ wɔn Lollardfo pii sii wɔn bo buu mmara yi so nti, wɔhyew wɔn sɛ wɔyɛ awaefo. Saa Lollardfo yi kenkanee John Wycliffe Bible no, Engiresi nkyerɛase a efi Vulgate mu, na wɔkyekyɛe. Tyndale tee nka sɛ bere adu sɛ wɔkyerɛ Kristofo nkyerɛwee no ase fi Hela mu kɔ kasa foforo mu, nkyerɛase a n’asɔre no ne Englandfo betumi de wɔn ho ato so.

Na Ɔsɔfo Panyin Tunstall yɛ ɔbarima a onim nhoma a ɔhyɛɛ Erasmus nkuran kɛse. Nea edii Tyndale ankasa ahokokwaw ho adanse ne sɛ na wakyerɛ ɔkasa ahorow a Isocrates mae no biako, Hela nkyerɛwee bi a na emu yɛ den, ase ma Tunstall ama hokwan. Na Tyndale wɔ anidaso kɛse sɛ obenya Tunstall anim dom ma wagyina n’akyi, na wapene n’adebisa no so ama wakyerɛ Kyerɛwnsɛm no ase. Ná dɛn na ɔsɔfo panyin no bɛyɛ?

Wampene—Dɛn Ntia?

Ɛwom sɛ na Tyndale wɔ adansedi krataa de, nanso Tunstall anhwɛ n’anim. Enti Tyndale kyerɛw hwehwɛe sɛ ɔne no behyia. Wonnim sɛ ebia awiei koraa no, Tunstall de amemenemfe maa Tyndale huu no a, nanso mmuae a ɔde maa no ne sɛ, ‘Minni trabea wɔ me fie.’ Dɛn nti na Tunstall boapa a wamfa Tyndale asɛm anyɛ hwee saa?

Na ɔsesɛw adwuma a Luther reyɛ wɔ Europa asasepɔn no so no rehaw Katolek Asɔre no kɛse ma aka England. Wɔ 1521 mu no, Ɔhene Henry VIII tintim akyinnyesɛm bi de gyinaa pope no akyi tiaa Luther. Anisɔ kaa pope no ma ɔmaa Henry abodin a ɛne “Gyidi no Kyigyinafo.”a Na Henry Ɔsɔfopɔn Wolsey nso ani abere resɛe Luther nhoma a wɔmmaa ho kwan a wɔde aba ɔman no mu no. Sɛ́ Katolek sɔfo panyin a odi nokware ma pope no, ɔhene no, ne ne sɔfopɔn no, na ɛyɛ Tunstall asɛyɛde sɛ ɔka nsusuwii biara a ɛbɛyɛ te sɛ nea egyina otuatewfo Luther afã no hyɛ. Ná Tyndale yɛ obi a wonhu ne tirim asɛm koraa. Dɛn ntia?

Bere a na Tyndale ne Walsh abusua no te no, ɔde akokoduru kasa tiaa nimdeɛ a na ɛhɔnom asɔfo no nni ne wɔn nyamesom mu kateeyɛ no. Wɔn mu bi ne John Stokesley a na onim Tyndale wɔ Oxford no. Akyiri yi obesii Cuthbert Tunstall ananmu sɛ London sɔfo panyin.

Ɔsɔretia a wɔde baa Tyndale so no da adi nso wɔ ntawntawdi a ɛbaa ɔne ɔsɔfo bi a ɔwɔ dibea a ɛkorɔn a ɔkaa nea edi so yi ntam no mu: “Ɛbɛyɛ papa sɛ yɛbɛhwere Onyankopɔn mmara sen sɛ yɛbɛhwere pope mmara.” Tyndale de nsɛm a werɛ remfi da yii ano sɛ: ‘Mibu Pope ne ne mmara nyinaa animtiaa. Sɛ Onyankopɔn ma metra nkwa mu a, enni mfe pii na mama abarimaa a ɔka mmoa ahu Kyerɛwnsɛm no mu asen wo.’

