“Ukukhenketha Zonke IziXeko”
NGOXA wayesemhlabeni uKristu Yesu ‘wayekhenketha zonke izixeko needolophana, ebafundisa kwizindlu zabo zesikhungu yaye ezishumayela iindaba ezilungileyo zobukumkani.’ (Mateyu 9:35, NW) Abo banqwenela ukulandela emanyathelweni akhe nabo kwakufuneka bashumayele kwizixeko zehlabathi. Apho babeza kudibana neengxaki eziqhelekileyo ezixekweni ibe kwakuza kunyanzeleka bahlangabezane nazo.
Ukukhenketha ezixekweni okungokwembali kubonisa amahlandinyuka eminyaka engamawaka yokuphila komntu, uvuyo neenkxwaleko zokuzabalaza kwabantu ngemigudu yokufuna ulonwabo. Ukuphosa nje iliso kwizixeko kusiqinisekisa ngesibakala sokuba lonke uhlanga loluntu luyintsapho enye, ejamelene neengxaki ezifanayo. Namhlanje akumele kubekho ikratshi lobuzwe okanye intiyo yobuhlanga.
Kulusizi ukuba, abantu abaninzi abanalwazi kangako ngezixeko, bade bangazi nendawo ezimi kuyo. Xa abafundi kwenye iyunivesithi yaseUnited States phakathi kwiminyaka yee-1980 bacelwa ukuba bachaze iindawo ezikuzo izixeko ezithile, abanye kubo bathi iDublin (eseIreland) iseUnited States ibe iLima (esePeru) bathi iseItali.
Olunye uviwo olwenziwa kwenye iyunivesithi kwiminyaka embalwa ngaphambilana lwatyhila ukuba phantse isiqingatha sabafundi sasingakwazi ukubona iLondon kwimaphu yehlabathi. Abanye bathi iseIceland, abanye bathi ikwiLizwekazi laseYurophu. Unjingalwazi owayesongamela olo viwo wakhalaza ngelokuba abafundi abangama-42 ekhulwini “bayilahle” ngokupheleleyo iLondon. Eyona nto iziintloni ngakumbi kukuba, abasibhozo ekhulwini “balahla” isixeko saseMerika esi kanye babeluchophele kuso uviwo!
Kodwa kubonakala ukuba amaMerika asikuphela kwabantu abanolwazi oluncinane ngenzululwazi yokuma kwelizwe. Ekupheleni kweminyaka yee-1980, ukuvavanywa kwabafundi kwizizwe ezilishumi kwabonisa ukuba abantu baseSweden bankqenkqeza phambili ibe amaMerika akwindawo yesithandathu. ISikolo Semfundo Ephakamileyo Senzululwazi kwindawo eyayisakuba yiSoviet Union safumanisa ukuba i-13 ekhulwini labafundi baseSoviet ekwenziwa uhlolisiso kubo abazange bakwazi ukubona nkqu ilizwe labo kwimaphu yehlabathi. Ilungu leso Sikolo uVladimir Andriyenkov edane emanzi wathi: “Ezi ziphumo azikholeleki.”
Kuthekani ngawe? Lungakanani ulwazi onalo ngenzululwazi yokuma kwelizwe ngokubanzi ngokukodwa ngezixeko? Kutheni ungakhe uzihlole ngovavanyo olukwiphepha 10? Unokufunda izibakala ezibangel’ umdla ‘Ngokuqwalasela Izixeko.’
[Ibhokisi ekwiphepha 10, 11]
Ngaba Ungasichaza Esi SiXeko?
Thelekisa le nkcazelo ilandelayo nesixeko esifanelekileyo.
1. Esona sixeko silikomkhulu siphakamileyo ehlabathini.
2. Esona sixeko sikhulu esikwelona lizwe lidumileyo ehlabathini.
3. Igama laso elisemthethweni elingafane lisetyenziswe linamagama angama-27 kulo, inxalenye yalo yokuqala inentsingiselo efanayo neyegama lendawo eyiLos Angeles; simi kanye kumbindi wommandla ekulinywa irayisi kuwo. Sineetempile zamaBhuda ezingaphezu kwama-400.
