Ingxaki Yokondla Abantu Bezixeko
“Ukondla abantu bezixeko zomhlaba ngokwaneleyo kuyingxaki ekhulayo nefuna intsebenziswano yabalimi, yabo bakuthuthayo, oonomarike kunye nenyambalala yoosomashishini.”—JACQUES DIOUF, UMLAWULI JIKELELE weFOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS (FAO).
IINGCALI zikwathi ukunqongophala kokutya ezixekweni kungekudala kusenokuba “yeyona ngxaki inkulu yoluntu” kwinkulungwane yama-21.
Ukutya okwaneleyo kunokuchazwa ngokuthi “kukwenza abantu bonke bafumane ukutya okwaneleyo ngamaxesha onke ukuze babe sempilweni.” Namhlanje, ukutya okukhoyo emhlabeni uphela kunokwanela wonke umntu—ukuba bekusabiwa ngendlela efanelekileyo. Kodwa ngoku, malunga nabantu abazizigidi ezingama-840 balala ngephango. Uninzi lwabo luhlala ezixekweni. Khawuqwalasele iinkalo ezimbalwa ezibangela le ngxaki.
Izixeko Ezikhulu Zifuna Ukutya Okuninzi
Njengoko zikhula izixeko, amasimi awayesetyenziselwa ukulima, ngokuthe ngcembe aye aphela ngenxa yokwakhiwa kwezindlu ezintsha, imizi-mveliso kunye neendlela. Ngenxa yoko, amasimi akude nezixeko azondlayo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ukutya okulinywa ezixekweni kuncinane okanye akulinywa kwaphela, yaye inyama isuka kwiindawo ezisemaphandleni ezikude. Kumazwe amaninzi asakhasayo, iindlela ekuhanjwa kuzo xa kuthuthwa oko kutya azikho mgangathweni. Oku kuthetha ukuhamba ixesha elide, ukubola kokutya, kuze oko kuthethe ukuba abathengi bahlawula isikhuntyu semali ukuze bathenge ukutya, uninzi lwabo ingabantu abahluphekileyo.
Kumazwe ahambele phambili, ezinye izixeko zikhulu kakade, kodwa kusalindeleke ukuba zikhule nangakumbi. IMumbai (eyaziwa ngokuba yiBombay) kulindeleke ukuba ngomnyaka wama-2015, ibe nabantu abamalunga nezigidi ezingama-22,6, eDelhi kulindeleke izigidi ezingama 20,9, eMexico City izigidi ezingama 20,6 kanti eSão Paulo kulindeleke kubekho abemi abazizigidi ezingama 20. Kuqikelelwa ukuba kwizixeko ezinabemi abazizigidi ezilishumi—ezifana neManila okanye iRio de Janeiro—kufuneka kuziswe iitoni ezingama-6 000 zokutya suku ngalunye.
Oku akulula ibe kusekude engqinibeni, ingakumbi kwimimandla ekhula ngokukhawuleza. Ngokomzekelo, e-Elahore, ePakistan, abemi balapha bazale bophul’ uluthi, (isi-2,8 ekhulwini), kwakhona, umlinganiselo wabo basuka emaphandleni befudukela ezidolophini “wophula izikeyi.” Kumazwe amaninzi asakhasayo, izigidi zabantu ziyathontelana ukufudukela kwizixeko ezingenayo nendawo yokunyathela kakade, aba bantu bafuna impilo ephucukileyo, imisebenzi, izinto, kunye neenkonzo ezenza ubomi bube bhetele. Ngenxa yeso sizathu, kungentsuku zatywala, kulindeleke ukuba izixeko ezifana neDhaka kunye neBangladesh, zikhule ngesigidi okanye ngaphezulu nyaka ngamnye kwixesha elizayo. Ngokutsho kwabakhi-mkhanya, eTshayina, abantu ababini kwabathathu abahlala emaphandleni, ngonyaka wama-2025 baya kuba behlala ezidolophini. Kwangaloo nyaka, abantu abazizigidi ezingama-600 kulindelwe ukuba bahlale kwizixeko zaseIndiya.
