Kwenzeke Ntoni Ekuziphatheni Okuhle?
AMAGOSA aseburhulumenteni. Amalungu ezobupolitika. Iinkokeli zonqulo. Amadoda akwizikhundla ezinjalo siwalindele ukuba abe yimizekelo yehambo elungileyo. Noko ke, kumaxesha akutshanje, amadoda akwezi zikhundla aye akhokela kungcelele lwezenzo ezilihlazo ngokothusayo. Ihambo yawo embi iye yabalasela kwimikhwa emibi—ukususela ekukrexezeni nasekuxokeni ngokungenazintloni ukusa ekusebenziseni ubuqhinga kwimicimbi yemali nokuqhatha.
Incwadi ethi The Death of Ethics in America ikhalaza isithi: “Ngoxa isizwe sixakekiswe sisifo esibulalayo . . . esiyiAcquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome [Isifo Sokungasebenzi Kwenkqubo Yokuzikhusela Yomzimba Kwizifo] kukho olunye uhlobo lweAIDS [uGawulayo] [oluyiAcquired Integrity Deficiency Syndrome (Isifo sokungasebenzi kwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha)] olubonakala lungubhubhani. Ukanti alukhange lunikelwe ngqalelo ingxamisekileyo yezonyango ngendlela efanayo.” (Akekeliswe sithi.) Iphephancwadi iTime lithi iUnited States “intyumpantyumpeka kumgxobhozo wokuziphatha okubi.”
Lo mgxobhozo wokuziphatha okubi, awuchaphazeli iUnited States kuphela. Kumaxesha akutshanje, amazwe anjengeFransi, iGrisi, i-Indiya, i-Indonesia, iJamani, iJapan, elakwaSirayeli neTshayina nawo aye agungqiswa zizenzo ezilihlazo ezenziwa ngamadoda adumileyo. Yaye akumangalisi ukuba ihambo yokuziphatha okubi yeenkokeli zebutho labantu ifana ngokuphandle naleyo yoluntu ngokubanzi. Inkulumbuso yaseThailand yakubiza ukunganyaniseki okukwilizwe layo “njengomhlaza.” Yongezelela ngelokuba lonke ibutho loluntu linesifo esibangelwa kukubawa nayimilinganiselo egqwethekileyo yokuziphatha entlalweni.
Ngokufanelekileyo abantu bayazibuza: ‘Yintoni ebangela oku kuwohloka kokuziphatha okwenzeka zwenibanzi? Okubaluleke ngakumbi, kusingise phi konke oku?’
Xa ‘Ubusela Bungajongwa Njengobusela’
EColumbus, eOhio, eUnited States, ucango lwangasemva lwelori ethwala imali lwavuleka, kwaza kwawela ngaphandle iingxowa ezimbini zemali. Njengoko imali ethelekelelwa kwizigidi ezithandathu zeerandi (izigidi ezibini zeedola) yayiphaphazela emoyeni yaza yasasazeka kuhola wendlela, isihlwele sabaqhubi beenqwelo-mafutha saphuma sibaleka kwiinqwelo-mafutha zaso ukuze sihlohle iipokotho nezipaji zaso ngemali engamaphepha. Bambi abaqhubi babiza abanye ngoonomathotholo beCB ukuze bathelele kobu busela.
Izibongozo zabasemagunyeni kunye nomvuzo wemali emalunga ne-10 ekhulwini eyayiza kunikwa abo babuyise nayiphi na imali abayifumeneyo phantse zatyeshelwa. Uninzi lwakhetha ukuzixelela ukuba “kuba ndiyifumene, ndinelungelo lokuyigcina.” Kuloo mali kwafunyanwa nje intwana encinane. Enye indoda yade yabuthethelela obu busela ngokuthi le mali “yayisisipho esivela kuThixo.” Noko ke, iziganeko ezinjengesi zixhaphakile. Abantu abadlula ngendlela babonakalisa ukubawa okufanayo xa kwakusiwa imali kwiinqwelo-mafutha ezithwala imali eSan Francisco, eKhalifoniya naseToronto eKhanada.
Abo ngokuqhelekileyo bebengabantu abanyanisekileyo nabalungileyo abaye bathi ngokulula bazithoba isidima ngokubandakanyeka kubusela baye baba neempembelelo ezonakalisayo. Ubuncinane, oku kubonisa indlela ezigqwetheke ngayo iingcamango ezithandwayo zokuziphatha. UThomas Pogge, unjingalwazi oncedisayo kwizifundo zentanda-bulumko kwiYunivesithi yaseColumbia eNew York uthi ngoxa inkoliso yabantu ikujonga njengokuziphatha okubi ukubela omnye umntu, ngandlel’ ithile ikujonga ukubela inkampani ethile njengento engaphosakalanga.
Imilinganiselo Eqhelekileyo Yokuziphatha Ngokwesini Iyawohloka
Kwakhona imbono egqwethekileyo ngokuziphatha ibonwa kumbandela ongokwesini. Uhlolisiso lwakutshanje lubonise ukuba abantu ngokumangalisayo baye bawanyamezela amalungu ezobupolitika akrexezayo. Omnye umbhali ubonisa ukuba aba bavoti basenokuba madolw’ anzima ukugxeka ukukrexeza ngenxa yokuba ‘nabo babandakanyeke kuko.’
