Abantu Abafuna Unqabiseko

“Ukuphela kweNkulungwane yama-20 akukhange kuphelise ukuphalazwa kwegazi nokutshutshiswa okunyazela abantu ukuba bahambe befuna ikhusi bezama ukusindisa ubomi babo. Amashumi ezigidi zabantu aye aqalisa iwaka leminyaka elitsha ekwiinkampu zeembacu nakwezinye iindawo zokufihla intloko zokwexeshana, esoyika ukuba hleze abulawe ukuba anokuze abuyele kumakhaya awo.”—UBill Frelick, weKomiti Yeembacu yaseUnited States.

UJACOB wayenento awayeyinqwenela ngamandla. Wayelangazelela ukuba kwindawo apho abantu banokuhlala ngoxolo, apho iibhombu zingayi kubulala iibhokhwe zentsapho yakowabo, nendawo anokufunda kuyo.

Abantu bedolophu yakowabo bamxelela ukuba indawo enjalo ikho ngokwenene, nangona ikude kakhulu. Uyise wamxelela ukuba olo hambo luyingozi kakhulu, kuba bambi abantu baye bafa lunxano nayindlala kulo. Kodwa xa ummelwane owabulawelwa umyeni wathabatha olo hambo nabantwana bakhe ababini, uJacob wagqiba kwelokuba uza kuhamba yedwa.

UJacob akazange aziphathele kutya okanye iimpahla, yaye ngosuku lokuqala, wabaleka imini yonke. Indlela eya kwindawo ekhuselekileyo yayizele zizidumbu zabantu. Kusuku olulandelayo, wadibana nebhinqa elithile elalihlala kwidolophu yakhe elathi angahamba nalo kunye nabo babekunye nalo. Bahamba kangangeentsuku ezininzi, bedlula kwiidolophana ezingenabantu. Ngesinye isihlandlo kwanyanzeleka ukuba badlule kwindawo etyalwe izigcayiseli, yaye zabulala omnye weqela labo. Babesitya amagqabi xa belambile.

Emva kweentsuku ezilishumi, abantu baqalisa ukufa yindlala nokudinwa. Kungekudala emva koko, bahlaselwa ziinqwelo-moya. Ekugqibeleni, uJacob wawela umda waza wafika kwinkampu yeembacu. Ngoku uyafunda, yaye isandi senqwelo-moya asimenzi aphaphazele luloyiko. Ngoku zonke iinqwelo-moya azibonayo zithwele ukutya endaweni yeebhombu. Kodwa ukhumbula intsapho yakowabo yaye angakuvuyela ukubuyela ekhaya.

Baninzi abantu abanamava afana nakaJacob ehlabathini lonke. Uninzi lwabo luye lwangcungcuthekiswa yimfazwe lwaza lwasala luthwaxwa yindlala nonxano. Bambalwa kakhulu abayaziyo indlela yokuphila kwentsapho eqhelekileyo, yaye uninzi alunakuze lubuyele kumakhaya alo. Aba bantu ngabona bangamahlwempu ehlabathini lonke.

Igosa leUnited Nations High Commissioner for Refugees lahlula aba bantu bangamahlwempu babhadula esithubeni babe ngamaqela amabini. Imbacu kuthiwa ngumntu obaleke kwilizwe lakhe ngenxa yezizathu ezivakalayo zokoyika ukutshutshiswa okanye ugonyamelo. Ngokufanayo, umntu onyanzelwe yimfazwe okanye ezinye izizathu eziyingozi ukuba ashiye ikhaya lakhe aze afudukele kwenye indawo kwakwilizwe lakhe kuthiwa yimbacu.a

Akukho bani ulaziyo inani leembacu nelabantu ekuye kwanyanzeleka ukuba bafuduke kwiindawo zabo abaphila kwiinkampu zokwexeshana okanye inani labantu ababhadula esithubeni befuna indawo enqabisekileyo. Ngokutsho kweminye imithombo, inani elikhoyo ehlabathini lonke linokuba malunga nezigidi ezingama-40, yaye isiqingatha salo ngabantwana. Bavela phi xa bebonke?

