Ingxolo—Esona Siphazamisi Sale Mihla
NGUMBHALELI KAVUKANI! EBRITANI
“Enye yezona zinto ziphithizelisa ingqondo ebomini.”—UMakis Tsapogas, umcebisi kwiWorld Health Organization.
“Esona singcolisi siligqibe lonke elaseMerika.”—IThe Boston Sunday Globe, yaseUnited States.
“Esona singcolisi sigqugqisileyo kwixesha lethu.”—IDaily Express, yaseLondon, eNgilani.
AKUNAKUYIBONA, akunakuyisezela, akunakuyingcamla, okanye uyibambe. INGXOLO, ishwangusha elibi kubomi basezidolophini, ngoku elingcolisa namaphandle.
Enye ingcali ngendalo yaseMerika ekuqengqeleke iminyaka eli-16 ishicilela izandi zendalo iwufumanisa usiba nzima ngokuba nzima umsebenzi wayo. Ngowe-1984 yahlola iindawo ezingama-21 zelizwana laseWashington, eUnited States, ekwakukhe kudlule imizuzu eli-15 okanye ngaphezulu kungakhange kubekho ngxolo. Kwiminyaka emihlanu kamva, kwakushiyeke ezintathu kuphela ezisenjalo.
Kubemi abaninzi ehlabathini, kunzima kwaukufumana iindawo ezintathu ezingenangxolo. EJapan, ingxelo yelo lizwe yowe-1991 yayichaza ukuba ingxolo ibiyeyona nto ibikhwinisa wonk’ ubani kwelo ngaphezu kwalo naluphi na olunye ungcoliso. Eneneni, ngokufanelekileyo iThe Times yaseLondon ichaza ingxolo ngokuthi “eyona ngxuba-kaxaka yale mihla.” Ingxolo sele iyinto eqhelekileyo namhlanje ngenxa yokuva umkhulungwane ozingileyo wenja negumbagumba yakwammelwane etsho iindlebe zithi nkxi okanye inzwinini yealarm okanye kanomathotholo okwinqwelo-mafutha. Ukanti, ungcoliso lwengxolo asinto intsha. Yayikho kwamhlamnene.
Asiyongxaki Entsha
Esilwa nokuxinana, uJulius Caesar waziphelisa zonke izithuthi ezinamavili kumbindi weRoma ebudeni bemini. Into ebuhlungu eyamehlelayo yena namanye amaRoma kukuba, ngenxa yaloo mthetho ungcoliso lwengxolo lwalungabonwabisi ebusuku, “yayingugoqogoqo wamavili eenqwelo omthi okanye entsimbi zihamba kwezo ndlela zamatye.” (IThe City in History, nguLewis Mumford) Ngaphezu kwenkulungwane kamva, imbongi uJuvenal yakhalaza ngelithi umhla nezolo abantu baseRoma kusa behleli ngenxa yengxolo.
Ngenkulungwane ye-16, ikomkhulu laseNgilani, iLondon, landa lasisixeko esikhulu. UAlison Plowden, ongumbhali wencwadi ethi Elizabethan England, ubhala athi: “Eyona nto imele ukuba yayitsala amehlo eendwendwe ezininzi, yayiyingxolo: yayingunkqenkqenkqe wokunkqonkqwa kwezinto kuloo mizi-mveliso ingangoboya benja, nokugoqoza kwamavili eenqwelo, nokukhonya kweenkomo zisisiwa emarikeni, nowelewele wabathengisi bebonga betyibela izinto abazithengisayo.”
Inkulungwane ye-18 yasiphathela iinguqulelo kwezorhwebo. Imiphumo yengxolo yoomatshini yaqala yazibalula xa abasebenzi bemizi-mveliso bazibona sele bengamahomba ngeendlebe. Kodwa kwanabahlali basesixekweni ababekude kule mizi-mveliso babesenza isimbonono kwangesi siphazamiso sinye. Umbhali-mbali uThomas Carlyle waya kuzithi khotsho “kwigumbi elisengontsini” eluphahleni lwendlu yakhe eseLondon ebaleka ingxolo yokukhonya kwemiqhagi, uginciginci weepiyano zabamelwane nengxolo yezithuthi endleleni ekufutshane apho. IThe Times inikela le ngxelo: “Naleyo into ayizange imncede.” Ngoba? “Waphazanyiswa zezinye iingxolo ezintsha, ukupopoza kweenqanawa namaxilongo oololiwe”!