Tyndale kopuee nea ɔhwɛ Worcester asɔre no so anim esiane atoro sobo a wɔbɔɔ no sɛ wawae afi nkyerɛkyerɛ pa ho no nti. Akyiri yi Tyndale kae sɛ: “Ohunahunaa me denneennen, na ɔkasa tiaa me,” na ɔka kaa ho sɛ, wɔyɛɛ no sɛ “ɔkraman.” Nanso wɔannya adanse biara amfa anto Tyndale so sɛ wawae afi nkyerɛkyerɛ pa ho. Abakɔsɛm akyerɛwfo gye di sɛ nkurɔfo faa sum ase kɔkaa nsɛm yi nyinaa kyerɛɛ Tunstall sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a obegyina so asi gyinae.

Bere a Tyndale dii afe biako wɔ London akyi no, ɔkae sɛ: “Na trabea biara nni me wura a ɔwɔ London no ahemfie a wɔde bɛkyerɛ Apam foforo no ase, na afei nso . . . na ɔkwan biara nni England baabiara a wobetumi ayɛ saa.” Nea ɔkae no yɛ nokware. Wɔ ɔhyɛ tebea a Luther adwuma no kɔfa bae mu no, England nhomatintimfo bɛn na na obesi ne bo atintim Bible wɔ Engiresi kasa mu? Enti wɔ 1524 mu no, Tyndale twaa England Suka no a wansan amma hɔ bio.

Ɔkɔ Europa na Ohyia Nsɛnnennen Foforo

William Tyndale de ne nhoma a ɛsom bo no kɔpɛɛ guankɔbea wɔ Germany. Ɔde £10 a n’adamfo Humphrey Monmouth, oguadifo bi a na wobu no wɔ London, fi ayamye mu de maa no no kɔe. Ɛkame ayɛ sɛ saa bere no na saa akyɛde no dɔɔso a Tyndale betumi de atintim Hela Kyerɛwnsɛm a ɔbɔɔ ne tirim sɛ ɔbɛkyerɛ ase no. Ɛno akyi no, wɔkyeree Monmouth sɛ ɔboaa Tyndale, na wɔde too no so sɛ ogyina Luther afã. Wɔhwehwɛɛ Monmouth nsɛm mu de no too London Abantenten no mu, na wɔannyae no kosi sɛ ɔde n’asɛm kɔdan Ɔsɔfopɔn Wolsey ma wɔde ne ho kyɛɛ no.

Wonnim Germany beae pɔtee a Tyndale kɔe. Adanse bi da no adi sɛ ɛbɛyɛ Hamburg, faako a gyama odii afe wɔ hɔ. Ohuu Luther anaa? Wontumi nsi no pi, ɛwom sɛ sobo a wɔbɔɔ Monmouth no ka sɛ ɔyɛɛ saa. Ade biako yɛ nokware: Ná Tyndale ayere ne ho denneennen rekyerɛ Hela Kyerɛwnsɛm no ase. Ɛhe na na obetumi atintim ne nkyerɛwee no? Ɔde adwuma no hyɛɛ Peter Quentell nsa wɔ Cologne.

Nneɛma kɔɔ so yiye kosii sɛ ɔsɔretiafo John Dobneck, a wɔsan frɛ no Cochlaeus, huu nea na ɛrekɔ so no. Ntɛm ara na Cochlaeus kɔkaa nea wahu no kyerɛɛ Henry VIII adamfo pa bi ma ɔno nso kogyee hokwan ntɛm de baraa Tyndale nkyerɛase a Quentell retintim no.

Tyndale ne ne boafo William Roye guan gyee wɔn ho nkwa, na wɔde Mateo Asɛmpa a wɔatintim no kaa wɔn ho kɔe. Wɔde hyɛn twaa Rhine asubɔnten no kɔɔ Worms, na ɛhɔ na wokowiee wɔn adwuma no. Bere kɔɔ so no, wotintim Tyndale New Testament a edi kan no 6,000.b

Odi Nkonim—Ɔsɔretia Nyinaa Akyi

Kyerɛ a wɔbɛkyerɛ ase atintim no yɛ ade biako. Sɛnea wɔbɛyɛ de Bible no akɔ Britain no nso yɛ asɛm foforo. Na asɔre adwumayɛfo ne wiase atumfoɔ asi wɔn bo sɛ wɔmma wɔmfa bi ntwa England Suka no, nanso na aguadifo aboafo wɔ ano aduru. Wɔde nhoma no siee ntade ne aguade foforo a wɔakyekyere mu sɛ sum ase ade de koduu England mpoano, na wɔtoaa so de kɔɔ Scotland. Tyndale twaa ne koma too ne yam, nanso na ɛyɛ ne ko no mfiase ara kwa.