Ukufuduka kwabantu abaninzi besiya kuhlala kwizixeko kuye kwazitshintsha iindawo ezininzi emhlabeni wonke. Ngokomzekelo, kwiNtshona Afrika li-14 ekhulwini labantu ababehlala ezixekweni ngowe-1960. Ngowe-1997, kwezo zixeko kwakuhlala malunga nama-40 ekhulwini, kanti ngowe-2020 kukholelwa ukuba eli nani liza kuntingela kuma-63 ekhulwini. Kumazwe akuMntla-Mpuma weAfrika, kulindeleke ukuba abemi bezixeko zalapho baliphinde kabini inani labo kwisithuba seminyaka elishumi ezayo. Ibe kuqikelelwa ukuba kungekudala izixeko kunye needolophu ezikumazwe asakhasayo ziza kukhula malunga nama-90 ekhulwini.
Ukwandisa ukutya okuthunyelwa ezidolophini ukondla ezo zisu zilambileyo ngumsebenzi onzima kakhulu. Kufuna intsebenziswano yabantu abaninzi abaneefama, abantu bokupakisha, abanezithuthi, abantu abathengisayo kunye neenqwelo-mafutha ukuze oko kwenzeke. Noko ke, kwezinye iindawo kufuneka ukutya okungaphezu koko kunokuveliswa ziindawo ezikufutshane. Ukongezelela, kwizixeko ezininzi zamazwe asakhasayo, iindawo apho kugcinwa khona ukutya, iimarike kunye neendawo ekuxhelelwa kuzo sele zandiswe ngokupheleleyo.
Intlupheko Yandile
Eyona nto inzima ekondleni abemi abandayo kuxa bengamahlwempu. Izixeko ezininzi ezikumazwe asakhasayo ehlabathini, ezifana neDhaka, iFreetown, iGuatemala City, iKinsasha, iLagos kunye neLa Paz, sele zijamelene nomlinganiselo wobuhlwempu omalunga nama-50 ekhulwini nangaphezulu.
Xa kuthethwa ngokondla abantu abahlala kwizixeko, abahlalutyi benza umahluko phakathi kobukho bokutya nokufumaneka kwako. Ukutya kunokuthengiswa kwiimarike zesixeko—nto leyo ethetha ukuba kukho—kodwa oku kubashiya beme nematha abo bangamahlwempu xa amaxabiso okutya engaphaya kwamandla abo. Kuye kwafumaniseka ukuba xa imivuzo yabanye abahlala ezixekweni ikhula, nabo batya ukutya okungakumbi nokuziindidi ezahlukahlukeneyo. Kwelinye icala, abantu abangamahlwempu abahlala ezixekweni, abakwazi ukuthenga ukutya abakufunayo nabakuthandayo. Ezi ntsapho, kungafuneka zisebenzise malunga nama-60 ukusa kuma-80 ekhulwini omvuzo wazo ukuze zithenge ukutya.
Kusenokwenzeka ukuba amaxabiso ebenokufikeleleka ukuba oku kutya bekuthengwa ngamabhaxa, kodwa abantu abanayo imali. Ezinye iintsapho ezininzi azikwazi kwaukuthenga ukutya okusempilweni ibe umphumo uba kukungondleki. Xa senza nje umzekelo ngengingqi enye kwizixeko ezikumazantsi eAfrika, kuthiwa “ikati ilel’ eziko.”
Abo basesichengeni ngabo bafik’ izolo ezixekweni besuka kwiindawo ezisemaphandleni, bakufumanisa kunzima ukuzinza ezidolophini—sithetha ngoomama abangatshatanga, abasebenzi bakarhulumente abasaqalayo abafumana imivuzo yabo emva kwexesha ngenxa yokungabi namali kukarhulumente, abaneziphene, abantu bebadala nabagulayo. Aba bantu bahlala kwiindawo apho kungekho mbane, amanzi, ugutyulo lwelindle, iindlela okanye ukuthuthwa kwenkunkuma—apho abantu abaninzi bengoogob’ ityholo kwiindawo ezingakhuselekanga. Izigidi zamahlwempu ezihlala kwiimeko ezinjalo, zithwaxwa lula ziingxaki zokungqongophala kokutya. Aba bantu, bahlala kude kwiimarike, ibe ekuphela kokutya abakuthengayo akukho mgangathweni yaye kubiza imali eninzi. Imeko yabo ibangel’ usizi.
Iimeko Ezingaqinisekanga Nezingekho Mpilweni
Akothusi ngoko ukuba kwizixeko ezikhula ngokukhawuleza kwenziwa izinto ezingakhange zicetywe nezingekho mthethweni. Umphumo uba yimpilo enkenenkene nolwaphulo-mthetho okugqithiseleyo. Incwadi ye-FOA ekuthiwa yiFeeding the Cities, ithi: “Ngokuqhelekileyo, abaphathi bezixeko basebenza nzima ngenxa yokukhula kwenani labantu abahlala ezixekweni ekubeni indawo ekhoyo yanele inani elingaphantsi kwelo likhoyo.”