Ingxaki Yomhla Wethu

Ingxaki yeembacu yaqalisa ukuthabath’ unyawo ekupheleni kwemfazwe yehlabathi yokuqala. Emva kwaloo mfazwe, ubukhosi baphelelwa ligunya yaye amaqela eentlanga amancinane atshutshiswa. Ngenxa yoko, izigidi zabantu baseYurophu zazifunel’ ikhusi kwamanye amazwe angengawo awaseYurophu. Imfazwe yehlabathi yesibini—eyatshabalalisa ukodlula engaphambili—yabangela ukuba izigidi ezingakumbi zishiye amakhaya azo. Ukususela ngowe-1945 kwaqalisa iimfazwe zamakhaya, kodwa zenza umonakalo ofanayo kubantu abachatshazelwa zizo.

Kwincwadi yakhe yowe-1993 ethi Beyond Charity—International Cooperation and the Global Refugee Crisis, uGil Loescher uthi: “Nangona imfazwe ibisoloko isenza kubekho iimbacu, kusebudeni benkulungwane yamashumi amabini kuphela apho iyantlukwano phakathi kwamazwe iye yachaphazela bonke abantu bamazwe ngamazwe. Ukungabikho komahluko phakathi kwabantu ababandakanyekileyo nabo bangabandakanyekanga kuye kwenza kwakho iimbacu ezininzi ezibaleka umonakalo obangelwa lugonyamelo olungakhethe bani.”

Ukongezelela, iingxwabangxwaba ezininzi zanamhlanje ziimfazwe zamakhaya ezingachaphazeli amadoda akubudala bokuya emkhosini nje kuphela kodwa ezikwachaphazela amabhinqa nabantwana. Ziphenjelelwa ziiyantlukwano ezinzulu zobuhlanga nonqulo, ezinye zezi ngxwabangxwaba zibonakala zingenakuphela. Kwelinye ilizwe laseAfrika, apho imfazwe yamakhaya sele iqhube kangangeminyaka eli-18, kukho abantu abazizigidi ezine ekuye kwanyanzeleka ukuba bafudukele kwenye indawo kwakwilizwe labo, ngoxa amakhulu amawaka aye abalekele kwamanye amazwe.

Njengoko kusoloko kunjalo, ekuphela kwendlela abahlali abadinwe yimfazwe abanokuluphepha ngayo ugonyamelo kukushiya amakhaya abo. Incwadi ethi The State of the World’s Refugees 1997-98 ithi: “Iimbacu zishiya amazwe azo zize zifune imvume yokuhlala kwelinye ilizwe ingekuba zithanda ukwenjenjalo okanye ngenxa yokuba zifuna izinto zizihambele kakuhle, kodwa ziwashiya ngenxa yokuba zinyanzelekile.” Noko ke, kule mihla yethu, ukufumana imvume yokuhlala kwelinye ilizwe kunokuba yinto enzima.

Ngeminyaka yee-1990, inani leembacu ehlabathini lonke liye lehla ukususela kwizigidi ezili-17 ukusa kwizigidi ezili-14. Noko ke, oku kubonakala ngathi yinkqubela, kuyakhohlisa. Kuqikelelwa ukuba ebudeni benkulungwane enye, abantu ekuye kwanyanzeleka ukuba bafudukele kwenye indawo kwakwilizwe labo bandile baya kufikelela kwizigidi ezingama-25 nezinga-30. Kwenzeka ntoni?

Ukugqalwa njengembacu esemthethweni kuya kusiba nzima ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukahlukeneyo. Amazwe athile anokuba madolw’ anzima ukwamkela iimbacu, mhlawumbi ngenxa yokuba engakwazi ukunyamekela abantu abaninzi abathontelana kwilizwe lawo okanye exhalabele ukuba inani elikhulu leembacu linokwenza ilizwe liqhwalele kwezoqoqosho lize lingazinzi kwezobupolitika. Noko ke, maxa wambi abahlali abaxhalabileyo abanawo amandla, ukutya okanye imali eyaneleyo yokuthabatha uhambo olude lokuya emideni. Ekuphela kwento abanokuyenza kukufudukela kwindawo ekhuselekileyo kwakwilizwe labo.