Eneneni, amanani akutshanje atyhila ukuba ama-31 ekhulwini abo bonke abantu abatshatileyo eUnited States aye okanye ayaqhubeka nokuthandana nabantu abangaphandle kweqhina lomtshato. Inkoliso yabantu baseMerika, abangama-62 ekhulwini, “inengcamango yokuba akukho nto iphosakeleyo ngokokuziphatha” ekwenzeni oko. Iimbono ezimalunga neentlobano zesini zangaphambi komtshato zivunyelwe ngokulinganayo. Uhlolisiso olwenziwa ngowe-1969 lwabonisa ukuba abantu baseUnited States abangama-68 ekhulwini babengavumelani neentlobano zesini zangaphambi komtshato. Namhlanje, kuphela ngama-36 ekhulwini abantu abangavumelaniyo nazo. Ngeminyaka yee-1960, malunga nesiqingatha samabhinqa ekwenziwa uhlolisiso kuwo ayeziintombi ezinyulu ngosuku lwawo lomtshato. Namhlanje, kuphela ngama-20 ekhulwini anjalo.
Kukuphi Okufanelekileyo Ngokokuziphatha?
Kwakhona ukuwohloka kokuziphatha kubonakala kwezoshishino. Kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini edluleyo, kubafundi abakunyaka wabo wokuqala ekholejini ekwenziwa uhlolisiso kubo kuphela ngama-39 ekhulwini ababa nengcamango yokuba “impumelelo engokwemali yayibalulekile okanye iyimfuneko.” Ngowe-1989 phantse ukuba elo nani laphindeka kabini. Ngokucacileyo, ukufumana iindlela zokwenza imali yeyona nto bacinga ngayo abaselula abaninzi—nto leyo enemiphumo eyothusayo yokuziphatha.
Xa kwenziwa uhlolisiso kubafundi besikolo semfundo ephakamileyo (samabanga aphakathi) abali-1 093, abangama-59 ekhulwini bathi babeya kukulungela ukurhweba ngokungekho mthethweni okunengeniso ezizigidi ezingama-30 eerandi—kwanaxa oko kubeka ubani esichengeni sokugwetyelwa iinyanga ezintandathu engaphandle kwentolongo! Ngaphezu koko, abangama-67 ekhulwini bathi babeya kuyandisa ngenkohliso imali yeendleko zeshishini; abangama-66 ekhulwini bathi babeya kuxoka ukuze bafikelele usukelo lwabo kwezoshishino. Kanti, ulutsha luxelisa nje indlela yokuziphatha yabo bakhulileyo kunalo. Xa abaphathi bamashishini abangama-671 babuzwa uluvo lwabo ngemilinganiselo yokuziphatha kwezoshishino, phantse umntu omnye kwabane wema ngelithi imilinganiselo yokuziphatha inokulithintela iphulo labo lokuphumelela kusukelo lwabo. Abangaphezu kwesiqingatha bakuvuma ukuyiguqula imigaqo ukuze baqhubele phambili.
Kumgudu wokuthintela olu tyekelo luphazamisayo, zimbi iikholeji zifundisa ngemilinganiselo yokuziphatha. Kodwa abaninzi abaqinisekanga ngokuphumelela kwemigudu elolo hlobo. Omnye usomashishini odumileyo waseKhanada wathi: “Andiyiboni nje kwaphela indlela izifundo ezingemilinganiselo yokuziphatha eziya kunceda ngayo. Abafundi abanemilinganiselo emihle yokuziphatha akukho nto ingako entsha abaya kuyifunda kuzo, yaye abafundi abangazange babe nayo kwasekuqaleni imilinganiselo yokuziphatha baya kusuka nje oko kusengqiqweni bakuzuzileyo bakusebenzisele ukufumana enye indlela yokuqhubana nezenzo zokuziphatha okubi abaya kuzenza.”
Ngendlela efanayo, amashishini amaninzi aye amisa uthotho lwemithetho engokuziphatha. Noko ke, iingcaphephe zima ngelithi, loo mithetho zizinto nje ekutsalwa ngazo abantu yaye kunqabile ukuba inikelwe ingqalelo engako—ngaphandle kokuba kuqhambuke isenzo esilihlazo esonakalisayo. Okuhlekisayo kukuba, uhlolisiso lwakutshanje lutyhile ukuba iinkampani ezinemithetho yokuziphatha ebhalwe phantsi zabekw’ ityala ngehambo yokuziphatha okubi ngokuphindaphindwe ngakumbi kuneenkampani ezingenayo loo mithetho!
Ewe, licacile elokuba kuzo zonke iinkalo imilinganiselo yokuziphatha iwohlokile, yaye akukho namnye ekubonakala esazi apho isingise khona. Omnye umphathi weshishini uthi: “Iziganeko ezibalulekileyo ezazisixelela okulungileyo kokungalunganga azisekho kwaphela. Ziye zatshatyalaliswa ngokuthe ngcembe.” Kutheni iziganeko ezibalulekileyo ezinjalo zokuziphatha ziye zathi shwaka? Yintoni ezithabathel’ indawo? Le mibandela iya kuhlolisiswa kumanqaku alandelayo.