Kwiindawo ezininzi zaseAfrika, iimarike zakhiwa nje esithubeni. Abantu bathengisa naphi na apho kukho abantu abathengayo. Akumangalisi ke ngoko ukubona ukuba ezi marike azinazo nezona zinto zisisiseko.
EColombo, eSri Lanka, iindawo zentengiso kunye neemarike zakhiwe kwiindawo ezimbi yaye zixinene. Abaqhubi beelori ezithutha ukutya bakhalaza ngelithi kuthabatha ixesha ukungena nokuphuma kwezi marike. Iindawo zokumisa ukuze bothule imithwalo azikho mgangathweni.
Kwezinye iindawo, iimarike azihoywanga. Ezi ndawo zingcolileyo zibeka impilo yabanye esichengeni. Usodolophu wesixeko saseMzantsi Asia uthi: “Ezi ngxaki, zidodobalisa umgangatho wokuphila.”
Iingxaki ezinxulumene nobuxelegu zibonakele kakuhle xa kwaxilongwa inyama eyayithengiswa kwesinye isixeko esikuMzantsi-mpuma Asia. Kule ndawo ngumkhwa “ukuyondlala bhaxa emhlabeni inyama kwindawo enothuli namanzi amdaka.” Ityhefu yokutya ebizwa ngokuba yiSalmonella, yafumaneka kwinyama yehagu enokuba ngama-40 ekhulwini nakwinyama yenkomo engama-60 ekhulwini ibe yonke inyama yenkomo yayinentsholongwane ebizwa ngokuba yiE coli. Kuye kwafunyanwa netyhefu eyingozi efumaneka kwilothe nakwimekyuri.
Ngenxa yokuba kungekho kutya kwaneleyo, ungenakuqiniseka nangokufumaneka kwako, yaye kungafumaneki rhoqo, abahlali baseNigeria, kwisixeko saseKano bayalima naphi na apho kukho umhlaba ofumanekayo. Noko ke, uninzi lwaba bantu alunalungelo elingokusemthethweni kuloo mhlaba. Ngoko bazibeka esichengeni sokukhutshwa apho ngetshova nokuze kutshatyalaliswe oko bakulimileyo.
UOlivio Argenti, igosa eliphambili le-FOA elinokuthanani nokutya okuthunyelwa kwizixeko, uchaza oko wakubona eMexico, kufuphi nendawo ekulinywa kuyo ekufuphi nomlambo ekuchithwa kuwo ilindle ledolophana yalapho. Amafama alapha, asebenzisa la manzi ukunkcenkceshela imifuno yaye basebenzisa nodaka olusuka kula manzi ukuze batyale izithole. Lo kaArgenti ubhala athi: “Ndabuza abasemagunyeni enoba bayayazi ingozi ababezichanaba kuyo. Baphendula bathi kwakungekho nto banokuyenza ekubeni babengenamali okanye oomatshini bokuguqula le meko.” Iingxaki ezinjengezi zibonwa ngokuphindaphindiweyo kumazwe asakhasayo.
Izixeko Zitsala Nzima
Uludwe lweengxaki amazwe asakhasayo ajamelene nazo luya lusanda. Imibutho yamazwe ngamazwe, abacebisi kunye nabaphathi bezixeko babila besoma benqanda amanzi engen’ endlwini. Baphucula iindlela zokufumana ukutya ezilalini, baphucule iindlela zokukufumana, baphucule iindlela, belungisa iimarike neendawo zokuxhela. Bakubona kungxamisekile ukukhuthaza utyalo-mali lwabucala kwiindawo ekugcinwa kuzo ukutya, ukwenza kube lula ngamafama, oosomashishini, nabo bakuthuthayo ukuboleka imali baze babafundise iindlela eziphumelelayo zokuthengisa nemithetho yococeko. Phezu kwazo nje zonke ezo nzame, iingcali zithi, amagosa alapha akaziboni ezi ngxaki yaye akenzi nto ukuzama ukuzilungisa. Nokuba ke phofu ayazama, akanamali yaneleyo yokuzilungisa.