Wɔ February 11, 1526 no, Ɔsɔfopɔn Wolsey, a asɔfo mpanyin ne asɔre mpanyimfo foforo 36 ka ne ho, hyiaam wɔ St. Paul’s Cathedral a ɛwɔ London no nkyɛn “hwɛ maa wɔde nhoma bebree guu gya mu.” Na Tyndale nkyerɛase a ɛsom bo no bi ka ho. Nea edi kan a ɔyɛe yi mu abien pɛ na aka. Ɛkoro pɛ a biribiara wom (gye baabi a ne din wɔ no nkutoo) no wɔ Britain Nhomakorabea. Nea ɛyɛ nwonwa ne sɛ, wokohuu biako a ɛka ho a na ne nkratafa 71 ayera no wɔ St. Paul’s Cathedral Nhomakorabea. Obiara nnim ɔkwan a ɛfaa so kɔɔ hɔ.

Tyndale ampa abaw, ma ɔkɔɔ so yɛɛ nkyerɛase no foforo tintimii, na England asɔfo no gyee nea ɛbae biara hyewee. Afei Tunstall sesaa ɔkwan a na ɔfa so no. Ɔne oguadifo bi a wɔfrɛ no Augustine Packington yɛɛ nhyehyɛe bi sɛ ɔntɔ nhoma biara a Tyndale akyerɛw, a New Testament no ka ho, ma wɔnhyew. Wɔne Tyndale, a na Packington ne no ahyehyɛ ho, no kɔyɛɛ eyi ho nhyehyɛe. Halle Chronicle ka sɛ: “Nhoma no kɔɔ ɔsɔfo panyin no hɔ, aseda no kɔɔ Packington hɔ, na sika no kɔɔ Tyndale hɔ. Ɛno akyi no, bere a wotintim Apam Foforo no pii kaa ho no, ɛbɛyɛɛ England ma.”

Dɛn nti na asɔfo no sɔre tiaa Tyndale nkyerɛase no denneennen saa? Bere a Latin Vulgate no maa kyerɛw kronkron no yɛɛ hwanyann no, Tyndale nkyerɛase a na ɛne nea edi kan a wɔde fii kasa a wɔde kyerɛwee ankasa a ɛne Hela mu no daa Bible mu asɛm no adi wɔ kasa a emu da hɔ pefee ma Englandfo mu. Sɛ nhwɛso no, Tyndale kyerɛɛ Hela asɛmfua a·gaʹpe ase “ɔdɔ” wɔ 1 Korintofo ti 13, na ɛnyɛ “adɔe.” Sɛ anka ɔde “asɔre” bedi dwuma no, ɔpɛe sɛ ɔde “asafo” mmom di dwuma na asi so dua sɛ ɛfa asomfo ho na ɛnyɛ asɔredan ahorow. Nanso, ade a etumii asɔfo no paa bae bere a Tyndale de “ɔpanyin” sii “ɔsɔfo” ananmu, na ɔde “nu wo ho” mmom dii dwuma sen sɛ anka ɔde “ka bɔne kyerɛ” bedi dwuma, na ɔnam so yii tumi a asɔfo no afa ato wɔn ho so no fii hɔ no. David Daniell ka wɔ eyi ho sɛ: “Ahodwiragya nni hɔ; bɔne mpaemuka ne bɔneka biara nni hɔ. Nneɛma abien a na Asɔre no ahonya ne ne tumi gyina so no tutu gui.” (William Tyndale—A Biography) Ɛno ne asɛnkɛse a Tyndale nkyerɛase no de bae, na nnɛyi nhomasua foa nsɛmfua a ɔde dii dwuma no so koraa.

Antwerp, Oyima, ne Owu

Efi 1526 kosi 1528 no, Tyndale tu kɔtraa Antwerp, faako a ɔtee nka sɛ obenya ahobammɔ wɔ England aguadifo no mu. Ɛhɔ na ɔkyerɛw The Parable of the Wicked Mammon, The Obedience of a Christian Man, ne The Practice of Prelates. Tyndale toaa ne nsɛm asekyerɛ adwuma no so, na ɔno ne onipa a odi kan a ɔde Onyankopɔn din, Yehowa, dii dwuma wɔ Hebri Kyerɛwnsɛm a wɔakyerɛ ase kɔ Engiresi kasa mu mu. Edin no pue bɛboro mpɛn 20.

