Idabi LaseAin Jalut—Layitshintsha Imbali Yehlabathi

EMONGOLIA kwaphuma amagorha angabuyi mva, esishiya siyingqushu nasiphi na isixeko esingafuni kugob’ uphondo. NgoFebruwari 1258, ahlasela iBaghdad adiliza iindonga zayo. Kwaphela iveki ikrele lawo lixhaph’ igazi lishiya kuthe waca izidumbu apho. AmaSilamsi atsho ankwantya ngenxa yamaMongoli.a

Njengoko amaMongoli ayegqugqisa esinge entshona, ngoJanuwari 1260, iAleppo neSyria zehlelwa seso seBaghdad. NgoMatshi, iDamascus yanikezela kumaMongoli. Kungekudala emva koko, amaMongoli ahlasela izixeko zamaPalestina iNablus (ekufuphi neShekem yamandulo) neGaza.

UHülegü, injengele yaseMongolia yanyanzelisa uSultan al-Muzaffar Sayf al-Din Qutuz, ukumkani wamaSilamsi aseYiputa ukuba agob’ uphondo. UHülegü wamgrogrisa ngelithi ukuba akanikezeli, iYiputa yayiza kuyicel’ ivuthiwe. Umkhosi kaHülegü wawumkhulu phantse izihlandlo eziphindwe nge-15 kunalowo waseYiputa wawunamajongi angama-20 000. Umbhali wembali yobuSilamsi, uNjingalwazi Nazeer Ahmed, uthi: “AmaSilamsi ayesesichengeni sokutshayelwa nya.” Wayeza kuthini ke uKumkani uQutuz?

UQutuz NaMamluk

UQutuz wayengumMamluk, ikhoboka eliyinzalelwana yaseTurkey. AmaMamluk ayengamajoni angamakhoboka kubukumkani beeAyyubid ookumkani abangamaSilamsi baseCairo, eYiputa. Noko ke, ngowe-1250, loo makhoboka azibhukuqa iinkosi zawo, kwalawula wona eYiputa. Naye ke uQutuz, elo joni lalisakuba likhoboka lathabatha iintambo laba ngukumkani ngowe-1259. Wayeligorha elinobuchule engazimisele kunikezela lula kumaMongoli. Kodwa ke, kwesi isihlandlo lalingekho ithemba lokuba angazixhoma kolu tshaba. Kwathi kusenjalo kwenzeka iziganeko ezaziza kuyitshintsha tu imbali yehlabathi.

UHülegü wafikelwa ziindaba zokuba uMöngke, ikumkani yamaMongoli ifile eMongolia. Eqonda ukuba kuza kubakho ukruthakruthwano ngesikhundla emva ekhaya, uHülegü wawurhoxisa umkhosi wakhe. Washiya ngasemva amajoni amalunga-ne10 000 nama-20 000—ecinga ukuba anele ukuba oyise iYiputa. KuQutuz elo yaba lithuba angenakudlala ngalo. Wayezimisele ukuboyisa abo bahlaseli, ibe elo yayilithuba lakhe.

Noko ke, phakathi kweYiputa naloo maMongoli kwakukho olunye utshaba lwamaSilamsi—imikhosi yabalweli benkolo eyayize kwelasePalestina ize kuthimba “iLizwe Elingcwele” ukuze libe phantsi kobuKristu. UQutuz wafuna indawo ekhuselekileyo yokudlula nelungelo lokuthenga izinto ezaziza kufuneka emfazweni xa esilwa namaMongoli kwelo lasePalestina. Aba balweli benkolo bavuma. Kaloku, uQutuz yayikuphela kwethemba ababenalo lokukhusela loo mmandla wabo kumaMongoli, awayesisisongelo kubo kanye njengokuba nabo abo balweli benkolo babesisisongelo kumaSilamsi.

Oko kuvuma kwawo kwathetha ukubambana ngezihlwitha kwamaMamluk namaMongoli.

