Amabhinqa—Ngaba Ayahlonelwa Emisebenzini?

“Enoba itshatile okanye akunjalo, inkoliso yamadoda iwagqala amabhinqa njengezinto nje zokudlala.”​—⁠UJenny, owayekhe wangunobhala kwinkampani ejongene nemicimbi yomthetho.

“Ukukhathazwa nokuphathwa kakubi ngokwesini kwamabhinqa ezibhedlele kuyinto edumileyo.”​—⁠USarah, umongikazi onesiqinisekiso.

“Ndandisoloko ndiphinyiswa emsebenzini.”​—⁠UJean, umongikazi onesiqinisekiso.

NGABA ezi meko zibonisa imeko engaqhelekanga, okanye ngaba zikho kuyo yonke indawo? UVukani! wadlan’ indlebe neqela lamabhinqa elinamava ngokuphangela. Ngaba ayehlonelwa yaye ephethwe ngokundilisekileyo ngamadoda awayesebenza nawo? Nanga amanye amagqabaza awo:

USarah, umongikazi waseNew Jersey, eUnited States, owasebenza iminyaka esithoba kwizibhedlele zomkhosi zaseUnited States uthi: “Ndikhumbula xa ndandisebenza eSan Antonio, eTexas, kwaza kwavela isithuba kwiSebe Lezifo Zezintso. Ndabuza oogqirha oko ndandifanele ndikwenze ukuze ndifumane loo msebenzi. Omnye waphendula ngoncumo olugoso esithi, ‘Kufuneka ulale nogqirha omkhulu.’ Ndasuka ndathi, ‘Ukuba kunjalo andiwufuni loo msebenzi.’ Kodwa ngokufuthi leyo yindlela ekuzuzwa ngayo ukunyuselwa nemisebenzi. Ibhinqa lifanele liyekelele kwindoda ephetheyo enesincwaso.

“Ngesinye isihlandlo, ndandisebenza kwigumbi elinabaguli abagula kakhulu ndinamathelisa ii-IV [intravenous lines] kumguli xa ugqirha wafikayo wanditsweba ngasemva. Ndaqumba ndasisifu ndaza ndaphuma ndidubuleka kwelo gumbi ndaya kwelikufutshane. Wandilandela waza wathetha into ekrwada. Ndasuka nje ndambetha waya kuthi folokohlo kumgqomo wenkukuma! Ndabuyela ngqo kumguli endandimnyamekela. Akuyomfuneko ukuba ndide ndithi akazange aphinde andikhathaze kwakhona loo gqirha!”

UMiriam, ibhinqa elitshatileyo laseYiputa elalikhe lasebenza njengonobhala eCairo ngaphambili, lachaza imeko yamabhinqa asebenza phakathi kwamaSilamsi aseYiputa. “Amabhinqa alapho anxiba ngokundiliseke ngakumbi kunawebutho laseNtshona. Andizange ndiqaphele nakuphi na ukukhathazwa kwawo ngokwesini kwindawo endandisebenza kuyo. Kodwa kwiindledlana ezihamba ngaphantsi eCairo akhathazwa ngokwesini ukusa kumlinganiselo wokuba ngoku inqwelo-mafutha yokuqala igcinelwa amabhinqa kuphela.”

UJean, ibhinqa elithuleyo kodwa elizimiseleyo ngoku elineminyaka engama-20 lingumongikazi, wathi: “Ndalandela inkqubo engqongqo yokungaze ndenze idinga nayo nayiphi na indoda emsebenzini. Kodwa inkathazo yayifika enoba ndandisebenzisana noogqirha okanye namanye amadoda asebenza esibhedlele. Onke ayecinga ukuba ayenengqondo ephangaleleyo. Ukuba thina bongikazi ‘besingahambisani’ nawo kwiminqweno yawo yesini, amadoda asebenza esibhedlela akafumaneki ukusinceda xa sifuna uncedo ukuphakamisa umguli ebhedini nezinto ezinjalo.”

UJenny wasebenza njengonobhala kwinkampani ejongene nemicimbi yomthetho iminyaka esixhenxe. Uchaza oko wakubonayo ngoxa wayesebenza namagqwetha. “Enoba ayitshatanga okanye itshatile, inkoliso yamadoda iwagqala amabhinqa njengezinto zokudlala. Isimo sawo sengqondo sasikukuba, ‘Siye sabuzuza ubugqwetha bethu, yaye amabhinqa alelinye lamalungelo ethu.’” Yaye kubonakala ukuba ubungqina bubonisa ukuba abanye abantu abafundileyo banembono efana naleyo. Kodwa linokwenza ntoni ibhinqa ukuze linciphise ukukhathazwa?

