Abaphambukeli—Ingxaki Yehlabathi Lonke

ELINYE igoduka elivela emaphandleni kumazantsi eAfrika lathi: “ERhawutini siyela ukuya kugumb’ imali ngenxa yokuba akukho msebenzi apha.” Lithi: “Ukuba ubukho umsebenzi apha besingayi kuziduba ngokuya eRhawutini.” Inkcazelo yalo echukumisayo ibonisa ingxaki abaphambukeli nabasebenzi abaninzi abangamagoduka abajamelene nayo.

Kodwa umlinganiselo omkhulu abaye bafuduka ngawo abantu kula mashumi ambalwa eminyaka edluleyo uyaboyikisa abantu abathile. (Bona ibhokisi ekwiphepha 5.) Iphephandaba lemihla ngemihla laseSpeyin iEl País lanikela le ngxelo: “Ngequbuliso ubuhlanga nokungafunwa kwabantu abavela kwamanye amazwe kuvuke phantsi kwiJamani entsha.” Amahlokondiba anogonyamelo, achazwa ngoonondaba njengabavukeli abatyekele kubuNazi nabachebe inkqayi, aye abahlasela abaphambukeli.

Wambi amagosa ajongene nabaphambukeli ayavuma ukuba awabavumeli abaphambukeli ukungena kumazwe awo. Elinye igosa elijongene nabaphambukeli kwelinye ilizwe laseAsia lavakalisa ukuba umsebenzi walo ‘wawukukuqinisekisa ukuba abaphambukeli abangeni kwelo lizwe.’ Kwakhona, ligqabaza ngokwanda kwakutshanje kweembacu ezasaba kwilizwe laseMpuma Yurophu, iphephancwadi iTime lithetha ngegosa elikwisikhundla esiphezulu, elathi: “Asifuni ukubenza bazive besekhaya kuba sifuna bagoduke.”

Okubuhlungu ngakumbi koko kwathethwa ngomnye umcholacholi weendaba waseFransi owayeqinisekile ukuba ‘abantu abavela kwamanye amazwe ababefudukela apho babesisisongelo.’ Ziziphi izizathu zokuba athethe oko? ‘Bangabohlanga olwahlukileyo, [bathetha] iilwimi ezahlukileyo, [yaye] banemilinganiselo eyahlukileyo.’ Wafikelela kwesiphi isigqibo? “Sifanele sigxothe abaninzi kangangoko sinokukwazi, [size] sizinxweme kwabaseleyo.”

Ngenxa yezi ntetho zibonakalisa ukungafunwa okungaka kwabantu abavela kwamanye amazwe, akumangalisi ke ukuba bajamelane noxanduva lokujongwa kakubi ngabemi bomthonyama abaziva besongelwa kukwanda ngokukhawuleza kwabantu basemzini. Ngokomzekelo, omnye ummi ongumSirayeli owayecaphukile wavakalisa ubuhlungu ngesibakala sokuba “abantu abaqeshisa ngeendawo zokuhlala bakhetha ukuhlalisa abaphambukeli abavela eSoviet” ngenxa yokuba urhulumente uyababonelela aba ngemali xa besiba ngabemi kwelo lakwaSirayeli. Ngenxa yoko, abemi bomthonyama banyanzeleka ukuba bazishiye iindawo zabo zokuhlala ngenxa yokunyuswa kwemali yerhafu yezindlu.

Yaziwa nanguthathatha into yokuba ngokufuthi abantu abavela kwamanye amazwe bayayamkela imisebenzi ephantsi ecekiswayo ngabemi bomthonyama. Ngenxa yoko, abaphambukeli abaninzi banyanzeleka ukuba basebenze phantsi kweemeko ezibuhlungu besamkela imivuzo engancumisiyo​—⁠ngokukodwa ukuba bahleli ngokungekho mthethweni kwelo lizwe. Ukongezelela, kwiindawo abasebenza kuzo abaphambukeli badla ngokucalucalulwa kakhulu ngenxa yokuba bevela kwamanye amazwe.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuba bangoobani na okanye indawo abazama ukuhlala kuyo, inkoliso yabaphambukeli ijamelana nenkqubo ebuhlungu yokupholisa intlungu engokweemvakalelo yokushiya kwabo amakhaya neyokwakha ubuhlobo obutsha ukulungiselela ikamva. Ulindixesha iU.S.News & World Report uthi abaphambukeli “ngokufuthi baqala ngokuziva bengamakheswa yaye bembalwa ngenani.” Kwabathile oku kungaphaya kwamandla abo. Ngokuphathelele aba, ingxelo iyaqhubeka: “Intlungu yokuphulukana nelizwe owazalelwa kulo yenziwa nkulu kukungakwazi ukufumana elesibini.” Kwabaninzi le mvakalelo yokungabi nandawo yokuhlala ihlobene kakhulu noxanduva lokuhlangabezana nolwimi olutsha.

