Amakhadi Okuthenga Ngetyala—Ngaba Aya Kukunceda Okanye Aya Kukwenza Ikhoboka?

“NYANGA nganye xa ndityhila iingxelo zamatyala amakhadi okuthenga ngetyala ndibona iintloni zento,” watsho njalo umfundisi-ntsapho wesiNgesi waseUnited States. “Xa ndijonga imali elityala, iyandimangalisa, ngokungathi mntu wumbi, omnye umntu ongendim, uye wadyakraza ngemali yam, egqobha iivenkile zezinto zokudlala, iivenkile zezixhobo zombane, iivenkile ezinkulu neendawo zokutha inqwelo-mafutha.”

NoDolores ukufumanisa kulula gqitha ukwenza amatyala. Uthi: “Ukusebenzisa amakhadi okuthenga ngetyala kulula gqitha. Imali yokwenene andiyisebenzisi njengawo. Kodwa ukuthenga ngala makhadi kwahlukile. Akuyiboni le mali uyisebenzisayo. Ekuphela kwento oyenzayo kukunikezela nje ngekhadi lakho, lize liphinde libuyiselwe kuwe.”

Akumangalisi ukuba imali ekwityala lamakhadi okuthenga ngetyala ngoJuni 1995 eUnited States yafikelela kumawaka ezigidi ezili-$195 200 (ii-R849-120 lezigidi)—isimbuku semali engaphezu kwe-$1 000 (ii-R4350) kumntu ngamnye oneli khadi! Kodwa, iinkampani zala makhadi okuthenga ngetyala ziyaqhubeka zizama ukuzuza abathengi abatsha zibakhuthaza ngelithi baya kuhlawula imali yenzala ephantsi xa beqala, ibe akukho ntlawulo ifunekayo ngonyaka. Zingaphi iincwadi ezivela kwiinkampani zala makhadi nezicela ukuba usebenzise ikhadi lazo kwiinyanga zakutshanje? Ngokuqhelekileyo intsapho yaseUnited States ifumana malunga nezingama-24 nyaka ngamnye! Ngokuqhelekileyo umntu onala makhadi okuthenga ngetyala eUnited States wasebenzisa alishumi ngowe-1994 ukuze abe netyala elingaphezulu ngama-25 ekhulwini kwelo ebenalo kunyaka ongaphambili.

EJapan, amakhadi okuthenga ngetyala maninzi kakhulu kuneemfonomfono; kukho umlinganiselo wamakhadi amabini omntu ngamnye waseJapan oneminyaka engaphezu kwengama-20 ubudala. Kulo lonke elaseAsia, kukhutshwa amakhadi okuthenga ngetyala angaphezu kwezigidi ezili-120, malunga nelinye kubemi abali-12. UJames Cassin wakwaMasterCard International, uthi: “IAsia ngowona mmandla uwasebenzisa kakhulu amakhadi okuthenga ngetyala.” Umongameli weVisa International, uEdmund P. Jensen, wenza olu qikelelo: “Kangangethuba elide siseza kuwasebenzisa la makhadi okuthenga ngetyala.”

Kuyabonakala ukuba amakhadi okuthenga ngetyala aza kuqhubeka ebuchaphazela ngakumbi ubomi babantu. Xa esetyenziswa ngendlela efanelekileyo, anokuba luncedo. Noko ke, ukusetyenziswa kwawo kakubi kunokuzisa intlungu engathethekiyo. Ukuba nolwazi olusisiseko ngamakhadi okuthenga ngetyala kusenokukunceda ekusebenziseni esi sixhobo semali ukuze ungenelwe.

Iintlobo Zamakhadi

Awona makhadi asetyenziswa gqitha ngamakhadi ebhanki anjengeVisa neMasterCard. La makhadi akhutshwa ngamaziko emali ibe ayahlawulwa nyaka ngamnye, ngokuqhelekileyo iba zii-R65 ukuya kwezili-R110 ngonyaka. Maxa wambi, le ntlawulo iyarhoxiswa, kuxhomekeka kwingxelo yetyala lalo mthengi nakwindlela alisebenzisa ngayo eli khadi. Unokuhlawula isixa-mali esizeleyo nyanga nganye, ngokuqhelekileyo ungahlawuli nzala, okanye unokuhlawula ngezavenge iinyanga zonke kunye nemali ephezulu yenzala. Kubakho umda wemali onokuyisebenzisa kuxhomekeka kwingxelo yetyala lakho. Ngokufuthi le mali iyenyuka njengoko uzibonisa ukuba ungumntu okwaziyo ukuhlawula.