UDarlene, umMerika ontsundu owayesebenza njengonobhala nanjengonceda abantu ngokutya kwivenkile yokutyela, wathi: “Izinto azinakuhamba ngendlela ukuba akuzibekeli imiqathango yakho engokuziphatha. Ukuba indoda iyakuchwisha uze nawe uphindise ngokuchwisha, ngoko ngokulula izinto zinokungalawuleki. Kuye kwafuneka ndikwenze kucace ukuma kwam kwizihlandlo ezahlukeneyo. Ndiye ndasebenzisa amabinzana anjengathi, ‘Ndingavuya ukuba ubungenakuthetha nam ngaloo ndlela.’ Ngesinye isihlandlo ndathi: ‘Njengomfazi otshatileyo, ndikufumanise oku uye wakuthetha kundicaphukisa, yaye andiqondi ukuba umyeni wam uya kukuthanda oko.’

“Ingongoma ikukuba, ukuba ufuna intlonelo, ufanele uyifanelekele. Yaye andiyiboni indlela ibhinqa elinokuyizuza ngayo intlonelo ukuba lizama ukukhuphisana namadoda ngoko ndikubiza ngokuthi yincoko eqhelekileyo kwiindawo zokutshintshela​—⁠iziqhulo ezingamanyala neentetho ezivuselela iimvakalelo zesini. Ukuba ubeka umda ongacacanga phakathi kwentetho nehambo eyamkelekileyo nengamkelekanga, ngoko amanye amadoda aya kuzama ukuwuwela.”

Indoda Enguzwilayo

UConnie, oneminyaka eli-14 engumongikazi, wachaza olunye uhlobo lokukhathazwa olunokuvela ngokungalindelekanga kwiindawo ezininzi. “Ndandisenza umsebenzi oqhelekileyo wokutshintsha izibopho zamanxeba nogqirha othile. Ndandisebenzisa zonke iinkqubo ezisisiseko endandizifundile. Ndazi yonke into ngokuphathelele ukugcina inxeba nesibopho zicocekile, njalo njalo. Kodwa konke endandikwenza kwakungabonakali kulungile kuloo gqirha. Wayethetha ngomsindo nam yaye egxeka nantoni na endandiyenza. Le ndlela, yokuwajongela phantsi amabhinqa, iqheleke gqitha. Wambi amadoda anengxaki yokufuna igugu, yaye kubonakala ukuba afuna ukubonakalisa igunya lawo kumabhinqa asebenza nawo.”

USarah, obecatshulwe ngaphambilana, wongezelela amava akhe kule meko. “Ndandilungiselela ukutyandwa komguli xa ndandihlola ukubetha kwentliziyo yakhe. Ingxelo ye-EKG [electrocardiogram] yakhe yayingalungelelananga kangangokuba ndaqonda ukuba wayengekho kwimeko yokuba angatyandwa. Ndenza impazamo yokumbonisa oku ugqirha wotyando. Wafutheka ngumsindo, ibe wandiphendula ngokuthi: ‘Abongikazi bafanele banikele ingqalelo kwizityana zokuzithuma nokuchama zabantu abangakwaziyo ukuhla ebhedini, ingekuko kwii-EKG.’ Ngoko ndasuka ndaya kuchazela intsumpa yeengcali zokuphelisa iintlungu ebudeni botyando, ibe yona yathi ngenxa yezi zinto iqela lakhe aliyi kusebenzisana naloo gqirha wotyando. Wasuka loo gqirha wotyando waxelela inkosikazi yaloo ndoda ukuba ndandifanele ndibekw’ ityala kuba umyeni wakhe engekatyandwa ukuza kuthi ga ngelo xesha! Kwimeko enjalo akunakuphumelela ulibhinqa. Ngoba? Ngenxa yokuba ungaqondanga uye wasongela igugu lomntu oyindoda.”

Licacile elokuba ngokufuthi amabhinqa aba zizisulu zokuhlaselwa nokuthotyw’ isidima emisebenzini. Kodwa umthetho wona uwajonga njani?

