Ukuxoxwa Kwetyala Nesohlwayo “Somwexuki”
NGUMBHALELI KAVUKANI! EITALI
KWELINYE lamacala ale nkundla yoyikekayo kumi itafile enesithunzi nenodederhu lwabagwebi. Isihlalo somhlali ngaphambili esithiwe zinzi esizikithini sale nkundla senzelwe ikhusi ngelaphu elimnyama, sithe ngcu phezu komnqamlezo weplanga omkhulu obonakala kuyo yonke loo nkundla. Ngaphambi kwaso, kukho umkhumbi.
Zazinjalo ke iiNkundla Zokuncina Amakholwa zamaKatolika ezingenatarhu. Isityholo esoyikisayo ababebekwa sona abamangalelwa abanelishwa “sasikukuwexuka,” igama elimtsho ubani abe nombono wokuthuthunjiswa nokubulawa ngokutshiselwa esibondeni. INkundla Yokuncina Amakholwa (Inquisition gama elo elisuka kwisenzi sesiLatini esithi inquiro, “ukubuzisisa”) yayiyinkundla ekhethekileyo yabefundisi eyayenzelwe ukuncothula uwexuko neengcambu zalo, oko kukuthi, iimbono okanye iimfundiso eziphikisana neemfundiso zamaRoma Katolika.
Iincwadi zamaKatolika zithi inkqubo yayo yayinamanqanaba athile ewahambayo. UPopu Lucius III wamisela le Nkundla Yokuncina Amakholwa kwiBhunga laseVerona ngowe-1184, ibe wakushiyela ezandleni zabanye oopopu ukuphucula—ukuba kufanelekile ukuthi into engcole ngolo hlobo iyaphuculwa—iindlela neenkqubo ezisebenza apho. Ngenkulungwane ye-13, uPopu Gregory IX wamisela ezi nkundla zokuncina amakholwa kwiindawo ngeendawo eYurophu.
Ngowe-1478 kwamiselwa iNkundla Yokuncina Amakholwa yaseSpeyin edume ngamabibi kunye nomthetho wayo owakhutshwa nguPopu Sixtus IV nowawucelwe ngoosomaqhuzu ababelawula apho uFerdinand noIsabella. Injongo yayo yayikukulwa amaMarrano, amaYuda awayezenza ngathi ahambisana nobuKatolika kanti azama ukubhungca kwintshutshiso; yayikwajongene namaMorisco, abalandeli bakaIslam ababeguqukele kubuKatolika ngezizathu ezifanayo nezi zingasentla; kwakunye nabawexuki baseSpeyin. Eqhutywa yinzondelelo yempambano, oyena mncini wayenkqenkqeza phambili eSpeyin yayinguTomás de Torquemada, owayengumlandeli kaDominic, wayetshotsh’ entla kuloo manyundululu ayeqhubeka kwezo Nkundla Zokuncina Amakholwa.
Ngowe-1542, uPopu Paul III wamisela iNkundla Yokuncina Amakholwa yamaRoma, eyayilawula onke amaKatolika. Waqulunqa inkundla eyayineekhadinali ezintandathu, eyayibizwa ngokuba liBandla Elingcwele LamaRoma NokuNcinwa Kwamakholwa Ngokubanzi, iqumrhu labefundisi “ababengurhulumente oneengcwangu owayebaphilisa ubomi bentshontsho bonke abantu baseRoma.” (Dizionario Enciclopedico Italiano) Ukohlwaywa kwabawexuki kwashiya bonke abakumazwe alawulwa ngamaKatolika bengcuchalaza.
