Ulawulo Lomntu Lulinganisiwe Esikalini
Icandelo 1b—Ngaba Ngokwenene Siyamfuna Urhulumente?
UKUNGALAWULWA: kukungabikho kwalo naluphi na uhlobo lwegunya lezobupolitika, okuphumela kwibutho labantu ngabanye abangenarhulumente, abakhululeke ngokupheleleyo.
ISITHANDI sobulumko esingumGrike uAristotle sathi zonke iintlobo zoburhulumente ngokwemvelo azizinzanga yaye ziyaguquguquka. Ngokutsho komnye umbhali, wathi “ukuzinza kwalo lonke ulawulo kuya kusonakaliswa ngokuhamba kwexesha.”
Ngenxa yeemeko ezinjalo, akunto imangalisayo ukuba bambi abantu baye baxhasa ukungabi naye urhulumente konke konke, okanye ubuncinane urhulumente onegunya elincinane phezu kwabo kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Kodwa ‘ukungabi narhulumente’ ngokwenene kuthe-tha ukungalawulwa, binzana elo eliguqulelwe kwigama lesiGrike elithetha “ukungabi namlawuli.”
Igama elithi “anarchy” lalisetyenziswa ngowe-1840, iminyaka eli-150 eyadlulayo, nguPierre-Joseph Proudhon, umbhali wezobupolitika waseFransi. Kodwa intanda-bulumko yokungalawulwa yayichazwe ngokucacileyo kwiminyaka engama-200 ngaphambilana yindoda eliNgesi uGerrard Winstanley. Njengoko kucaciswe kwiThe New Encyclopœdia Britannica, “UWinstan-ley wabeka oko kamva kwaba ngumgaqo osisiseko kubantu abakholelwa ekubeni bangalawulwa: ukuba igunya liyonakalisa; ukuba ukuba nezinto akudibani nenkululeko; ukuba ukuba nezinto negunya kungunobangela wolwaphulo-mthetho; nokuba kukwibutho labantu elingenabalawuli kuphela, apho umsebenzi nemveliso yawo kwabelwanayo ngazo, apho abantu banokukhululeka yaye bonwabe, bengaqhutywa yimithetho ebekwe phezu kwabo kodwa beqhutywa zizazela zabo.”
Kodwa ngaba oko kwenzeke kwixesha elidluleyo akusifundisi ukuba qela ngalinye lifuna imigaqo ethile elimele lisebenze phantsi kwayo? IThe World Book Encyclopedia, ithi, “kumaxesha amandulo uhlobo oluthile lorhulumente lwaluyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yalo lonke ibutho labantu.” Icacisa ukuba “qela ngalinye labantu—ukususela entsatsheni ukuya eluhlangeni—linemithetho yehambo ukuze ilawule ubomi bamalungu alo.” Kungayiphi enye indlela enokuphumeza ngayo iinjongo zalo ukuze kungenelwe onke amalungu alo?
Ngoko ke inkoliso yabantu iya kuyamkela ngokukhululekileyo imbono yokuba amaziko athile anelungelo elisemthethweni lokulawula nokwenza izigqibo ukuze balungelwe bonke. Engekho urhulumente wokwenzela ibutho labantu izigqibo, mntu ngamnye ebeya kuyekelwa ekulawulweni sisazela sakhe, njengoko uWinstanley wabona njalo. Ngaba oku kwakuya kuluhambisela phambili umanyano? Okanye ngaba ubukhulu becala bekungenakwenzeka ukuba umntu ngamnye abe ebeya kutyekela ekufuneni izilangazelelo zakhe, ngokufuthi oku kubohlutha abanye amalungelo abo angokwasemthethweni?
Ulingelo lokungalawulwa luye lwasilela ukuphucula indlela yokuphila yabantu. Imigudu yabagrogrisi yenkulungwane yama-20 yokubangela ukungalawuleki kwebutho labantu, ukutshabalalisa oko bavakalelwa kukuba kuyabatshabalalisa, ayikhange iziphucule izinto.
Ngamazwi acacileyo, ‘ukungabikho kukarhulumente’ kukuqhway’ udushe. Ngoko ke umbuzo ‘asikuko ukuba kumele kubekho urhulumente okanye kungabikho rhulumente?’ kodwa kunoko ukukuba, ‘luluphi uhlobo lorhulumente oluya kuzisa eyona miphumo ilungileyo?’
Imvelaphi Yolawulo Lomntu
Ulawulo lukaThixo lwalungumzekelo wokuqala owamiselwa umntu kumyezo wase-Eden kwiminyaka engaphezu kwamawaka amathandathu eyadlulayo. UMdali wagxininisa ukuxhomekeka koluntu kuye nakulwalathiso lwakhe lwezinto ngokuvisisana nomgaqo owaboniswa kamva eBhayibhileni othi: “Akukhona endodeni ehambayo ukuqinisela ukunyathela kwayo.” (Yeremiya 10:23) Okanye kunjengokuba iqhalo lesiTshayina lisithi: “Ngaphandle koncedo lwaseZulwini umntu akanakuhamba nomganyana nje omncinane.”