Uthini Xa . . . ?

Ngaba kwakha kwafuneka ukuba ufunde olunye ulwimi uze uzivisisanise nezithethe zabanye abantu? Oko kwaba nawuphi umphumo kuwe? UStanislaw Baranczak, umphambukeli nombhali oyinzalelwane yasePoland nowafudukela eUnited States uphendula ngokuthi, phantse ukuba “ngemva kwayo yonke imigudu yakho ekugqibeleni uziva ungaphelelanga.” Ewe, ulwimi lunegalelo ekubeni yinxalenye esebenzayo yebutho labantu. Ukufunda ulwimi olutsha kunokuba yinkalo elucelomngeni ngokukhethekileyo ekudibaneni nabanye, ngokukodwa kumphambukeli osele ekhulile.

Kwaba baphambukeli, ukufunda ulwimi kusoloko kungunozala wezinye iingxaki. Ulindixesha iAging uthi xa abaphambukeli bengakwazi ukumelana nengxaki yolwimi nezithethe zaloo ndawo, ngokufuthi oko kubangela udandatheko, oluthi nalo lubenze bangakwazi ukumilisel’ ingqondo kwiimfuneko zokufunda ulwimi olutsha. Ekugqibeleni, lo mntu ovela kwelinye ilizwe uya eziva emadolw’ anzima ukuqalisa uxanduva nemeko maxa wambi ebangel’ iintloni yokufunda ulwimi olutsha. Le ngxaki iba nzima ngakumbi xa abantwana belufunda ulwimi nezithethe zaloo ndawo ngokukhawuleza ngakumbi kunabazali babo. Ngokufuthi oku kukhokelela kukruthakruthwano nomsantsa wesizukulwana kwiintsapho zabaphambukeli, ukuba phofu intsapho ifuduke yonke.

Ukuqhekeka Kweentsapho

Omnye weyona miphumo kungafane kuthethwe ngayo ukanti ngowona ubuhlungu gqitha wokufuduka kwabantu abaninzi yintlekele okunayo oku entsatsheni. Ngokufuthi gqitha, iintsapho ziyaqhekeka xa omnye okanye bobabini abazali beshiya abantwana babo benyanyekelwa ngamanye amalungu entsapho ngoxa bona befuna izinto eziphathekayo ezilunge ngakumbi kwenye indawo. Okwafunyaniswa yincwadi ethi Second Carnegie Inquiry Into Poverty and Development in Southern Africa kubonisa ukuba olu hlobo lokufuduka “luyayonakalisa . . . intsapho.” Le ngxelo ithetha ngeemeko zokoqobo zendlela iintsapho eziye zaqhekeka ngayo xa amalungu ngamanye entsapho aye afuduka ngokwahlukeneyo.

Ezi zezinye nje zeengxaki abaphambukeli abajamelana nazo ehlabathini lonke, kungasathethwa ke ngendleko yokufuduka, ukubhaliswa ngokusemthethweni nezigqibo ezifanele zenziwe ngokuphathelele impilo, indawo yokuhlala, imfundo namanye amalungu entsapho.

Ngoko, ekubeni kukho bonke obu bunzima, yintoni esusa abaphambukeli kwilizwe labo besiya kwelinye?

