Iphenyane—Isithuthi Esifanele Imeko YaseKhanada
UMKHENKETHI waseFransi uSamuel de Champlain wanqumla uLwandlekazi iAtlantiki esiya kuMlambo iSt. Lawrence kwindawo namhlanje ebizwa ngokuba yiKhanada. Wathi xa efika eMontreal wabanjezelwa ngumqobo omkhulu: iLachine Rapids. Ngowe-1603 wabhala kwincwadi yakhe wathi, enoba ebenokuzama kangakanani na ukudlula kula matye anamanzi alatyuzayo ebengenakuze akwazi. Amahlathi ashinyeneyo abangela ukuba bangakwazi ukuhamba ngeenyawo. Ngoko ke, lo kaChamplain neqela lakhe baqhubeka njani nohambo lwabo?
Bafunda kubantu bomthonyana baza basebenzisa amaphenyane. Lo kaChamplain wathi: “Kulula ukuhamba kweli lizwe nakwimilambo yalo usebenzisa iphenyane.”
Esona Sithuthi Sifanelekileyo
Amachibi nemilambo yaseKhanada ayeyona ndawo kunokuhanjwa kuyo yaye kudla ngokusetyenziswa amaphenyane. Ayesetyenziswa Ngabantu Bomthonyana baseMerika xa bezingela naxa bethutha izinto. Zazininzi iindlela zokwenza amaphenyane kuxhomekeka kwindlela aza kusetyenziswa ngayo nezinto ezikhoyo zokwakha. Ngokomzekelo, abantu abavela entshona eKhanada babesenza amaphenyane ngomthi womsedare oxholiweyo. Kwakugalelwa amanzi namatye ashushu. Loo nto yayibangela ukuba lo mthi uthambe uze ukwazi ukubumbeka. Amanye amaphenyane ayekwazi ukuthwala iitoni ezimbini, ayebaleka yaye ekhuselekile elwandle apho ayesetyenziselwa ukuloba iminenga.
Mhlawumbi elona phenyane laziwayo eMntla Merika lelo lenziwa ngexolo lomthi umbirch. Ngenxa yokuba linebetulino, eli xolo lomelele yaye akungeni manzi kulo. Kanti libhetyebhetye ngokukhethekileyo kwaye lomelele. UDavid Gidmark owakha amaphenyane uthi: “Amaphenyane enziwe ngale ndlela adla ngokuhamba kumaza alatyuzayo aphula amaphenyane enziwe ngomthi nalawo enziwe ngeseyile.”
Amaphenyane ombirch adla ngokwenziwa ngomthi womsedare, ngeengcambu zespruce nentlaka. Ngenxa yokuba zonke ezi zinto zifumaneka ehlathini, kwakulula ukuwalungisa la maphenyane. Ayelula kangangokuba babekwazi ukuwaphatha xa kukho amaza alatyuza kakhulu naxa kukho ezinye iingxaki. Kwakhona ayengawungcolisi umhlaba. Xa kwakulahlwa iphenyane, lalibuyela emhlabeni okomthi owileyo.
Ibangel’ umdla indlela awayesenziwa ngayo. Omnye umntu owayephila ngenkulungwane ye-19 wathi abantu bomthonyana “babengasebenzisi zikhonkwane kodwa babethunga. Yaye le mithungo yayomelele, yenziwe ngobuchule obungenakuthelekiswa nanto.”
Ngaphambi kwexesha likaloliwe, amaphenyane ayengawona akhawulezayo nekunokuthenjelwa kuwo kwiindawo ezininzi eKhanada. Naxa kwakusele kukho uloliwe, amaphenyane akazange akhawuleze aphelelwe, kuba abantu babehamba ngawo okanye ngololiwe.
Amaphenyane ayebaluleke gqitha kubantu bamandulo ababephila eMntla Merika kangangokuba aphela sele etshintsha indlela abantu bomthonyana ababephila ngayo neenkolelo zabo. Ngokomzekelo elinye ibali lithi kukho amaphenyane angenguwo umkhombe ekuthethwa ngawo eBhayibhileni, athwala abantu kumkhukula.
Ukuhamba Ngamaphenyane Kule Mihla
Kuseyinto exhaphakileyo ukuhamba ngamaphenyane eKhanada kodwa ngoku sele esetyenziselwa ukuzonwabisa. Okubi kukuba umthi wombirch ekwakusenziwa ngawo amaphenyane ufumaneka nzima ngoko namaphenyane ombirch awasabonakali. Kodwa ke, zikho ezinye izinto ezisafumanekayo njengealuminum, iseyile, amaplanga, nefiberglass.
UBill Mason owayesaziwa ngokubheqa amaphenyane wongezelela wathi: “Ukuhamba ngephenyane emanzini kukunceda ucinge ngendalo nangolwalamano lwakho noMdali owenza zonke izinto ezikhoyo.” Abantu abaninzi bayangqinelana naloo mazwi!
[Ibhokisi/Umfanekiso okwiphepha 11]
IKAYAK
Abantu abangamaInuit bahlala kweyona ndawo ingenamithi yaseKhanada. Kodwa loo nto ayizange ibathintele ekwakheni amaphenyane. Babesebenzisa iimfele zeentini nezeecaribou, amathambo nezibonda zemithi ezikunxweme lweArctic. Babesebenzisa amanqatha ukuze amaphenyane abo angangenwa ngamanzi. Loo maphenyane ke ayebizwa ngokuba ziikayak.
Owona mahluko mkhulu phakathi kwephenyane eliqhelekileyo nekayak kukuba iikayak zona ziyagqunywa nto leyo emenza akhuseleke umntu okhwele kuyo ize ingangenwa ngamanzi enoba ibhukuqile. Iikayak zakutshanje zidla ngokwenziwa ngefiberglass nangezinye izinto.
[Inkcazelo Ngomfanekiso okwiphepha 10]
Library of Congress