IAin Jalut KwelasePalestina

Imikhosi yamaMamluk namaMongoli yagagana ngoSeptemba 1260 eAin Jalut ekwiThafa laseEsdraelon. Kukholelwa ukuba iAin Jalut ikwisixeko samandulo iMegido.b

Umbhali-mbali uRashid al-Din uthi amaMamluk awalalela eMegido amaMongoli. UQutuz wafihla umkhosi wakhe omkhulu kwiintaba ezingqonge elo thafa waza wayalela iqaqobana ukuba lichukushe amaMongoli ukuze ahlasele. Nawo ke awela kwelo qhinga ecinga ukuba amaMamluk ayephelele kwelo gcuntswana. UQutuz wawothusa xa kulapho. Waphakamisa loo mikhosi izimeleyo yaza yahlasela. Aba ayoyiswa ke amaMongoli.

Esi yaba sisihlandlo sokuqala esoyiswa amaMongoli ukususela ekuqaleni kweminyaka engama-43 ehlasela esinge entshona. Nakuba lalilincinane ngokwentelekiso inani lemikhosi eyayisilwa apho, loo mfazwe yaseAin Jalut igqalwa njengeyona ibalulekileyo kwimbali yehlabathi. Yasindisa amaSilamsi ekubeni atshayelwe, yaphelisa inkolo yokuba amaMongoli ayengenakuze oyiswe, atsho ke namaMamluk abuyisa imihlaba yawo eyayithinjiwe.

IAin Jalut Emva Kwemfazwe

AmaMongoli aphinda aya kulwa kummandla weSiriya nakwelasePalestina izihlandlo eziliqela, kodwa zange aphinde ayingcangcazelise iYiputa. Inzala kaHülegü yazinza ePersi, yaguqukela kubuSilamsi ibe ethubeni yaba ngabakhuthazi bezithethe zamaSilamsi. Loo mmandla waziwa ngokuba yiPersian ilkhanate, igama elithetha, “izikumkani ezingaphantsi.”

UQutuz zange aphile ixesha elide emva koloyiso lwakhe. Iintshaba zakhe zambulala ngokukhawuleza emva koko. Phakathi kwezo ntshaba kwakukho uBaybars I, ikumkani yokuqala yobukumkani obumanyeneyo beYiputa neSiriya. Abaninzi bagqala yena njengomseki wolawulo lwamaMamluk. Urhulumente wakhe omtsha—waqhuba kakuhle waza wanobutyebi obunzi—walawula iinkulungwane ezimbini ezinesiqingatha, de kwangowe-1517.

Kuloo minyaka imalunga nama-250, amaMamluk abakhupha abalweli benkolo kwiLizwe Elingcwele, aququzelela urhwebo nemveliso, axhasa ubugcisa, esakha nezibhedlele, iindawo zonqulo zamaSilamsi nezikolo. Kulawulo lwawo, iYiputa yaba sisazulu eziphambili sobuSilamsi.

Imiphumo yedabi laseAin Jalut zange iphelele nje apho kuMbindi Mpuma. Yaba negalelo nakwinkcubeko yaseNtshona. Iphephancwadi iSaudi Aramco World lithi: “Ukuba amaMongoli ayeyoyisile iYiputa, ukubuya kukaHülegü, ayenokutyhalela phambili agqugqise kuwo wonke uMntla Afrika aye kutsho kwiStraits of Gibraltar.” Ekubeni ngoko amaMongoli ayesele efikelele ePoland, ayenokuyithi qho ngobhongwane neYurophu.

Kwaeli phephancwadi libuza oku: “Kwezo meko, ngaba yayiya kubakho iBuya-mbo YeYurophu? Mhlawumbi ihlabathi ngelahluke gqitha kwinto eliyiyo namhlanje.”

[Imibhalo esemazantsi]

[Imaphu ekwiphepha 12]

(Ukuba ufuna inkcazelo ehlahlelwe kakuhle, yiya kwimpapasho)

IDamasko

ISIRIYA

IMt. Tabor

IThafa Lase-Esdraelon

IAin Jalut (kufuphi neMegido)

INablus (kwaShekem)

IYerusalem

IGaza

IYIPUTA

[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 12]

Indawo eyayinesixeko samandulo iMegido

[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 13]

Imikhosi yamaMamluk neyamaMongoli yagagana ngoSeptemba 1260, eAin Jalut ekwiThafa lase-Esdraelon

[Inkcazelo]

Pictorial Archive (Near Eastern History) Est.

[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 14]

Amabhodlo esixeko samandulo sakwaShekem, kunye nenxalenye yesixeko sanamhla saseNablus ngasemva