[Ibhokisi ekwiphepha 4]

Amaqabane Emsebenzini

NGOXA kukho iingxaki ezithile ezinxibelelene nokuthontelana okungalawulekiyo kwabantu abashiya amazwe abo besiya kwamanye, kukwakho ubungqina obuninzi obubonisa ukuba kwiimeko ezininzi abaphambukeli baba negalelo elikhulu kwilizwe abaphambukele kulo.

Iphephancwadi iTime lithi: “Kucacile ukuba iNtshona Jamani nabaphambukeli abasebenza apho baye bazuza omnye komnye,” lisongezelela ngelithi “imizi-mveliso esebenza ngesinyithi yakwaRuhr neyakwaMercedes eyenza iinqwelo-mafutha cebu kuhle eStuttgart imi ngokusetyenzelwa ngabasebenzi abavela kwamanye amazwe.” Kwakhona, ngokutsho kweNational Geographic, “umzi-mveliso wempahla waseNew York ubuya kubhanga” ukuba bekungasetyenziswa abasebenzi abavela kwamanye amazwe.

Iingcali ngezoqoqosho ziyaliqonda igalelo elixabisekileyo elenziwa ngaba baphambukeli kumazwe abaphambukele kuwo. Phezu kwako nje ukubandezeleka kwabo ngenxa yekhethe elininzi, abantu baseTurkey, abasePakistan nabaseAlgeria abahlala eYurophu baye bafunda ukuzivisisanisa neemeko. IU.S.News & World Report ithi: “Bayakwazi ukunyamezela,” yaye baya kuqhubeka besenjenjalo “ide iYurophu . . . iqonde, ngezizathu ezivakalayo zezoqoqosho, ukuba iyabafuna.”

Benqwenela ngamandla ukuphumelela kumazwe amatsha abakuwo, abantu abavela kwamanye amazwe batyekela gqitha ekwanelisweni koko banako baze bangaxhomekeki kakhulu kumalungiselelo entlalo-ntle enziwe ngurhulumente kunabemi baloo mazwe. Omnye umcebisi ngemibandela yabaphambukeli waseUnited States owanyamekela amatyala abaphambukeli abangaphezu kwama-3 000 wathi: “Isityholo sokuba abaphambukeli baphila yindodla sibubuxoki.”

Amaxesha amaninzi, abantu abavela kwamanye amazwe abafuna ukuphucula indawo abahlala kuyo baye bazilungisa ngokupheleleyo iindawo zaselumelwaneni. Xa eMzantsi Afrika kwagaleleka iimbacu ezingamaPhuthukezi emva kokuqhambuka kwemfazwe eAngola naseMozambiki, zonke iilokishi ezikufuphi nesixeko iRhawuti amaPhuthukezi azithabathela ezandleni zawo aza aziphucula.

[Ibhokisi ekwiphepha 5]

Amanye Amanani Amakhulu Abantu Abafudukayo:

▶ Izigidi ezi-4,5 zabaphambukeli, kuquka isigidi esinesiqingatha sabantu baseMntla Afrika, babumba isi-8 ekhulwini sabemi baseFransi

▶ Kummandla nje omnye okumda ophakathi kweMexico neUnited States, amagosa angama-800 asebenza kwiOfisi Yabalindi EMdeni abamba abaphambukeli abangabhaliswanga ngokwasemthethweni abali-1 500, ngokomlinganiselo, ubusuku ngabunye

▶ Malunga nama-20 ekhulwini abemi baseOstreliya ngabamanye amazwe

▶ Abantu basePoland abasisigidi basenokuba basebenza ngokungekho mthethweni eNtshona Yurophu

▶ Kunyaka wakutshanje, amadoda angama-350 000 afudukela ngokusemthethweni eMzantsi Afrika ngokuthi afumane imvume yokusebenza ngokusemthethweni. Inani labaphambukeli abangabhaliswanga ngokwasemthethweni apho limalunga nesi-1,2 sesigidi

▶ Ubuncinane ngamaYuda aseSoviet ali-185 000 awafudukela kwaSirayeli ngowe-1990

▶ Ngabantu abangaphezu kwama-900 000 baseMzantsi-mpuma Asia abafudukele eUnited States ukususela ngowe-1975

▶ Veki nganye, ubuncinane ngabantu abaliwaka abafudukayo eHong Kong