Kwakhona amakhadi ebhanki akunceda ukwazi ukufumana imali usebenzisa umatshini ekukhutshwa nekufakwa kuwo imali okanye iitsheke ezifumaneka ebhankini. Noko ke, ukufumana imali ngolo hlobo kudla imali eninzi. Ngokuqhelekileyo utsalelwa imali ekwisithuba see-R2 nee-R5 nge-R100 ngalinye olitsalayo. Ibe inzala kwimali enjalo iyongezelelwa ukususela kusuku etsalwe ngalo loo mali.

Ngaphandle kweebhanki, iivenkile ezininzi neevenkile ezinkulu ezisebenzelanayo zinamakhadi azo okuthenga ngetyala amkelwa kwiivenkile zawo. Ngokuqhelekileyo akubikho ntlawulo yonyaka kumakhadi anjalo. Noko ke, ukuba imali efunekayo ayihlawulwa ngokuzeleyo, inzala isenokuba ngaphezulu kuneyamakhadi ebhanki.

Neenkampani zeoli zinikezela ngamakhadi okuthenga ngetyala angenantlawulo yonyaka. Ngokuqhelekileyo la makhadi asebenza kuphela kwiigaraji zaloo nkampani nakwiihotele ezithile maxa wambi. Njengamakhadi afumaneka kwiivenkile ezithile, avumela ukuba uhlawule yonke imali elityala ngaphandle kwenzala okanye uhlawule ubekelwe ixesha oza kuwahlawula ngalo kunye nenzala.

Kwakhona kukho amakhadi okukhenketha nawokuzihlaziya, anjengeDiners Club neAmerican Express. Olu hlobo lwamakhadi lunentlawulo yonyaka kodwa alunayo intlawulo yenzala, ekubeni ityala ulihlawula ngokuzeleyo xa ufumana ingxelo yenyanga. Noko ke, awucaci umahluko phakathi kwala makhadi nawebhanki. Ngokomzekelo, iAmerican Express inekhadi eliyiOptima, elinentlawulo yenzala efunekayo ngokufanayo nekhadi lebhanki.

Elinye ikhadi elingaqhelekanga elingeneleleyo eUnited States kuthiwa yismart card, elibizwa ngolo hlobo ngenxa yokuba lineqhosha ekugcinwa kulo iinkcukacha. Linokusetyenziswa ekutsaleni imali, ekubeni umntu onalo enokuqingqelwa imali ethile amele ayisebenzise. Imali yoko ukuthengileyo itsalwa kweli khadi yiloo ndawo uthenge kuyo. Kunyaka ophelileyo abantu baseFransi babesele besebenzisa iismart card ezizizigidi ezingama-23 ibe abaseJapan besebenzisa ezizizigidi ezili-11. Kuye kwenziwa uqikelelo lokuba inani lamakhadi anjalo liza kunyuka liye kutsho ngaphezu kwewaka lezigidi ngonyaka wama-2000.

Ngaphambi kokufumana ikhadi, uya kuba wenza ngobulumko ukunikela ingqalelo kwiinkcukacha zetyala. Ngokutsho kwenye incwadana enemifanekiso eyapapashwa yiFederal Reserve System of the U.S. Government, “Iinkcukacha zetyala ofanele uziqwalasele ngumlinganiselo wentlawulo yonyaka (APR [annual percentage rate]), intlawulo yonyaka, nexesha olisikelweyo lokuyihlawula.” Phakathi kwezinye izinto ofanele uziqwalasele yintlawulo xa uye watsala imali naxa uthe kratya kuleyo ubusikelwe ukuba uyisebenzise kwakunye naleyo itsalwayo xa uhlawule emva kwexesha elimisiweyo.

Iindleko Ezongezelelekileyo—Ziphakame Kangakanani?