Ubukhulu beengxaki izixeko ezijamelene nazo, ingakumbi kumazwe asakhasayo, buye bakhokelela ekubeni ezinye izixeko zikhuphe izilumkiso ezingxamisekileyo. I-International Food Policy Research Institute yaseWashington D.C. ithi: “Abantu abahlala ezixekweni baseza kwanda nangakumbi, ibe ezi ngxaki [indlala, ukungondleki kunye nobuhlwempu] nazo ziza kwanda—ngaphandle kokuba sithabatha amanyathelo ngoku.” Ethetha ngekamva lezixeko zamazwe ahlwempuzekileyo, uJanice Perlman umongameli weMega-Cities Project, umbutho onxulumanisa imibutho yehlabathi lonke nozinikeleyo ekuncedeni kwiingxaki zezixeko, uthi: “Akukho mzekelo ofanele ulandelwe ukuze kondliwe, kuhlaliswe, kuqashwe okanye kuthuthwe abantu abaninzi kangaka, phantsi kweemeko ezimaxongo zezoqoqosho nezentlalo. Izixeko zizele ziyaphuphuma ngabantu ezimele zibanyamekele.”
Noko ke, kukho izizathu ezivakalayo zokukholelwa ukuba kungekudala ingxaki yokunqongophala nokwabiwa kokutya iza kuconjululwa.
[Ibhokisi ekwiphepha 21]
IZIXEKO ZIYANDA
◼ Phantse lonke ulwando olulindelekileyo lwabemi bomhlaba kwiminyaka engama-30 ezayo luza kuba sezixekweni.
◼ Kulindeleke ukuba ngowama-2007, ngaphezu kwesiqingatha sabemi bomhlaba sihlale ezidolophini.
◼ Inani labantu abasezixekweni lilindeleke ukuba likhule nge-1,8 ekhulwini, ukuba likhula ngalo mlinganiselo, inani labantu abasezixekweni liza kuphindeka kabini kwiminyaka engama-38 ezayo.
◼ Izixeko ezinabemi abazizigidi ezihlanu nangaphezulu kulindeleke ukuba zintinge ukusuka kwezingama-46 ngowama-2003 ukusa kwezingama-61 ngowama-2015.
[Inkcazelo]
Umthombo: World Urbanization Prospects—The 2003 Revision, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division
[Ibhokisi ekwiphepha 22]
EZINYE ZEZIZATHU NEMIPHUMO YOKUNQONGOPHALA KOKUTYA
◼ “Nanini na amaxabiso okutya entinga ngendlela engalindelekanga, yaziwa nanguthathatha into yokuba oku kubangelwa kukungazinzi kwezopolitiko nemeko yezentlalo—Jacques Diouf, intsumpa yeUN Food and Agriculture Organization.
◼ Ngowe-1999, inkanyamba uGeorges noMitch zantlitha ummandla weCaribbean noMbindi weMerika, zitshabalalisa yonke into yaye ziphazamisa ukuthuthwa kokutya nto leyo eyabangela ukungqongophala kokutya.
◼ Ugwayimbo olulwaluchasene nokunyuka kwamaxabiso epetroli e-Ecuador ngowe-1999 naseBritani ngowama-2000 lwaphazamisa ukufumaneka kokutya kwezo zixeko.
◼ Olunye usizi oluziswa yimfazwe kukungqongophala kokutya.
[Ibhokisi/Umfanekiso okwiphepha 23]
UMZEKELO OMNYE KWEMININZI
UCONSUELO nabantwana bakhe abali-13 bahlala kwindawo enamatyotyombe (eboniswe ngasentla) kumaphandle aseLima, ePeru. Abathathu kubantwana bakhe banesifo sephepha. Uthi: “Sasihlala ezintabeni, kodwa ngobunye ubusuku abantu abaninzi belali endandihlala kuyo bafudukela esixekweni. Sasicinga ukuba eLima abantwana bethu baza kuya esikolweni yaye siya kukwazi ukubathengela izihlangu. Sasicinga ukuba nobomi babo babuza kuba bhetele noko.’” Ngoko ke, abantu belali bazenzela iinkukho, yaye ngobunye ubusuku, bonke bafudukela esixekweni baza bakha izindlu ngezinti. Ngentsasa elandelayo, kwakukho amatyotyombe amaninzi kangangokuba abasemagunyeni abazange bakwazi ukubakhupha kuwo.
Indlu kaConsuelo inomngxum’ omkhulu eluphahleni yaye umgangatho wona wenziwe ngodaka. Ebhekisela kwimfuyo ebaleka ijikeleza indlu yakhe, uthi: “Ndikhulisa la mantshontsho enkuku ukuze ndiwathengisele abantu abazizityebi. Bendifuna imali yokuthengela intombi yam izihlangu. Kodwa ngoku ndinyanzelekile ukuba ndihlawule ngayo isibhedlele namayeza.”