Bere tenten a Tyndale traa n’adamfo ne ne dɛɛfoɔ Thomas Poyntz nkyɛn wɔ Antwerp no, Wolsey ne n’akwansrafo no annya no da. Obenyaa din sɛ obi a odwen ayarefo ne ahiafo ho. Awiei koraa no, Englandni Henry Phillips dɛɛdɛe Tyndale nyaa no. Ne saa nti, wɔ 1535 mu no, woyii Tyndale mae, de no kɔɔ Vilvorde Abannennen mu, wɔ Brussels kusuu fam kilomita du. Ɛhɔ na wɔde no too afiase asram 16.

Obi ntumi nkyerɛ onipa pɔtee a ɔbɔɔ Phillips paa, nanso obi a yebetumi de asusuw no ma afata ne Ɔsɔfo Panyin Stokesley a saa bere no na n’ani abere rehyew “awaefo” wɔ London no. Nea W. J. Heaton ka wɔ The Bible of the Reformation mu ne sɛ bere a Stokesley da owupa so wɔ 1539 mu no, “n’ani gyei sɛ watumi ahyew awaefo aduonum wɔ ne nkwa nna mu.” Saa nnipa no mu biako ne William Tyndale, a wɔsɛn no ansa na wɔrehyew n’amu wɔ baguam wɔ October 1536.

Na nyamekyerɛ mu abenfo a wɔagye din baasa a wofi Katolek Louvain Sukuupɔn a ɛhɔ na na Phillips wɔ, no ka atumfoɔ a wodii Tyndale asɛm no ho. Na asɔfo baasa a wofi Louvain ne asɔfo mpanyin baasa ne mpanyimfo foforo nso wɔ hɔ a wɔrehwɛ bere a wobuu Tyndale fɔ sɛ wawae afi nkyerɛkyerɛ pa ho, gyee n’asɔfodi fii ne nsam no. Wɔn nyinaa ani gyee nea ɛtoo no saa bere a ɛbɛyɛ sɛ na wadi mfe 42 no ho.

Nnipa asetra ho sɛnkyerɛwfo Robert Demaus kaa no bɛboro mfe ɔha ni sɛ: “Akokoduru a Tyndale de kaa nokware bere nyinaa no ma ɔdaa nsow.” Tyndale kyerɛw kɔmaa ne yɔnko brɛfo John Frith a Stokesley hyew no wɔ London no sɛ: “Mammu m’ani angu m’ahonim so ansesa Onyankopɔn asɛm mu asɛmfua biako mpo da, na ɛnnɛ nso sɛ wɔma me asase so biribiara mpo a, sɛ́ ɛyɛ anigyede, anuonyam, anaa ahonyade no, merenyɛ saa.”

Saa kwan yi so na William Tyndale de ne nkwa bɔɔ afɔre sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a obenya hokwan ama Englandfo anya Bible a asete yɛ mmerɛw ma wɔn. Hwɛ afɔre kɛse a ɔbɔe—nanso hwɛ sɛnea akyɛde no som bo fa!

[Ase hɔ nsɛm]

[Kratafa 29 adaka]

TETE NKYERƐASE AHOROW

SRƐ a Tyndale srɛe sɛ wɔmma no nkyerɛ Bible no ase nkɔ mpapahwekwa kasa mu no nyɛ ade a na ntease nnim anaa obi nyɛɛ bi da. Wɔkyerɛɛ ase kɔɔ Tete Engiresi kasa mu wɔ afeha a ɛto so du mu. Nkurɔfo kyekyɛɛ Bible a na wɔakyerɛ ase afi Latin mu atintim, wɔ Europa wɔ afeha a ɛto so 15 no awiei, a wɔansiw wɔn kwan: German kasa (1466), Italia kasa (1471), Franse kasa (1474), Czech kasa (1475), Netherlands kasa (1477), ne Catalan kasa (1478). Wɔ 1522 mu no, Martin Luther tintim ne New Testament no wɔ German kasa mu. Nea na Tyndale rebisa ara ne nea enti a ɛnsɛ sɛ wɔma England nso yɛ saa ara.

[Mfonini Ahorow Fibea wɔ kratafa 26]

Bible a ɛwɔ akyi hɔ no: © The British Library Board; William Tyndale: Fellows and Scholars of Hertford College, Oxford, no Panyin na ofi ayamye mu maa ho kwan