Iindleko ezongezelelekileyo abajamelana nazo abantu xa bengawahlawuli ngokuzeleyo amatyala abo enyanga zinokuphakama gqitha kunokuba abaninzi becinga. Ngokomzekelo, khawucinge ngeAPR, engumlinganiselo weyona ntlawulo yetyala. Ukufana kwenzala yonyaka neAPR kunokuchazwa ngale ndlela. Masithi uboleka umhlobo wakho ii-R100 ibe ukubuyisela ii-R108 ukuphela konyaka. Kwimeko enjalo, umhlobo wakho ukuhlawula umlinganiselo wesi-8 ekhulwini njengenzala yonyaka. Kodwa, masithi ukubuyisela elo R100 ubulibolekile ngokuhlawula izavenge zee-R9 ngenyanga kangangeenyanga ezili-12. Isimbuku ekupheleni konyaka iseli-R108, kodwa wena, njengoko ubuye wamboleka, uye wayisebenzisa le mali njengoko ebeyihlawula nyanga nganye. I-APR kule mali ibolekiweyo iba li-14,5 ekhulwini!

Ngokutsho kolunye uhlolisiso olwenziwa yiU.S. Federal Reserve System kunyaka ophelileyo, iAPR kumakhadi okuthenga ngetyala ebhanki iqala kwisi-9,94 ekhulwini ize iye kufikelela kwi-19,80 ekhulwini, ibe ngokuqhelekileyo iphakathi kwe-17 ne-19 ekhulwini. Ngoxa amanye amaziko enamaxabiso aphantsi kwabasaqalayo, ngokuqhelekileyo isi-5,9 ekhulwini, anokunyuka xa sele kulithuba esetyenziswa. Kwakhona amaxabiso ayenyuka xa le nkampani ifumanisa ukuba iinkonzo zayo ziya zisiba sesichengeni. Ezinye iinkampani ziyabohlwaya abo bahlawula emva kwexesha ngokunyusa imali yenzala. Kwakhona kubakho isohlwayo ngokudlula kumlinganiselo wemali ofanele uyisebenzise.

Kumazwe aseAsia, umlinganiselo wentlawulo yonyaka kumakhadi unokuba phezulu kakhulu. Ngokomzekelo, wambi amakhadi ebhanki, ahlawulisa ama-24 ekhulwini eHong Kong, ama-30 ekhulwini eIndiya, ama-36 ekhulwini eIndonesia, ama-45 ekhulwini kwiiPhilippines, ama-24 ekhulwini eSingapore nama-20 ekhulwini eTaiwan.

Licacile elokuba, amakhadi okuthenga ngetyala akwenza kube lula ukuthenga ngetyala kodwa enza amatyala amakhulu gqitha. Ukuya evenkileni uze wandise amatyala eli khadi onokuwahlawula kuphela ngezavenge kufana nje nokuya ebhankini uze uboleke imali oza kuhlawuliswa ngayo inzala eninzi ngendlela exhomis’ amehlo. Kodwa, phantse abantu abathathu kwabane abanala makhadi eUnited States benza kanye oko! Bahlala benamatyala abahlawula ngawo imali yenzala ephezulu. EUnited States, umlinganiselo wetyala lenyanga kwiVisa nakwiMasterCard kunyaka ophelileyo wawuzii-$1825 (ii-R7940) ibe abantu abaninzi banamatyala aloo mali kumakhadi aliqela okuthenga ngetyala abanawo.

Umgibe Onokukwenza Ikhoboka

URuth Susswein, umalathisi oyintloko weBank Cardholders of America, uthi abantu abasebenzisa amakhadi okuthenga ngetyala abaziqondi iingxaki zemali abanokungena kuzo. Uthi umntu osebenzisa ikhadi ohlawula imali encinane—ii-$36 (ii-R157) ngenyanga—kwityala lekhadi elizii-$1825 (ii-R7940) uya kuthabatha ngaphezu kweminyaka engama-22 ukugqiba ukulihlawula.a Ngenxa yentlawulo eyongezelelekileyo yenzala, ngelo xesha umthengi uya kuba sele ehlawule malunga nee-$10 000 (ii-R43 500) ngetyala nje elizii-$1825 (ii-R7940)! Ibe oko kunokwenzeka xa engazange alisebenzise kwenye into eli khadi! Ngoko, ukuba unotyekelo lokusebenzisa imali ngaphezu komlinganiselo, amakhadi okuthenga ngetyala akwisipaji sakho anokuba ngumgibe.