Ukuxoxwa Kwetyala Neauto-da-fé
Imbali idiza ukuba abancini bamakholwa babemthuthumbisa lowo ubekwa isityholo sokuwexuka ukuze avume ityala. Ngelinge lokuquma ububi bezi Nkundla Zokuncina Amakholwa, abahlalutyi bamaKatolika baye babhala besithi ngelo xesha yayiqhelekile nakwiinkundla zehlabathi into yokuthuthumbisa. Kodwa ngaba oko kuyazithethelela ezo zinto zazisenziwa ngabefundisi ababezingomb’ isifuba besithi bangabameli bakaKristu? Ngaba babengamelanga babonise imfesane eyaboniswa nguKristu kwiintshaba zakhe? Ukuze siyiqonde le nto, makhe sizibuze nje umbuzo olula: Ngaba uKristu Yesu wayenokubathuthumbisa abo babengavisisani neemfundiso zakhe? UYesu wathi: “Qhubekani nithanda iintshaba zenu, nisenza okulungileyo kwabo banithiyayo.”—Luka 6:27.
Abo babebekw’ ityala kwezi Nkundla Zokuncina Amakholwa babengenzelwa okusesikweni kwaphela. Ngokwendlela izinto ezazisenzeka ngayo, umncini wayenegunya elingenamda. “Umntu wayenokuvela phambi kwakhe nokuba nje uyarhanelwa, uyatyholwa, okanye kuviwe nje ulurhe.” (Enciclopedia Cattolica) UItalo Mereu, umbhali-mbali ngezomthetho, usiqinisekisa ngelokuba ngoosomaqhuzu bamaKatolika abaqulunqa baza basebenzisa indlela yokuncina yezomthetho, beyeka leyo yayisetyenziswa mandulo ngamaRoma xa ubekwa izityholo. Kumthetho wamaRoma ummangali kwakufuneka abe nobungqina besimangalo asifakayo. Xa kukho amathandabuzo athile, ayekhetha ukulichitha elo tyala kunokuba azifake engozini yokugweba umntu ongenatyala. Oosomaqhuzu bamaKatolika bawulahla kwesinomhlwa loo mgaqo-siseko baza beza nembono ethi ukurhanelwa kuthetha ukuba unetyala, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ibe ngummangalelwa omele abonise ukuba akanatyala. Ayefihlwa amagama amangqina (oontamnani), yaye igqwetha lommangalelwa, ukuba unalo, lalisesichengeni sokuhlazeka okanye liphulukane nesikhundla salo ukuba laliphumelela ekuthetheleleni lowo ubekwa izityholo zokuwexuka. Ngenxa yoko, iEnciclopedia Cattolica, iyalivuma elokuba “abamangalelwa babengenandlela yokuzithethelela. Ekuphela kwento elalinokuyenza igqwetha kukucebisa ummangalelwa ukuba avume!”
Eli tyala laliphelela kwiauto-da-fé, igama lesiPhuthukezi elithetha “isenzo sokholo.” Yayiyintoni yona? Imizobo yelo xesha ibonisa ukuba abantu ababeseshweni lokutyholwa ngokuwexuka babesenziwa izinto ezihlasimlisayo. IDizionario Ecclesiastico iyichaza le auto-da-fé ngokuthi “yayikukuvuma izono ekuhleni kwabo babekw’ ityala nabawexuki abaguqukileyo” emva kokuba kufundwe izigwebo zabo.
Ityala nesohlwayo zazinyenyiswa ukuze abo bawexuki babe linani elithe dlundlu elinokudityaniswa kuze kwenziwe loo manyundululu kubo kabini ngonyaka nangaphezulu. Abo bawexuki babesenza umkrozo phambi kwababukeli, ababeziyolisa ngokubenza izinto yinto ezimanyumnyezi nezikhohlakeleyo. Abo babekw’ ityala babebekwa kwindawo yokuxhoma abantu kwibala elikhulu, kuze kufundwe izigwebo zabo. Abo babesihla nomcinga, oko kukuthi, abo baberhoxa kwezo mfundiso zokuwexuka, babesinda kwisohlwayo sokwenziwa amakheswa baze banikwe ezinye izohlwayo ezazinokuquka ukuthothoza eziseleni ubomi babo bonke. Abo bangazange behle nomcinga kodwa ababesuka bavume isono sabo kumfundisi ngomzuzu wokugqibela babenikelwa ezandleni zabasemagunyeni babakrwitshe, babaxhome, okanye babanqumle iintloko, emva koko batshiswe. Abo babemi bengajiki babetshiswa behleli. Isohlwayo eso sasiphunyezwa kamva, emva kokuba benziwe ezinye izinto ekuhleni.