Amabhinqa Nomthetho

Kwamanye amazwe kuye kwawathabatha iinkulungwane ezininzi ukuba umthetho uthi amabhinqa ayalingana namadoda. Yaye apho umthetho uthi khona ayalingana, kudla ngokubakho umsantsa omkhulu owahlula oko kuthethwayo noko kwenziwa⁠yo.

Impapasho yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo iThe World’s Women​—⁠1970-1990 ithi: “Ubukhulu becala lo msantsa [umsantsa kumthetho karhulumente] usekelwe kwimithetho ekwalelayo ukulingana kwamabhinqa namadoda kumalungelo awo ekubeni nemihlaba ethi wona, ekubolekeni imali nasekwenzeni izivumelwano.” Kunjengokuba elinye ibhinqa laseUganda lathi: “Siyaqhubeka singabemi abakumgangatho wesibini​—⁠ndiyaphazama, abakumgangatho wesithathu, ekubeni oonyana bethu besiza kuqala kunathi. Maxa wambi kwaneedonki neetrektala zinyanyekelwa ngakumbi kunathi.”

Impapasho yakwaTime-Life iMen and Women ithi: “Ngowe-1920, kuMthetho we-19 kuMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States waqinisekisa amabhinqa ngelungelo lokuvota​—⁠emva kwethuba elide amabhinqa alifumanayo elo lungelo kumazwe amaninzi aseYuropu. Kodwa ilungelo lokuvota awazange alinikwe eBritani de kwangowe-1928 (yaye awazange alifumane eJapan de kwasemva kweMfazwe YeHlabathi II).” Ebonakalisa ukuqhankqalaza ngenxa yokungenziwa kokusesikweni kwezobupolitika kumabhinqa, ummelikazi waseBritani omel’ ivoti yamabhinqa, uEmily Wilding Davison, waziphosa phambi kwehashe loKumkani kuMdyarho Wamahashe ngowe-1913 waza wafa. Wancama ubomi bakhe ngenxa yamalungelo alinganayo amabhinqa.

Kwaisibakala sokuba kuthi ngowe-1990, iNdlu YeeNgwevu yaseUnited States icingisise ‘ngoMthetho Wokulwa Nogonyamelo Olwenziwa Kumabhinqa’ sibonisa ukuba abawisi-mthetho abangamadoda baye benza kade ekusabeleni kwiimfuno zamabhinqa.

Lo mfanekiso umfutshane ongokuphathwa kwamabhinqa emhlabeni ngokubanzi usikhokelela kumbuzo othi, Ngaba iimeko ziya kuze ziguquke? Yintoni efunekayo ukuze le meko iguquke? Amanqaku amabini alandelayo aza kuxubusha ngaloo mibu⁠zo.

[Ibhokisi/Umfanekiso okwiphepha 11]

Ngoobani Abona Bantu Batsala Nzima?

“Ubukhulu becala umsebenzi wehlabathi wenziwa ngamabhinqa. Avelisa ama-60 ukusa kuma-80 ekhulwini okutya kwaseAfrika naseAsia, nama-40 ekhulwini okutya kwaseMzantsi Merika. Kusenjalo azuza kuphela isinye eshumini sengeniso yehlabathi yaye izinto ezithi wona zingaphantsi kwisinye ekhulwini sezinto zehlabathi. Aphakathi kwabona bantu behlabathi abahlwempuzekileyo.”​—⁠May You Be the Mother of a Hundred Sons, nguElisabeth Bumiller.

“Isibakala sikukuba amantombazana asemancinane awayi esikolweni [kwezinye iindawo zehlabathi] ngenxa yokuba akukho manzi acocekileyo okusela. . . . Ndiye ndabona amantombazana afikisa ebuntwini obukhulu esiya kukha amanzi okusela kumgama oziikhilomitha ezingamashumi amabini ukusa kwezingamashumi amathathu, hambo olo oluthabatha usuku lonke. Ngexesha aneminyaka elishumi elinesine okanye elishumi elinesihlanu ubudala, la mantombazana . . . awazange awubone umnyango wesikolo, awazange afunde nto.”​—⁠UJacques-Yves Cousteau, kwiThe Unesco Courier kaNovemba 1991.

[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 10]

Ukukhathazwa ngokwesini akuyonto ifanele inyanyezelwe