Isibini sokuqala esingabantu sagqiba ekwenzeni okwahlukileyo koko. Sakhetha ukuhamba “ngaphandle koncedo lwaseZulwini” yaye ekugqibeleni sagxothelwa ngaphandle kweParadisi uThixo awayesinike yona. Kamva, njengoko intsapho engabantu yayisanda, kwabakho nemfuneko yokulawula kukarhulumente ukuze aqinisekise uxolo nolungelelwano kweli lungiselelo. Lwakuba lutyeshelwe ulawulo lukaThixo, ulawulo lomntu, olwaluyimfuneko, lwaqalisa ukuzalisa eso sithuba.—Genesis 3:1-5.
Bonke Bayafana—Ukanti Bahlukile
Ukususela kwesi siqalo singathandekiyo, oorhulumente babantu baye baba ziintlobo ezininzi. Enoba baneenkqubo ekulula ukuziqonda okanye ezinzima ngokugqithiseleyo, bonke banezinto ezithile abafana ngazo. Nazi ezimbalwa zazo:
Oorhulumente bayazinyamekela iintswelo zabantu babo. Urhulumente osilelayo ukwenza oku ulahlekelwa ligunya lakhe elingokwasemthethweni.
Oorhulumente bamisela inkqubo engehambo, nto leyo ephumela kwisohlwayo xa abantu babo bengabambeleli kuyo. Le nkqubo inemiyalelo nemithetho, ndawonye nezithethe eziye zaveliswa kangangeenkulungwane. Ubukhulu becala abemi bayayithobela le nkqubo yemigaqo nemithetho yokuziphatha enoba kungenxa yokuba beziqonda iingenelo ezifunyanwa ekwenzeni njalo, kuba bevakalelwa kukuba ‘kuyinto abafanele bayenze,’ kuba bengamaxhoba engcinezelo yoontanga, okanye kuba nje beya kohlwaywa ukuba abenjinjalo.
Oorhulumente baphumeza iinkonzo zowiso-mthetho, ezokulawula, nezokugweba ngohlobo oluthile lwenkqubo elungelelanisiweyo. Imithetho iyasekwa, okusesikweni kuyaphunyezwa yaye imigaqo iyalandelwa.
Oorhulumente baxhasa amaqhina awomeleleyo ezoqoqosho kwimibandela yezorhwebo.
Oorhulumente ngokufuthi bakwazidibanisa nohlobo oluthile lonqulo, kwezinye ngokusondele ngakumbi kunezinye. Bakwenza oko ukuze bathethe ngolawulo lwabo njengolusekwe ngokwasemthethweni—‘intsikelelo yasezulwini’—nto leyo ebingasayi kubakho ukuba bekungenjalo.
Kambe ke, oorhulumente nabo bayahluka. Izazinzulu kwezobupolitika zibacalula zize zibahlule ngokweendlela ezininzi. IThe New Encyclopœdia Britannica, ithi, “ngokomzekelo, kukho umahluko ocacileyo, phakathi koorhulumente kuxhomekeka kwinani labalawuli—urhulumente olawulwa ngumntu omnye (ukumkani okanye umphathi), urhulumente olawulwa ngabantu abambalwa (ulawulo lweezihandiba okanye ulawulo lwabantu abambalwa), norhulumente olawulwa ngabantu abaninzi (ulawulo-melo).”
Maxa wambi oorhulumente bacalulwa ngokwemigaqo-siseko yabo (onepalamente, urhulumente wesigqeba), ngokwemigaqo yabo esisiseko kwigunya lobupolitika (isithethe, unokuthanani nonqulo), ngokokwakhiwa kwenkqubo yezoqoqosho, okanye ngokweendlela zokusebenzisa kwakhe kakuhle okanye kakubi igunya. Le ntyilalwazi ithi, “Nangona kungekho namnye ochazwe ngokweenkcukacha, mgaqo ngamnye kule yokubacalucalula unobunyaniso obuthile.”
Kodwa ingakhathaliseki indlela esizicalucalula ngayo, into emele ikhunjulwe kukuba iintlobo ezahlukahlukeneyo zolawulo lomntu—ngaphandle kokukhetha ezithile—ngoku ziyalinganiswa. Oku kuya kuba nemiphumo enzulu kuthi sonke.
[Ibhokisi ekwiphepha 6]
Ebhala ngamagunya oburhulumente alawula ukuza kuthi ga kweli xesha langoku, umpostile uPawulos wabhala: “Yonke imiphefumlo mayiwalulamele amagunya awongamileyo.” (Roma 13:1, 7) Ngaloo ndlela, amaKristu alandela ukhokelo lweBhayibhile eqhutywa sisazela athobela yonke imithetho yelizwe ahlala kulo, ngaphandle kokuba yaphula imithetho kaThixo, yona yongamileyo.
[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 7]
Urhulumente uyafuneka—kwananjengokuba kunjalo ngokulawulwa kwezithuthi—ukuthintela ukungabikho kocwangco