Izinto ezazisenziwa kwezo Nkundla Zokuncina Amakholwa zaseRoma zaziyindaba yakwamkhozi. Nanamhla oku, abaphengululi abavumelekanga ukuba baye kuphakula koovimba benkcazelo bezo nkundla. Noko ke, ekuphandeni ngenkuthalo kufunyaniswe inkumbula yamaxwebhu eenkundla zamatyala zaseRoma. Asiphakela ntoni?
Ukuxoxwa Kwetyala Likabhishophu Omkhulu
UPietro Carnesecchi, owazalelwa eFlorence ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-16, wenza inkqubela ekhawulezileyo kumsebenzi wakhe wobufundisi kwinkundla kaPopu Clement VII, owambeka njengentonga yakhe esekhosi. Noko ke, wathi akuya kulala kobandayo upopu, laqala lanqum’ inqatha kuCarnesecchi. Kamva, wazisondeza koosomaqhuzu nabefundisi ababesamkela iimfundiso ezininzi zoHlaziyo lwamaProtestanti njengaye. Ngenxa yoko, waya kuma enkundleni kathathu. Akuba egwetyelwe ukufa, wanqunyulwa intloko, waza umzimba wakhe watshiswa.
Abahlalutyi bathi xa bechaza imeko kaCarnesecchi esiseleni yayibubugxwayiba bodwa. Wayethuthunjiswa yaye evinjwa ukutya ukuze anikezele. NgoSeptemba 21, 1567, iauto-da-fé yakhe yaqhutywa kukho phantse zonke iikhadinali zaseRoma. Isigwebo sikaCarnesecchi wasifundelwa phambi kwenginginya yabantu ekuloo ndawo yokuxhoma abantu. Yaqukunjelwa ngendlela yesiqhelo kwaza kwathandazelwa amalungu enkundla yasekuhlaleni, owayeza kunikezelwa ezandleni zawo lo mwexuki, ‘kuqinisekiswa ukuba akohlwaywa ngokuqatha yaye akagwetyelwa kufa yaye akuphalazwa gazi.’ Ngaba oku yayingekokuhanahanisa okugqithileyo? Abancini bamakholwa babefuna ukubabulala abawexuki kodwa, kwangaxeshanye, babesenza ngathi bacela abasemagunyeni ukuba benze inceba, ngaloo ndlela bezenza bahle ebantwini yaye bezenza msulwa kwelo tyala legazi. Emva kokuba kufundwe isigwebo sikaCarnesecchi, wanxityiswa irhonya elithile—isinxibo esimthubi esenziwe ngerhonya esineminqamlezo ebomvu xa sinxitywe ngabo behla nomcinga okanye xa sinxitywe ngumntu ongazimiselanga kujika sibe mnyama size sibe nemifanekiso yamadangatye noomtyholi. Kwiintsuku ezilishumi kamva kwaphunyezwa isohlwayo sakhe.
Kwakutheni ukuze lo wayefudula eyintonga esekhosi kapopu abekwe isityholo sokuwexuka? Iingxelo zetyala lakhe, ezafunyanwa ekupheleni kwenkulungwane edluleyo, zidiza ukuba wayebekwa amatyala angama-34 awayelingana neemfundiso awayeziphikisa. Phakathi kwezo mfundiso kwakukho eyentlambululo-miphefumlo, eyokuba abefundisi noonongendi abamele batshate, eyokuguquka kwesonka newayini zibe ngumzimba negazi lokoqobo, ukuqiniswa, ukuvunywa kwezono, ukungatyiwa kokutya okuthile, ukuhlawulelwa kokuxolelwa kwezono, neyokuthandaza “kwiingcwele.” Isigwebo sesibhozo sasisesona sibangel’ umdla. (Bona ibhokisi, kwiphepha 15.) Ngokugwebela ukufa abantu ababekholelwa ukuba inkolelo yabo esisiseko “lilizwi likaThixo elikwiZibhalo Ezingcwele,” ezi Nkundla Zokuncina Amakholwa zalibhenca elubala elokuba iCawa yamaKatolika ayiyijongi iBhayibhile Engcwele njengekuphela kwencwadi ephefumlelweyo. Ngaloo ndlela alimangalisi elokuba iimfundiso ezininzi zecawa zisekelwe kwisithethe secawa, kungekhona eZibhalweni.
