Indlela Olukuchaphazela Ngayo Ulwaphulo-mthetho Olulungelelanisiweyo

NGUMBHALELI KAVUKANI! EJAPAN

Umphathi (inkokeli) weqela leMafiya (Iqela Lemigulukudu) uhlaba umnwe welungu elitsha leli qela. Igazi lalo lithontsiza phezu komfanekiso “wengcwele.” Emva koko, uwulumeka umlilo lo mfanekiso. Lo mphathi uthi kulo mfana: ‘Ukuba unokuze udize naziphi na iimfihlelo zalo mbutho, umphefumlo wakho uya kutsha kanye njengale ngcwele.’

ISIFUNGO sokugcina izinto ziyindaba yakwamkhozi—ngesiTaliyane, omertà—yeyona nto igcine ulwaphulo-mthetho olulungelelanisiweyo lufihlakele kangangeminyaka emininzi. Noko ke, namhlanje amaqela ezaphuli-mthetho aba ngundaba-mlonyeni kwiindawo ezininzi njengoko abanye kula mahlokondiba beguquka babe ngoontamnani. Oyena mntu ubalulekileyo owatyholwa zezi pentiti, okanye abangcatshi beMafiya, yayinguGiulio Andreotti, owayeyinkulumbuso yaseItali kangangezihlandlo ezisixhenxe ibe ngoku kwenziwa uphando ngonxibelelwano analo neMafiya.

Kwindawo yonke imibutho yezaphuli-mthetho iye yanwenwela kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi: kukho iMafiya yaseItali naseUnited States, apho ikwabizwa ngokuba yiCosa Nostra; eMzantsi Merika kukho imibutho eshishina ngeziyobisi; iiTriads zaseTshayina; iyakuza yaseJapan. Imisebenzi yabo engcolileyo isichaphazela sonke yaye yongeza iindleko zokuphila.

Kuthiwa, eUnited States, iMafiya yahlulahluleke yangamaqumrhu amahlanu eNew York, awenza amawaka ezigidi ngokuphanga, ngokuhlawulisa abantu ukuze ibakhusele, ngokubolekisa ngemali enenzala egqith’ emgceni, ngokungcakaza, ngokuthengisa iziyobisi, nangobunongogo. Kurhanelwa ukuba la maqumrhu eMafiya ngawo abamb’ iintambo kwimibutho yabasebenzi kwiinkampani zokuthutha inkunkuma, ezisebenza ngeelori, iikontraka, nezithutha ukutya nempahla. Ngenxa yegunya analo kule mibutho yabasebenzi, ayakwazi ukucombulula iingxwabangxwaba zabasebenzi okanye onakalise ukuze kuyekwe ukusetyenzwa. Ngokomzekelo, kusenokwenzeka ukuba kwindawo ekwakhiwa kuyo ngolunye usuku ugandaganda eme ngxi, ngolunye usuku iziqhoboshi zogandaganda wokumba zingasebenzi, yaye oononjineli “barhuq’ iinyawo” emsebenzini wabo—ezi zinto nezinye ezingakumbi ziyaqhubeka zisenzeka de umnini-kontraka avumelane nezinto ezifunwa leli qela, enoba lifuna ukunyotywa okanye izivumelwano ezithile zomsebenzi. Eneneni, “ukunyoba eli Qumrhu kunokubenza baqiniseke oosomashishini ukuba izinto zabo ziya kuthuthwa ngokukhawuleza, kubekho uxolo phakathi kwabasebenzi baze bakwazi ukusebenzisa abasebenzi abaza kubahlawula imali encinane,” litsho njalo iphephancwadi iTime.