Ukwanda Kwesi Singcolisi Sale Mihla
Namhlanje abo balwa nengxolo bayinto nezikhululo zeenqwelo-moya ekubeni abezomoya bengafuni nokuva ngemithetho yokunciphisa ungcoliso lwengxolo. Xa kwisikhululo seenqwelo-moya saseManchester eNgilani kwamiswa umthetho wokohlwaya inqwelo-moya ebaleka ngendlela engummangaliso eyiConcorde rhoqo xa isuka, ngaba kwaphumelela oko? Nakanye. Omnye umqhubi weConcorde wavuma ukuba loo nqwelo-moya yayifundekela kodwa ukuba yayinokuhamba ingenamafutha maninzi nto leyo eyayiza kunciphisa ingxolo yayo, yayingenakufika eToronto okanye eNew York ingakhange ime.
Kuyingxaki efanayo nokuthintela ingxolo yezithuthi. Ngokomzekelo, eJamani uhlolisiso lubhenca ukuba olo hlobo longcoliso luphithikeza abemi abangama-64 ekhulwini. Ibe le ngxaki iya ithabath’ unyawo, kuthiwa ingaphezulu kaliwaka kunangexesha abantu bebengenazithuthi zininzi. Ingxelo ephuma eGrisi ithi “iAthens yenye yezona zixeko zinengxolo eYurophu yaye loo ngxolo ingxwelerha impilo yabantu baseAthens.” Ngokufanayo, iEnvironmental Agency yaseJapan ithi ingxolo yezithuthi ithande ukuqatsela yaye ithi unozala woku kukwanda okuthe gqolo kokusetyenziswa kwezithuthi. Xa inqwelo-mafutha ihamba ngesantya esiphantsi yinjini eyenza ingxolo enkulu, kodwa xa singaphezu kweekhilomitha ezingama-60 ngeyure, ngamavili enza ingxolo engummangaliso.
Eyona ngxolo ibanxakamisa mpela abahlali baseBritani yingxolo yasekuhlaleni. Ngowe-1996, iChartered Institute of Environmental Health yaseBritani yaphawula ukuba zande nge-10 ekhulwini izikhalazo ezingengxolo yabamelwane. Elinye ibhinqa elisisithethi seli ziko lagqabaza lathi: “Kunzima ukuyichaza le meko. Omnye woonobangela usenokuba yingcinezelo efunyanwa ngabantu emsebenzini nebenza balufune nasebumnyameni uxolo nenzolo emakhayeni abo.” Abantu ababini kwabathathu abakhalazayo kwelaseBritani ebudeni bowe-1994 babekhalela umculo otsho ezinzulwini zobusuku nengxolo yezithuthi, yeealarm zazo, nokupopoza kwazo. Kodwa kuthekani ngabanye abaqikelelwa kuma-70 ekhulwini ababhuqwa lolu ngcoliso lwengxolo abakhetha ukuthula kuba besoyika ukungena engxakini? Ngokwenene le ngxaki ilityhutyhe lonke elimiweyo.
Ngenxa yokunaba kwesi siphazamisi siyingxolo, amaziko akhusela imekobume abhinqele phezulu efuna kumiswe imithetho yokuthintela ungcoliso lwengxolo. Ngokomzekelo, kwelaseUnited States, kwezinye iindawo kuye kwamiswa imithetho yokumisela imida yokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zokucheba ingca ezidumayo. KwelaseBritani, uMthetho Wengxolo omtsha ubamise kakubi abamelwane abafundekelayo yaye umisele ukuba bohlwaywe ngoko nangoko abo benza ingxolo phakathi kwentsimbi ye-11:00 ebusuku neyesi-7:00 kusasa. Abasemagunyeni basekuhlaleni banalo negunya lokuhlutha ezo zixhobo zomculo zingxolayo. Sekunjalo, ingxolo ayibaphi siqabu.
Ekubeni ingxolo iyingxaki ethabath’ unyawo, usenokuzibuza ngento ofanele uyenze xa ulixhoba layo. Kodwa ke, kwelinye icala, yintoni onokuyenza ukuze uphephe ukubangela ingxolo? Ngaba kuya kuze kubekho uxolo nenzolo ehlala ihleli? Funda amanqaku alandelayo ukuze ufumane iimpendulo.