Ekuphela kokutya anako uConsuelo ngamatswele nje ambalwa. Kunzima ukufumana umsebenzi, kwaye akanayo imali eyaneleyo yokusoloko ethenga amanzi. Akukho ziitephu namibhobho ukuze afumane amanzi, nakule ndlu yakhe ixengaxengayo akukho nendlu yangasese. Uyachaza: “Sisebenzisa le emele njengendlu yangasese. Ndandula ke ebusuku ndithume abantwana ukuba baye kuyichitha. Leyo yinto esifanele siyenze.”
UConsuelo akukho mali ayifumanayo kumyeni wakhe ambona manqaphanqapha. Uphakathi kwiminyaka engama-30 ubudala kodwa ukhangeleka emdala gqitha. Umbhali ebedlan’ indlebe naye uthi: “Amehlo akhe athe ndwanya nje yaye ubuso bakhe ingathi budumbile. Uphelelwe lithemba.”
[Inkcazelo]
Umthombo: In Context
AP Photo/Silvia Izquierdo
[Ibhokisi/Umfanekiso okwiphepha 25]
“NGABA NDIFANELE NDIFUDUKELE EDOLOPHINI?”
NABANI na ocinga ngokufudukela edolophini ufanele aqwalasela izibakala ezithile eziliqela. Incwadi ethi Feeding the Cities epapashwe yi-UN Food and Agriculture Organization ithi: “Eyona nto itsala abantu kukulindela ukuphila kamnandi xa kuthelekiswa nokuhlala ezilalini.” Noko ke, “izinto azilungi ngokukhawuleza, mhlawumbi kwesi sizukulwana nakwezinye ezizayo.”
Ingongoma ikukuba abantu abaninzi abasuka ezilalini befudukela ezidolophini baye bafumanise ukuba ekugqibeleni ababi nandawo yakuhlala, abaqeshwa, yaye bahlwempuzeka kakhulu kunokuba kwakunjalo ngaphambili, yaye konke oko kwenzeka kwindawo abangayiqhelanga. Ngoko ke, ukuba ucinga ngokufuduka, ngaba uqinisekile ukuba uya kukwazi ukuxhasa intsapho yakho? Imisebenzi ezidolophini, ukuba ikho kwaukubakho, ihlawula umvuzo ophantsi. Ngaba ukusebenza iiyure ezininzi usebenzela ukuxhasa intsapho yakho kwenza wena okanye intsapho yakho nizityeshele izinto ezibalulekileyo?—Mateyu 28:19, 20; Hebhere 10:24, 25.
Abanye abazali baye bakhetha ukufuduka ngoxa beshiya iintsapho zabo ngasemva. Ngaba obo bubulumko? Abazali abangamaKristu banembopheleleko yokunyamekela iintsapho zabo ngezinto eziphathekayo, kodwa ukufudukela kwenye indawo ukuze usebenzele intsapho yakho kuya kubuchaphazela njani ubuhlobo babo noThixo? (1 Timoti 5:8) Ngaba ootata banokukwazi ngokuphumelelayo ukukhulisela abantwana babo “kwingqeqesho nasekweyiselweni kwengqondo kuYehova?” (Efese 6:4) Ngaba ukungahlali kunye kwendoda nomfazi akubabek’ esichengeni sokuziphatha kakubi ngokwesini?—1 Korinte 7:5.
Phofu ke, ukufudukela kwenye indawo sisigqibo somntu ngamnye. Ngaphambi kokuba enze eso sigqibo, amaKristu amele acinge nzulu ngazo zonke izinto ezibandakanyekileyo aze ngomthandazo afune ulwalathiso lukaYehova.—Luka 14:28.
[Imifanekiso ekwiphepha 24, 25]
Izixeko zixakene nobumdaka neemoto ezininzi
EIndiya
ENiger
EMexico
EBangladesh
[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 24]
Kwiintsapho ezininzi ezingamahlwempu nezihlala ezidolophini, nabantwana bamele basebenze
[Inkcazelo Ngemifanekiso ekwiphepha 24]
India: © Mark Henley/Panos Pictures; Niger: © Olivio Argenti; Mexico: © Aubrey Wade/Panos Pictures; Bangladesh: © Heldur Netocny/ Panos Pictures; bottom photo: © Jean-Leo Dugast/Panos Pictures