EColombia amaqumrhu amabini athengisa iziyobisi ayekhuphisana de uPablo Escobar, oyintloko yequmrhu laseMedellín wadutyulwa ngowe-1993. Emva koko, iqumrhu laseCali yaba lilo elikhonyayo kushishino lwehlabathi ngecocaine. Ekubeni lafumana iidola ezingamawaka asixhenxe ezigidi (ii-R33 zamawaka ezigidi) ngowe-1994 eUnited States kuphela, limele ukuba laba lelona qumrhu linkqenkqeza phambili kulwaphulo-mthetho olulungelelanisiweyo ehlabathini lonke. Kodwa ukubanjwa kukaJosé Santacruz Londoño ongumphathi walo ngowe-1995, kwaligqebh’ uduma eli qumrhu. Noko ko, lisoloko likho itsha-ntliziyo elilungele ukuthabath’ iintambo njengomphathi.

Emva kokuba kususwe Udonga Olwahlula Amazwe, iMafiya yaseRashiya yaqala ukwaziwa ehlabathini lonke. Ngokutsho komnye umphathi webhanki ocatshulwe kwiNewsweek, oko kuye kwaphumela ekubeni, “shishini ngalinye laseRashiya lisebenzisane nemafiya.” KwanaseBrighton Beach, eNew York, kuthiwa iMafiya yaseRashiya ifumana izityhwentywe zemali ngobuqhetseba obubandakanya ukuthengiswa kwepetroli. Abo baneenqwelo-mafutha baphela behlawula imali engakumbi ibe urhulumente ulahlekelwa yirhafu. Kwakhona amaqela aseRashiya ngawo aqhuba ishishini loonongogo eMpuma Yurophu. Awohlwaywa ngenkoliso yolwaphulo-mthetho alwenzayo. Ngubani onokuba nesibindi sokuchukumisa abo babesakuba ngabadlali nababengamagqala emfazwe yama-Afghan abaxhobe baf’ amacala?

Nakumazwe aseMpuma kugquba le meko. EJapan abo bakwimidlalo yeqonga banokuba senkathazweni embi ukuba abalihloneli iqela leyakuza lasekuhlaleni okanye bahlawule imali ethile kulo. Nakweli, eli qela lifuna imali ukuze likhusele iinkanti kwanakoonongogo. Ukongezelela, iyakuza iye yangena nzulu kuqoqosho lwaseJapan ngokulungelelanisa iinkampani zayo, iphanga imali kumashishini amakhulu, iqhagamshelana namaqumrhu olwaphulo-mthetho akwezinye iindawo.

Imibutho yezaphuli-mthetho eseHong Kong naseTaiwan nayo iyasasazeka ehlabathini lonke. Ngaphandle nje kwegama lazo, kuncinane okwaziwayo ngendlela ezisebenza ngayo iiTriads. Imbali yazo isusela emva phayaa ngenkulungwane ye-17, xa iimonki ezingamaTshayina zahlangana nxamnye namaManchuria awathi ayithabathela kuwo iTshayina. Nangona amalungu azo engamashumi amawaka, kuthiwa iiTriads eHong Kong zibumba amaqela okwexeshana ukuze aphumeze uhlobo oluthile lolwaphulo-mthetho okanye uthotho lwezenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho, nto leyo eyenza kube nzima ngamapolisa ukuba akwazi ukuzifumana. Zenza amawaka ezigidi zeerandi ngokuthengisa isiyobisi esiyiheroin yaye ziye zaguqula iHong Kong yaba liziko lokwenza amakhadi enkohliso okuthenga ngetyala.

Kwincwadi yakhe ethi The New Ethnic Mobs, uWilliam Kleinknecht ubhala athi ngolwaphulo-mthetho lwaseUnited States: “Kwibutho elitsha lolwaphulo-mthetho olulungelelanisiweyo, alikho iqela lezaphuli-mthetho lohlanga oluthile elinekamva ngaphezu kwelaseTshayina. . . . Amaqela olwaphulo-mthetho aseTshayina agqugqisile kwizixeko zelo lizwe. . . . Akwindawo yesibini nje emva kweMafiya yaseNew York.”

