Iphulo Lokufuna Imfundo Esemgangathweni
IMFUNDO esemgangathweni inceda abantwana bakwazi ukuhlangabezana ngokuphumelelayo nobomi kwibutho lanamhlanje. Ibaxhobisa ngezifundo zobugcisa, kuquka ubuchule bokulesa nokubhala kakuhle nokwenza izibalo. Ngaphezu koko, ichaphazela ulwalamano lwabo nabanye yaye yomeleza imilinganiselo ephilileyo yokuziphatha.
Noko ke, ngenxa yokuba la ingamaxesha anomngcipheko, imfundo enjalo kunzima kakhulu ukuyidlulisela. Umfundisi-ntsapho waseOstreliya oligqala wakhalaza wathi: “Iiklasi zinabantwana abatyekele kugonyamelo, abasebenzisa intetho engcolileyo nabathukayo; abantwana abadangeleyo kuba bengalalanga ngokwaneleyo ngenxa yokuba bebebukele umabonwakude; abantwana abangondlekanga okanye abalambileyo; nabantwana abakhuliswa ngaphandle kwengqeqesho.” Yaye abafundisi-ntsapho baya kukuxelela oku: “Akunakwenzeka ukufundisa abantwana abangalawulekiyo.”
UAlbert Shanker, umongameli weAmerican Federation of Teachers, wachaza ingxaki yabafundisi-ntsapho: “Banomthwalo wokufundisa ngeziyobisi nangotywala, bafundise ngesini, . . . bafundise abafundi ukuzihlonela, baphande ngelungu leqela leenjubaqa, . . . nangezinye izinto ezininzi. Benziswa zonke ezi zinto kungekhona umsebenzi wabo. . . . Eneneni eyona nto bacelwe ukuba bayenze kukuba ngoonontlalo-ntle, oomama, ootata, oogqirha, amapolisa, iingcali ngezondlo, oonompilo, iingcali kwezonyango.”
Kutheni kufuneka abafundisi-ntsapho benze oku? Amagqabantshintshi ngabantwana abakwiklasi yesinye isixeko esikhulu kumntla-mpuma weUnited States abonisa isizathu soku. IThe New York Times yanikela ingxelo ngamagqabaza awenziwa yenye ingcali ngokuphathelele umlinganiselo weklasi yabafundi abangama-23. Yathi “abasi-8 ukuya kwabali-15 mhlawumbi bangamahlwempu; aba-3 bazalwa ngoomama abasebenzisa iziyobisi; abali-15 babehlala nabazali abangenamaqabane omtshato.”
Licacile elokuba, intsapho iyawohloka. EUnited States, phantse umntwana ngamnye ozalwayo kwabathathu ungumgqakhwe, yaye umtshato ngamnye kwemibini uphelela kuqhawulo-mtshato. Kanti inani labantwana abazalwa ngaphandle kweqhina lomtshato eDenmark, eFransi, eGreat Britain naseSweden liphakame gqitha. Yiyiphi imigudu eyenziwayo ukuhlangabezana nengxaki le meko eyibangelayo ezikolweni?
Ukufuna Izicombululo
Kuye kwalingwa iintlobo ezahlukahlukeneyo zezikolo okanye ezinenkqubo eyahlukileyo. Ngokuqhelekileyo ziba nabafundi abambalwa—nto leyo eyenza kube lula ukubabek’ esweni—yaye ezininzi zizenzele olwazo uludwe lwezifundo ngenjongo yokufikelela iimfuno zabantwana ngokulunge ngakumbi. Ukususela kowe-1993, kuye kwavulwa izikolo ezinabafundi abambalwa ezingama-48 kwisiXeko saseNew York, yaye kucetywa ezingakumbi ezingama-50. IThe New York Times yathi: “Lugonyamelo [lwasesikolweni] olwaqala olu lingelo.” Ngowe-1992 eRashiya kwaye kwaqaliswa izikolo ezinenkqubo eyahlukileyo ezingaphezu kwama-500, nezinabafundi abangaphezu kwama-333 000.
Kwelinye icala, iThe Toronto Star yanikela le ngxelo: “Amawaka abantu athumela abantwana bawo kwizikolo ezikhethekileyo zabucala.” Kwiphondo laseKhanada eOntario kuphela, abantwana abaphantse babe ngama-75 000 bafunda kwizikolo zabucala. Sithetha nje ezi zikolo zifumaneka kulo lonke elaseRashiya, yaye iphephancwadi iChina Today lithi eTshayina ziye zanda “okomlilo wedobo.” IThe Handbook of Private Schools inikela uludwe lwasimahla lwezikolo ezinjalo ezimalunga ne-1700 eUnited States, apho imali ehlawulwayo ngonyaka inokuba ziidola ezingama-20 000 (R72 500) okanye ngaphezulu.