4. Sizele siyaphuphuma ngabemi kangangokuba sikhulu ngokuphindwe kabini kunazo zonke ezinye izixeko ezisehlabathini—ngaphandle kwezinye ezine.
5. Saphulukana nabemi baso abaphantse babe yikota yesigidi kwintlekele yowe-1976.
6. Siliziko lesizwe esikulo lokuvelisa impahla elukiweyo, esi sixeko saba nendima ebalulekileyo kwiinguqulelo kwezorhwebo.
7. Sasifudula sijongwa njengesinye sezona zixeko zimdaka zaseYurophu, namhlanje sidumile ehlabathini ngolwelo lwaso oluqholiweyo oluthiywe ngegama laso.
8. Kwesi sixeko sinezibuko saseAsia kuthethwa iilwimi eziphantse zibe ngama-60. Sasilikomkhulu lelizwe laso ukususela ngowe-1833 ukusa kowe-1912.
9. Silikomkhulu lazo zonke izinto ezifunwayo, esacetywa ithuba elide, saqala ukuba yinto yokwenene ngowe-1960.
10. Simi ekupheleni kwechweba elibude buziikhilomitha ezili-100, ngokommandla esiwugubungelayo sesinye sezona zixeko zikhulu ehlabathini.
11. Saphantse satshatyalaliswa saphela yinyikima ngowe-1755, imeko yokuphila iphantsi kakhulu kunaso nasiphi na isixeko esilikomkhulu kuMazwe Amanyeneyo aseYurophu.
12. Samiselwa ngokusemthethweni ngowe-1873, xa abantu bakumacala omabini oMlambo iDanube badibanayo baza babizwa ngegama elinye.
13. Abahloli belizwe abangamaPhuthukezi babhidanisa indawo yokungena kwitheku laso, nendawo ekungena kuyo umlambo, ngaloo ndlela basithiya igama esisenalo nangoku.
14. Sasekwa ngowe-1788 njengethanga lokugcina amabanjwa, sisesinye sezona zixeko zisemazantsi ehlabathini kwezilingana naso.
15. Nangona sineengcambu ezomeleleyo zonqulo, esi sixeko saduma ngezidubedube ezingaqhelekanga zobupolitika.
16. Ngowe-1850, uKumkani Kamehameha III wavakalisa ukuba silikomkhulu lobukumkani bakhe; igama laso lithetha “iTheku Elikhuselweyo,” ibe imozulu yaso epholileyo unyaka wonke ibayolisa kakhulu abakhenkethi.
17. Sikhe sibizwe ngokuba sisixeko esinomoya, sakha saphantsa satshatyalaliswa ngumlilo; namhlanje siqhayisa ngesona sakhiwo side ehlabathini.
18. Ngaphambi kowe-1966, sasibizwa ngokuba yiLéopoldville.
19. Sintanganye nomlawuli waseGrisi ongoyena udumileyo, esi sixeko sikhunjulwa ngabafundi beBhayibhile njengendawo apho ukuguqulelwa okudumileyo kweZibhalo zesiHebhere zisisiwa kwisiGrike kwenzelwa khona.
20. Ukukhula kwaso ngokukhawuleza kwabangelwa kukufunyanwa kwegolide kufutshane naso, yaye sikhethekile kuba siso kuphela kwizixeko ezilingana naso ehlabathini esingamanga ngaselunxwemeni lolwandle okanye lwechibi okanye lomlambo.
IAlexandria, e-Egypt
IBangkok, eThailand
IBoston, eUnited States
IBrasília, eBrazil
IBudapest, eHungary
ICalcutta, eIndiya
IChicago, eUnited States
ICologne, eJamani
IHong Kong
IHonolulu, eHawaii,eUnited States
IRhawuti, eMzantsi Afrika
IKinshasa, eZaire
ILa Paz, eBolivia
ILisbon, ePortugal
IManchester, eNgilani
IOslo, eNorway
IRio de Janeiro, eBrazil
IShanghai, eTshayina
ISydney, eOstreliya
ITangshan, eTshayina
[Ibhokisi ekwiphepha 11, 12]
Iimpendulo:
1. ILa Paz, emi phakathi kweemitha ezingama-3 250 nezingama-4 100 ngaphezu komphakamo wolwandle, eyafunyanwa ngabantu baseSpeyin ngowe-1548.