Ngokuphathelele olunye uhlobo lorhwebo olungekho mthethweni lwaseHong Kong, igosa leSebe Lezobulungisa laseUnited States lithi: “Ukungenisa abantu bamanye amazwe ngokungekho mthethweni yimbonakaliso yolwaphulo-mthetho olulungelelanisiweyo.” Amanye amagosa aqikelela ukuba amaTshayina ali-100 000 angena eUnited States ngokungekho mthethweni nyaka ngamnye. Ngokuqhelekileyo ummi wasemzini ongeniswe ngokungekho mthethweni kufuneka ahlawule ubuncinane iidola ezili-15 000 (ii-R70 000) ngokungena kwilizwe elimi kakuhle, aze ahlawule inxalenye eninzi eseleyo yale mali akuba efikile apho ebesiya khona. Ngenxa yoko, abemi basemzini abaninzi bazifumana besengxakini embi yokusetyenziswa ngenkani kwiindawo abahlawulwa kuzo imali encinane nakwizindlu zoonongogo kuloo mazwe abo ebhongo.

Ngenxa yokuba ungabandakanyeki kwizenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho, usenokucinga ukuba akuchatshazelwa lulwaphulo-mthetho olulungelelanisiweyo. Kodwa ngaba ngokwenene kunjalo? Abantu abaninzi abakhotyokiswe ziziyobisi, abahlala kumazwekazi amaninzi, baye benze ulwaphulo-mthetho ukuze bahlawule iziyobisi ezithunyelwa ngamaqumrhu aseMzantsi Merika ashishina ngeziyobisi. Amaqela olwaphulo-mthetho olulungelelanisiweyo ayaqinisekisa ukuba kuqeshwa iinkampani ezisebenzisana nawo ukuze kwenziwe iinkonzo zasekuhlaleni ezenzelwa uluntu; nto leyo ephumela ekubeni, abemi bahlawule intywenka yemali. IPresident’s Commission on Organized Crime (IKomishoni kaMongameli engoLwaphulo-mthetho Olulungelelanisiweyo) yakha yathi, eUnited States, “ulwaphulo-mthetho olulungelelanisiweyo luphazamisana namaxabiso ngobusela, ngokuphanga, ngokunyoba, ngokumisela ukuthengiswa kwezinto ngamaxabiso athile nangokunyanzelisa ukuba kuthengwe kumashishini athile” ibe kunyanzeleka ukuba abathengi bahlawule “imali ethe kratya” kwiMafiya. Ngoko, akukho mntu ungachatshazelwayo lulwaphulo-mthetho. Sonke luyasithwaxa ngokwezoqoqosho.

Kutheni ulwaphulo-mthetho olulungelelanisiweyo luphumelela namhlanje?

[Ibhokisi ekwiphepha 5]

Imafiya—Imvelaphi Yayo

“IMafiya yavela eSicily ngasekupheleni kwamaXesha Aphakathi, apho kusenokwenzeka ukuba yaqala njengombutho ofihlakeleyo owawuzimisele ukubhukuqa ulawulo lwabantu basemzini kweso siqithi—ngokomzekelo njengamaSaracens, amaNormans nabantu baseSpeyin. IMafiya yavela yaza yafumana amalungu ayo kwimikhosana emininzi ezimeleyo, okanye imafie, eyayiqeshwe ngabanini-mihlaba ababengekho okwethuba elithile ukuba ikhusele imihlaba yabo kwizihange ngenxa yolwaphulo-mthetho olwalwesamele kwelaseSicily ukutyhubela iinkulungwane. Ebudeni benkulungwane ye-18 neye-19, iindlobongela ezinamandla kule mikhosi izimeleyo zadibanisa iintloko zaza zaba namandla kangangokuba zajikela abanini-mihlaba zaza zaphatha uninzi lwaloo mihlaba, ziphanga imali kwaba banini-mihlaba ngenxa yokukhusela izityalo zabo.” (The New Encyclopædia Britannica) Ukuphanga imali yokhuseleko kwaba yindlela yazo yokuphila. Zaya neendlela zazo eUnited States, apho zatshintshela ekungcakazeni, ekusebenziseni ngenkani abantu ezibahlawula imali encinane, ekubolekiseni ngemali enenzala egqith’ emgceni, ekuthengiseni iziyobisi, nakubunongogo.