Isohlwayo Somnye Umfana Osafundayo
Ibali elifutshane nelilusizi likaPomponio Algieri, owazalelwa kufutshane neNaples ngowe-1531, alidumanga, kodwa liye lavunjululwa ngabaphengululi abaliqela nabakhutheleyo ababephanda ngezembali. Ukunxulumana kwakhe nabafundisi-ntsapho nabafundi abasuka kwiindawo ngeendawo zaseYurophu xa wayefunda kwiYunivesithi yasePadua, uAlgieri kwamdibanisa nabo babebizwa ngokuba ngabawexuki waza wafumana neemfundiso zoHlaziyo lwamaProtestanti. Waba nomdla othe chatha eZibhalweni.
Waqalisa ukukholelwa ukuba yiBhayibhile kuphela ephefumlelweyo, kwaza oko kwambangela ukuba azinikel’ umva iimfundiso eziliqela zamaKatolika, ezinjengokuvunywa kwezono, ukuqiniswa, intlambululo-miphefumlo, eyokuguquka kwesonka newayini zibe ngumzimba negazi lokoqobo nokuthandaza “kwiingcwele,” kunye nemfundiso yokuba upopu ungumfuziselo kaKristu.
UAlgieri wabanjwa waya kuma phambi kweNkundla Yokuncina Amakholwa yasePadua. Wathetha wenjenje kwabo babemncina: “Ndiya kubuyela esiseleni ngomzimba ongenaxhala, nokufa ndikuxolele ukuba leyo yindlela uThixo athanda ngayo. Ngobuqaqawuli bakhe, uThixo uya kunikhanyisela ngokunikhanyisela. Ndiya kuyamkela ngoyolo nayiphi na intuthumbo endiyifumanayo ngenxa kaKristu, uMthuthuzeli ofezekileyo wemiphefumlo ebandezelekileyo, olukhanyiselo nokukhanya kwam, onako ukususa bonke ubumnyama.” Emva koko, iNkundla Yokuncina Amakholwa yaseRoma yakwamkela oko kuzinikezela kwakhe yaza yamgwebela ukufa.
UAlgieri wafa eneminyaka engama-25. Ngomhla wokubulawa kwakhe eRoma, wala ukuvuma isono sakhe engazange awufune noMthendeleko. Izinto ezasetyenziswayo ekubulaweni kwakhe zazibonisa inkohlakalo engaphaya kwengqondo. Akazange atshiswe ngeenkuni. Kunoko, kwabekwa into engathi yimbiza enkulu ezele zizinto zokubasela—ioli, itela nentlaka ethile yokubasela—phezu kwendawo yokuxhoma abantu eyayibonakala kakuhle kwizihlwele. Loo mfana waphoswa kulo mbiza, ebotshiwe, kwaza kwalunyekwa ezo zinto zokubasela zikuyo. Waqhotswa ephila.
Omnye Unobangela Wokuba Netyala Elinzulu
UCarnesecchi, uAlgieri nabanye ababulawayo kwiiNkundla Zokuncina Amakholwa ulwazi lwabo ngeZibhalo lwaluqhwalela. Ulwazi lwaluseza kuba ‘luninzi’ ebudeni ‘bexesha lesiphelo’ sale nkqubo yezinto. Sekunjalo, babekulungele ukufela loo mncono ‘wolwazi oluyinyaniso’ ababeluzuze kwiLizwi likaThixo.—Daniyeli 12:4, NW.