Inani Elandayo Leembacu Zezoqoqosho

Ngaphezu kwezigidi zeembacu zokwenene kukho ezinye izigidi zabantu abangamahlwempu abafuna ukuphucula ubomi babo—ngokufudukela kwilizwe apho iimeko zokuphila zibhetele kakhulu.

NgoFebruwari 17, 2001, inqanawa endala yaphuka kunxweme lwaseFransi. Umthwalo wayo wawuquka amadoda, amabhinqa nabantwana abanokuba liwaka ababeselwandle phantse iveki yonke ngaphandle kokutya. Babehlawule malunga nee-R17 000 umntu ngamnye ngolo hambo lunamanzithinzithi, bengazi nokuba baya kwiliphi ilizwe. Umphathi nabasebenzi baloo nqanawa baphel’ emehlweni nje emva kokuba loo nqanawa ifike elunxwemeni. Kodwa ngethamsanqa, abakhweli ababesele benyukelwe zizibilini bahlangulwa, yaye urhulumente waseFransi wathembisa ukuhlolisisa izicelo zabo zokufuna ikhusi. Abantu abazizigidi njengaba bazama ukuthabatha uhambo olufanayo minyaka le.

Inkoliso yaba bantu bafuduka ngenxa yezoqoqosho ikulungele ukujamelana nobunzima neemeko abangaqinisekanga ngazo kuloo mazwe. Ngandlel’ ithile iyakwazi ukuqokelela imali yolo hambo efunekayo ngenxa yokuba emva ekhaya, ubuhlwempu, ugonyamelo, ucalucalulo okanye ingcinezelo yabalawuli—yaye maxa wambi ezi meko zone—zenza ikamva libe mfiliba.

Uninzi luyafa ngoxa luzama ukufumana ubomi obubhetele. Kule minyaka ilishumi idluleyo, abantu abafudukayo abamalunga nama-3 500 baye barhaxwa okanye banyamalala ngoxa bezama ukuwela iStrait of Gilbraltar ukusuka eAfrika ukuya eSpeyin. Ngonyaka wama-2000, abantu baseTshayina abangamashumi amahlanu anesibhozo abafudukayo bafuthaniseleka ngoxa babefihlwe kwilori esuka eBelgium ibasa eNgilani. Abanye abantu abafudukayo abangenakubalwa babulawa lunxano kwiSahara xa iilori zabo ezigxokogxoko, ezizele ngapha komlinganiselo zisaphuka kumbindi wale ntlango.

Nangona kukho iingozi, inani leembacu zezoqoqosho liya lisanda ngokukhawuleza ehlabathini lonke. EYurophu kungeniswa abantu abamalunga nesiqingatha sesigidi ngokungekho mthethweni nyaka ngamnye; yaye abanye abangama-300 000 bangeniswa eUnited States. Emva phayaa ngowe-1993, iUnited Nations Population Fund yaqikelela ukuba inani labantu abafudukayo ehlabathini lonke limalunga nezigidi ezili-100, yaye abangaphezu komntu omnye kwabathathu baye bahlala eYurophu naseUnited States. Yaye ukususela ngoko, ngokuqinisekileyo eli nani liye landa oku komlilo wedobo.

Uninzi lwezi mbacu alulufumani unqabiseko olulufunayo. Yaye zimbalwa kakhulu iimbacu ezifumana ikhusi elisisigxina. Ngokuqhelekileyo, kwaba bantu babhadulayo, xa kulunga enye konakala enye. Inqaku elilandelayo liza kuhlolisisa ezinye zezi ngxaki noonobangela bazo abasisiseko.

[Umbhalo osemazantsi]