2. ‘IShanghai’ ithetha “Elwandle,” yaye ngaphandle nje kokuba ilelinye lawona mazibuko makhulu ehlabathini, ikwaliziko laseTshayina lemfundo ephakamileyo nelophando ngezenzululwazi.
3. Inxalenye yokuqala yegama elingokwasemthethweni leBangkok yiKrung Thep, elithetha “isiXeko Sezithunywa Zezulu”; ngeSpanish, “uLos Angeles” uthetha “izithunywa zezulu.” Nangona iBangkok ibaphucule oohola bayo beendlela, inkoliso yemijelo yayo edumileyo yagqunyelelwa ukuze kwenziwe iindlela.
4. IHong Kong, enabantu abangama-96 000 kwisikwekhilomitha ngasinye, ilandelwa yiLagos, eNigeria (55 000); yiDacca, eBangladesh (53 000); yiDjakarta, eIndonesia (50 000); neBombay, eIndiya (49 000).
5. Ngowe-1976, iTshayina yahlaselwa yenye yezona nyikima zinkulu kwimbali yanamhlanje, ekumlinganiselo we-7,8 ngokwesikali sikaRichter. ITangshan yona yaphantse yasala kuselubala; ubuncinane kwafa abantu abangama-240 000.
6. IManchester, emi kumgama omalunga neekhilomitha ezingama-240 kumntla weLondon, yaba sisazulu sezorhwebo ngokukhawuleza kangangokuba phakathi kowe-1821 nowe-1831, inani labemi balapho lanyuka ngama-45 ekhulwini.
7. Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-19, iCologne yayidume ngokuba sesinye sezixeko ezithathu ezizona zimdaka ehlabathini—iCalcutta, iConstantinople neCologne—yiloo nto eyabangela amajoni aseFransi ayemise apho “azigquma ubuso ngeetshefu awayezifake kwisiqholo esiyiEau de Cologne ezama ukulwa nevumba lomchamo elalibophile kweso sixeko.”—Kölner Stadt-Anzeiger.
8. ICalcutta sisixeko sesithathu esikhulu eIndiya nesathatyathelwa indawo njengekomkhulu yiNew Delhi.
9. Nangona yacetywa ngowe-1789 yaza yafakwa kuMgaqo-siseko ngowe-1891, imbono yokuba kubekho ikomkhulu phakathi eBrazil yaba yinto yokwenene ngowe-1960 ngokumiselwa kweBrasília. Ukwakhiwa kwayo zisuka nje kwabonisa ukuba kwakuza kuba nzima ukugqiba “sonke esi sixeko ngendlela elungeleleneyo ebesicetywe ngayo njengezinto ezifana nendlela esiza kubonakala ngayo, ukuyilwa kwaso nabantu abaza kusima.”—Encyclopædia Britannica.
10. IOslo, elikomkhulu laseNorway, igubungela ummandla ozizikwekhilomitha ezingama-453, inkoliso yawo ineenduli ezinemithi namachibi.
11. IiCawa zazizele zimi ngeembambo ngentsasa yangoNovemba 1, 1755, ngoMhla Wokukhumbula Iingcwele, xa iLisbon yatshatyalaliswa yenye yezona nyikima zinamandla kwezibhaliweyo, nyikima leyo eyashiya abantu abamalunga nama-30 000 itshoba lilele umbethe.
12. Ngowe-1873 idolophu yasePest, kwicala elingasempuma loMlambo iDanube, neBuda, kunye neÓbuda neSiqithi iMargaret, kwicala elingasentshona, zamanyana ngokusemthethweni zaba yiBudapest, esinye sezixeko zaseYurophu ezinomtsalane ngakumbi, esasikhe saziwa ngokuba yiKumkanikazi yaseDanube.
13. Igama lesiPhuthukezi elithi “umlambo” nelithi “Januwari”—abahloli belizwe bafika ngoJanuwari 1, 1502—adityaniswa kwaza kwakhiwa igama elithi Rio de Janeiro.