Sekunjalo abanye abazali baye bakhetha ukubafundisela emakhaya abantwana babo. EUnited States kuphela, kuqikelelwa ukuba abantwana abafundiselwa emakhaya bande ukususela kwi-15 000 ngowe-1970 ukusa kwisigidi esinye ngowe-1995.
Iziphumo Ezingafaniyo
Asizizo zonke izikolo ezisehlabathini ezifumana iziphumo ezifanayo. NgoJulayi 1993, lo kaShanker waxelela iqela labafundisi-ntsapho baseUnited States oku: “Amanye amazwe anezikolo yaye afumana iziphumo ezibhetele kakhulu kunezethu.” Ukuzekelisa oku, wabalisa ngokudibana kwakhe nesibini saseRashiya esaye safudukela eUnited States. Wachaza: “Sathi nakubeni umntwana waso wayekwisikolo sabucala esikumgangatho ophezulu, umntwana waso okwibanga lesithandathu wayefunda oko wayekufunde kwibanga lokuqala esesekhaya.”
Indawo eyayisakuba yiSoviet Union yenza isikolo esifundisa phantse bonke abantu balapho ukulesa nokubhala. Kwelinye icala, ngokutsho koqikelelo lwe-U.S. Department of Education, abantu baseMerika abazizigidi ezingama-27 abakwazi ukufunda umqondiso wendlela okanye inombolo kaduladula. Yaye iCanberra Times yaseOstreliya yanikela ingxelo ethi “bafikelela kuma-25 ekhulwini abantwana abakwizikolo zabasaqalayo abaya kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo bengakwazi ukulesa nokubhala.”
Ingxaki esezikolweni ngoku ukusa kumkhamo othile ikho phantse kuyo yonke indawo. Incwadi yowe-1994 ethi Education and Society in the New Russia ithi “abafundisi-ntsapho baseSoviet abangama-72,6 ekhulwini ekwadliwan’ indlebe nabo bavuma ukuba izikolo zazisengxakini enkulu.” Ngokutsho kukaTanya, igqala lomfundisi-ntsapho waseMoscow, isizekabani sale ngxaki kukuba “abazali nabafundi ngokwabo abasenalo uxabiso ngemfundo.” Wathi, ngokomzekelo, “umfundisi-ntsapho ufumana isiqingatha somvuzo ofunyanwa ngumqhubi kaduladula—okanye kwanangaphantsi.”
Imfundo Esemgangathweni Iyafuneka
Njengoko ibutho labantu lisiya lisanda ngakumbi, imfundo esemgangathweni iya ibaluleka kakhulu. Kwiindawo ezininzi kufuneka imfundo ephakame ngakumbi ukuze oselula akwazi ukufumana umsebenzi oya kumxhasa yena nentsapho aseza kuba nayo. Ngoko ke, abo baye bafunda izifundo zobugcisa ezisisiseko baya kuba nawona mathuba abhetele okufumana umsebenzi. Ngokukhethekileyo abaqeshi baxhalabele izinto eziziintloko—indlela anokuwenza kakuhle ngayo umsebenzi lowo wenza isicelo.
Umphathi weofisi yeenkonzo zomsebenzi wathi ngokuphathelele abaninzi abaphumelela kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo: “Abakufundiswanga ukusebenza.” Walek’ umsundulo wathi: “Ingxaki abandixelela ngayo rhoqo abaqeshi ngokusebenza nabantu abaselula yeyokuba abakwazi ukulesa nokubhala kakuhle. Abakwazi nokuzalisa isicelo somsebenzi.”
Ngokuqinisekileyo abazali baya kubafunela imfundo esemgangathweni abantwana babo, nabaselula abalumkileyo baya kuyifuna. Kodwa kubalulekile ukuba basebenzise izixhobo ezifunekayo. Ziziphi ezi zixhobo, yaye zinokusetyenziswa njani?
[Amagama acatshulweyo akwiphepha 22]
ERashiya, “umfundisi-ntsapho ufumana isiqingatha somvuzo ofunyanwa ngumqhubi webhasi oqhelekileyo”