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  • “Masizakhele IsiXeko”

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  • “Masizakhele IsiXeko”
  • Vukani!—1994
  • Imixholwana
  • Amanqaku Afanayo
  • Isixeko Esasibizwa Ngokuba YiEnoki
  • Zahlukile Kodwa Ikho Into Ezifana Ngayo
  • Izixeko—Kutheni Zisenkathazweni Nje?
    Vukani!—2001
  • “IsiXeko Sizaliswe Yingcinezelo”
    Vukani!—1994
  • “Izixeko Ziyaphuphuma”
    Vukani!—2001
  • Ingxaki Yokondla Abantu Bezixeko
    Vukani!—2005
Khangela Okunye
Vukani!—1994
g94 1/8 iphe. 3-4

“Masizakhele IsiXeko”

Ngumbhaleli kaVukani! eJamani

KUNOKWENZEKA ukuba uhlala esixekweni. Ngokoqikelelo oluthile, phantse isiqingatha sabemi behlabathi sihlala ezixekweni. Enye incwadi ithi “amanani akhoyo abonisa ukuba, ngonyaka wama-2000, izixeko ziya kumiwa ngabemi baseMzantsi Merika abangaphezu kwama-75 ekhulwini.” Kwakhona isixelela ukuba kwangelo xesha linye, inani labantu abahlala kwizixeko zaseAfrika liya kwanda ngaphezu kwaxa liphindwe kabini.

Nokuba akuhlali esixekweni, kunokwenzeka ukuba usebenza kwesinye sazo, uthenga khona, okanye ubuncinane ngamathuba athile kukho amalungelo nezinto eziluncedo ozixhamlayo ezifumaneka ezixekweni. Wonke ubani uyachatshazelwa zizixeko. Hayi indlela ebebuya kuba nzima ngayo ubomi ngaphandle kwazo!

Isixeko Esasibizwa Ngokuba YiEnoki

Ukwakhiwa kwezixeko kwaqala kwakudala-dala. Sifunda oku ngoKayin, ongumntwana wokuqala owakha wazalwa, “wakha umzi [“isixeko,” NW], wawuthiya loo mzi ngegama lonyana wakhe uEnoki.” (Genesis 4:17) Ngokwakha isixeko, mhlawumbi esasisincinane xa sithelekiswa nomgangatho wezanamhlanje, uKayin wamisela izizukulwana ezizayo umzekelo.

Utyekelo lomntu lokufuna ukuhlala nomnye lwenze abantu bafuna ukuba ndawonye. Oku abakwenzi kuba befuna ukunxulumana nje kuphela kodwa benzela ukuziva benqabisekile yaye bekhuselekile, ngokukodwa kwiinkulungwane ezidluleyo xa abantu babesoloko behlaselana. Noko ke, aba asikuphela koothunywashe ababangele abantu baqalisa ukwakha izixeko.

IThe World Book Encyclopedia ithi kukho izinto ezine eziziintloko ebezibangela ukwakhiwa kwezixeko. Nazi “(1) ukuhambela phambili kwezobugcisa [oomatshini abasebenza ngomphunga, amandla ombane, unxibelelwano], (2) izinto zendalo eziyingenelo [ezinye zezo zinto yindawo yokuhlala, imozulu, imilambo ebangela kubekho amanzi], (3) ukulungelelaniswa kwentlalo [igunya, urhulumente] kunye (4) nokwanda kwabemi.”

Izixeko zenze kwalula ukushishina yaye kulapho baqokelelene khona abantu abanokwenza nawuphi na umsebenzi. Ngoko ke, kwizixeko ezininzi kukho izindlu ezinkulu ezinexabiso eliphantsi nezakhiwe ngokufanayo zisakhelwa abasebenzi neentsapho zabo. Namhlanje, ngenxa yezithuthi zikawonke wonke nezabantu ezikhoyo, umgama omde awukuthinteli ukunyanyekelwa ngokuphumelelayo kwezoshishino nezobupolitika. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, impembelelo yezixeko inaba iye kufikelela nakwimimandla emelene nazo.

Kwakhona ezinye izixeko zamandulo zazisakhiwa ngenxa yezizathu zonqulo. IGenesis 11:4 ithi: “[Abantu ababephila emva koNogumbe womhla kaNowa] bathi, Yizani, sizakhele umzi [“masizakhele isixeko,” NW], nepoma lenqaba elincopho isemazulwini [eliza kuba yindawo yokunqula]; sizenzele igama, hleze sichithakalele ehlabathini lonke.”

Ezentlalo, ezonqulo, ezorhwebo nezokuma kwelizwe kuquka nezobupolitika nazo zibe ngoonobangela bokwakhiwa kwezixeko. Kwangaxeshanye, ukutyhubela iinkulungwane izixeko bezizezona ziphambili ekuphuculeni abantu banamhlanje njengokuba nathi sikwazi oko yaye zisichaphazele sonke.

Zahlukile Kodwa Ikho Into Ezifana Ngayo

IThe New Encyclopædia Britannica ithi “ezona ndawo abantu abaqala kuzo ukuhlala yimimandla etyebileyo enganeno kweleenjiko kwiintlambo zomlambo uMnayile, iTigris, umEfrati, i-Indus neYellow.” Kambe ke, izixeko ezazikho ngaphambi kwezenkulungwane yama-20 zazahluke mpela kwezanamhlanje ezifana nazo.

Kwiinkulungwane ezidluleyo inkoliso yabantu yayihlala emaphandleni. Ngokomzekelo, ngonyaka we-1300, iLondon yayikuphela kwesixeko esikhulu eNgilani, ibe abemi balapho ababengaphantsi kwama-40 amawaka babengaphantsi kwisinye ekhulwini sabemi belo lizwe bebonke. Ngowe-1650 amaNgesi amalunga nesixhenxe ekhulwini ayehlala eLondon. Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-19, abemi beso sixeko babesondela kwisigidi. Namhlanje, bangaphantsi kwethoba ekhulwini abemi baseBritani abahlala emaphandleni. Bonke abanye bazalise izixeko, abamalunga nezigidi ezisixhenxe baseGreater London nakwiidolophu eziyingqongileyo kuphela.

Ukubonisa umkhamo izixeko ezikhule nezande ngawo, ngowe-1900, iLondon yayikuphela kwesixeko esinabemi abasisigidi ehlabathini. Sithetha nje kukho izixeko ezingaphezu kwama-200 ezinabemi abangaphezu kwesigidi. Izazinzulu ngokuma kwelizwe zithetha ngemegalopolis, ethetha izixeko ezidibeneyo njengezo zifumaneka kummandla weRuhr eJamani, apho ummandla ogudle uMlambo iRuhr, ukusuka eDuisburg ukuya kutsho eDortmund, uyinto enye nje edibeneyo.

Nangona zahlukile, izixeko zamandulo nezanamhlanje ikho into ezifana ngayo—iingxaki. Yaye iingxaki azizange zibe ninzi okanye zibe nkulu njengokuba zinjalo namhlanje. Izixeko zisebugxwayibeni. Ukuba ‘ukuzakhela izixeko’ ikho into okuyifundise umntu, ubuncinane kufanele kube kusifundise ukuba, ukwakha izixeko phantsi kweemeko zokungafezeki zisakhiwa ngabantu abaneempazamo, akuyondlela egqibeleleyo yokwanelisa iintswelo zethu.

    Iimpapasho ZesiXhosa (1986-2025)
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