14. NgoJanuwari 1788 kwafika amabanjwa amalunga nama-750 avela eBritani ekwakuza kuqaliswa ngawo ukuba le ndawo yenziwe ithanga lokugcina amabanjwa; namhlanje iSydney isesona sixeko sidala nesisesona sikhulu eOstreliya.
15. Kwithuba eliphantse libe ziinkulungwane ezintathu, zimbalwa izixeko ezayiphembelela ngakumbi iUnited States kunokuba yenzayo iBoston, eyasekwa ngaBalandeli Bemithetho Engqongqo Yonqulo (Puritans) ababebaleke eYurophu ngenxa yentshutshiso yonqulo. Ngowe-1773 abemi balapho banceda ngokuqhwaya iMvukelo yaseMerika xa bathi, bazenza amaIndiya, balahla iti ezalise iinqanawa ezintathu kwizibuko laseBoston bevukela kuba bengafuni kuhlawula irhafu kwiBritani bakugqiba bangabi nammeli wabo eburhulumenteni balapho.
16. Ntlandlolo iziko labo bashishina ngomthombothi (sandalwood) nelabo baloba iminenga, elathi kamva lamiwa ngamaRashiya, ngamaBritani namaFrentshi, eliyiHonolulu labuyiselwa kuKumkani uKamehameha III. Ngowe-1850 wavakalisa ukuba ilikomkhulu lobukumkani bakhe. Ngowe-1900 iHawaii yaba kummandla waseUnited States yaza yaba lilizwe ngowe-1959.
17. Bambi bayibiza iChicago ngokuthi sesona sixeko saseUnited States, kuba inazo zonke izinto ezimbi nezintle ezikhoyo kwelo lizwe. Inxalenye esembindini yeso sixeko yatshatyalaliswa yaphela ngumlilo ngowe-1871 xa inkomo kaNksk. O’Leary, ngokutsho kwabantu, yakhaba isibane esikhanyisiweyo esasiseshedini. Kwafa abantu abamalunga nama-250, baza abali-90 000 basala bengenamakhaya. ISears Tower yaseChicago, ebude buziimitha ezingama-443, isesona sakhiwo side ehlabathini.
18. Ngowe-1960, iLéopoldville, eyathiywa ngegama lokumkani waseBelgium uLeopold II, yaba likomkhulu leRiphabliki yaseCongo emva kokuphanza kweBelgian Congo. Ngowe-1971 igama leli lizwe laguqulwa laba yiZaire; ngowe-1966 eli komkhulu lanikwa igama elitsha lokuba yiKinshasa.
19. IAlexandria yathiywa ngegama lika-Alexander the Great, owayalela ukuba yakhiwe ngowama-332 B.C.E. Kwithuba elingaphantsi kweminyaka elikhulu kamva, abemi abangamaYuda—mhlawumbi ebudeni bolawulo lukaPtolemy II uPhiladelphus (285-246 B.C.E.)—baqalisa ukuguqulela iZibhalo zesiHebhere bezisa kwisiGrike ukuze bavelise iSeptuagint.
20. IRhawuti, elingemanga ngaselunxwemeni, ngasechibini okanye ngasemlanjeni, likufanelekela ukuba sisixeko esikhulu ngenxa yegolide eyafunyanwa kulo ngowe-1886. Inani labemi landa ukususela kuma-2 000 ngowe-1887 ukusa kuma-120 000 ngowe-1899 yaye namhlanje linabemi abasisi-1,7 lezigidi.
[Imaphu ekwiphepha 8, 9]
(Ukuba ufuna inkcazelo ehlahlelwe kakuhle, yiya kwimpapasho)
[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 8]
IRio de Janeiro, eBrazil
[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 9]
IBangkok, eThailand
[Inkcazelo]
Tourism Authority of Thailand
[Imifanekiso ekwiphepha 10]
Ekhohlo: ISidney, eOstreliya
Ngezantsi: ILa Paz, eBolivia
[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 11]
IShanghai, eTshayina
[Imifanekiso ekwiphepha 12]
Ekhohlo: IHonolulu, eHawaii
Ekunene: IHong Kong