KwanamaProtestanti, kuquka nabanye ababengabaHlaziyi, ayebabulala abaqhekeki ngokubatshisela kwizibonda okanye abhenele kwabasemagunyeni ukuze abulale amaKatolika. Ngokomzekelo, uCalvin, nangona yena wayekhetha isohlwayo sokunqumla intloko, wantyontyela ukuba uMichael Servetus atshiswe ehleli ngenxa yokuba wayengumwexuki ochaseneyo noBathathu Emnye.
Into yokuba amaKatolika namaProtestanti ayebolekisana ngalo mkhwa wokutshutshisa nokubulala abawexuki ayiwenzi ube ngofanelekileyo kwaphela. Kodwa oosomaqhuzu kwezonqulo banetyala elinzulu gqitha—ngokusithela ngeZibhalo xa bebulala nangokwenza ngathi nguThixo lo ubayalele ukuba benze loo mikhuba. Ngaba oku akulingcolisi igama likaThixo? Abaphengululi abaliqela bayalivuma elokuba uAugustine, “uMseki weCawa” odumileyo wamaKatolika, waba ngowokuqala ukuwuqhwabel’ izandla umthetho wokunyanzeliswa “konqulo,” oko kukuthi, ukusebenzisa izigalo ekulweni nowexuko. Ngelinge lokusebenzisa iBhayibhile ekuthetheleleni lo mkhwa, wasebenzisa amazwi kaYesu kumzekeliso okuLuka 14:16-24: “Ubanyanzele ukuba bangene.” Lizicacele lona elokuba, la mazwi uAugustine wawagqwethayo, ayebonisa ukubuk’ iindwendwe okukhatshwa sisisa, kungekhona ukunyanzela abantu ngenkohlakalo.
Okubangel’ umdla kukuba kwangelo xesha leeNkundla Zokuncina Amakholwa, abo baxhasa elokuba zonke iinkonzo maziyekwe babeyilwa into yokutshutshiswa kwabawexuki, besebenzisa umzekeliso wengqolowa nomdiza. (Mateyu 13:24-30, 36-43) Omnye kwabo yayinguDesiderius Erasmus, waseRotterdam, owayesithi uThixo, uMnini wentsimi, wayefuna ukuba abawexuki, abangumdiza, bayekwe. UMartin Luther, kwelakhe icala, wakhuthaza ukudlakazeliswa kwabaqhekeki abangabalimi, ibe abamalunga ne-100 000 babulawa.
Ekubeni sizibonele ityala ezinalo iinkonzo zeNgqobhoko ezazintyontyela oko kutshutshiswa kwabo babebizwa ngokuba ngabawexuki, simele sishukunyiselwe ukwenza ntoni? Ngokuqinisekileyo sifanele sibe nomdla wokuziphandela ulwazi lweLizwi likaThixo. UYesu wathi uphawu lomKristu wokwenyaniso lwaluya kuba kukuthanda uThixo nommelwane—ngokucacileyo ke olo thando alunakuluvumela ugonyamelo.—Mateyu 22:37-40; Yohane 13:34, 35; 17:3.
[Ibhokisi ekwiphepha 15]
Amanye Amatyala Awayebekwa Wona UCarnesecchi
8. “[Wena usalilisela ngokuthi] ayikho enye into emele ikholelwe ngaphandle kwaleyo ithethwa lilizwi likaThixo eZibhalweni Ezingcwele.”
12. “[Unenkolelo yokuba] ukuvuma izono okungcwele akuyode jure Divino [akuvisisani nomthetho wobuthixo], uthi akuzange kumiselwe nguKristu ibe akungqinwa naziZibhalo, yaye akuyomfuneko ukuvuma izono komnye umntu ngaphandle kukaThixo kuphela.”
15. “Wena uyayithandabuza intlambululo miphefumlo.”
16. “Incwadi yeeMaccabees, exubusha ngokuthandazela abafileyo, wena uyijonga njengengaphefumlelwanga.”
[Inkcazelo Ngomfanekiso okwiphepha 12]
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