Abantu bangena njani kulo mgibe? URobert, okhankanywe kwinqaku lokuqala, uthi: “Sathenga izinto ezazingeyomfuneko. Sangenela iqela lokwenza umthambo esingazange siphinde siye kulo. Sathenga ikhaya elikwayinqwelo-mafutha ibe sachitha amawaka eedola sililungisa singakhange sicinge enoba oko kwakuyimfuneko kusini na. Eneneni asizange sicinge ngemiphumo yamatyala ethu.”

UReena, naye okhankanywe kwinqaku elandulelayo, uchaza okwenzeka kuye nomyeni wakhe uMichael, esithi: “Sawela nje ematyaleni. Emva kokuba sitshatile sathenga yonke into esasiyifuna, sisebenzisa amakhadi okuthenga ngetyala. Ukuze sihlawule i-inshorensi yempilo nokuze sithenge izinto esasingenakusebenzisa amakhadi kuzo, sasitsala imali kumakhadi ethu okuthenga ngetyala. Kwisithuba sonyaka ityala lethu lafikelela kwii-$14 000 [ii-R60 900]. Ukwazi ukuba inkoliso yeentlawulo zethu zenyanga kwikhadi lokuthenga ngetyala zazisahlawula nje inzala kwakusivula amehlo.”

Ngaba Ufanele Ube Nawo Amakhadi?

Emva kokuqwalasela umgxobhozo eziye zafakwa kuwo izigidi zabantu ngamakhadi okuthenga ngetyala bambi banokuphendula bathi hayi. UDaphne, oneminyaka engama-32 ubudala, uthi: “Abazali bam abazange babe nekhadi lokuthenga ngetyala ibe abafuni ukuba nalo.” Enyanisweni, umntu omnye kwabane abanamakhadi eUnited States ulisebenzisa ngobulumko ikhadi lakhe lokuthenga ngetyala. Ufumana iingenelo engakhange afumane intlungu yokuhlawula imali exhome gqitha yenzala. UMaria unjalo naye. Uthi: “Ndiyalithanda kuba lizenza lula izinto. Akuyomfuneko ukuba ndiphathe imali eninzi. Ukuba ndibona into ethile endiyifunayo ethengiswa ngexabiso eliphantsi, ndiyakwazi ukuyithenga.”

UMaria uhlabela mgama esithi: “Ndisoloko ndiqinisekisa ukuba ndinemali eyaneleyo yokuhlawula ezo zinto ndizithengileyo. Akuzange kufuneke ndiye kutsala imali. Ibe andizange ndihlawule iindleko ezongezelelekileyo.” Kulula ukusebenzisa ikhadi lokuthenga ngetyala xa usenza isiqinisekiso sokuqesha igumbi ehotele, ibe eUnited States, ikhadi lokuthenga ngetyala liyafuneka xa uqesha inqwelo-mafutha.

Noko ke, bambi abantu batyhuthuzela gqitha xa kufikelelwa ekuthengeni. Bambi basenokulumka ngakumbi xa bethenga besebenzisa imali. UMichael noReena abazange bafune ukuphila ubomi bokuba sematyaleni. Ngoko bagqiba kwelokuba bangasebenzisi nawaphi na amakhadi kangangeminyaka emihlanu—ngaphandle kwaxa kukho imeko yongxamiseko.

Enoba ukhetha ukusebenzisa amakhadi okuthenga ngetyala oko kusisigqibo sobuqu. Kodwa ukuba ukhetha ukwenjenjalo, wasebenzise ngobulumko. Wasebenzise njengesixhobo sokwenza izinto zibe lula. Yaye kuphephe ngazo zonke iindlela ukwandisa amatyala. Ukulawula indlela owasebenzisa ngayo amakhadi okuthenga ngetyala kulinyathelo elibalulekileyo ekulawuleni imali yakho ngokuphumelelayo. Khawucinge ngokungakumbi onokukwenza.

[Umbhalo osemazantsi]

[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 24]

Ukusebenzisa amakhadi okuthenga ngetyala kulula—de kufike ingxelo yetyala