“Sifikil’ Apho Besisiya”

KWIMINYAKA engama-50 eyadlulayo, ngwevukazi ithile yathetha yeviwa lihlabathi lonke. Le nto yenzeka kweliya laseParis ngoDisemba 10, 1948. Liphakama nje eli bhinqa lingusihlalo weKomishoni YeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo Yamalungelo Abantu lize litsho ngodlwabevu lwentetho, iNgqungquthela YeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo yayidibanis’ iintloko kwiPalais Chaillot ekwakungekudala yakhiwe. Ngelizwi elithe qabavu, uEleanor Roosevelt umcwangele womhlolokazi wowayesakuba nguMongameli waseUnited States uFranklin D. Roosevelt, wathi xa wayethetha naloo ntlanganiso: “Kaloku xa kunamhlanje sifikelele emanqwanqweni ezimbalini zeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo nasezimbalini zoluntu ngokubanzi, loo manqwanqwa ke kukuba, ngokusemthethweni le Ngqungquthela yamkele iSindululo Sehlabathini Lonke Samalungelo Abantu.”

Esakuba efunde amabinzana aziinqontsonqa kwingabula-zigcawu yesi Sindululo namagatya aso angama-30, lwamkelwa ke olu xwebhu yile Ngqungquthela.a Emva koko ke, njengembeko kuNksk. Roosevelt ngegalelo lakhe elikhethekileyo njengenkokeli, le ngwevukazi yayisaziwa ngabayithandayo ngokuba “liNenekazi Lokuqala Lehlabathi,” yakhatshwa yintswahla yezandla ngamalungu eZizwe Ezimanyeneyo. Xa lalisiya kunina ela loo mini, yaw’ ephepheni ngosiba, ibhala la mazwi: “Sifikil’ apho besisiya.”

Ukudityaniswa Kweembono Ezininzi Kwenza ISindululo Esinye

Kwiminyaka emibini ngaphambi koko, ngoJanuwari 1947, emva nje kokuqala komsebenzi wengqungquthela yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo, lahla lazicacela lona elokuba ukuqulunqa uxwebhu oluphathelele amalungelo abantu noluza kwamkelwa ngawo onke amalungu eZizwe Ezimanyeneyo kwakungazi kuba yindlwana nje kanomyayi. Zisuka nje, ukuxambulisana kwabangela ukuba la malungu ali-18 ale ngqungquthela anyolane ngeminwe. Ummeli weTshayina weza nelokuba kungakuhle kuthiwe chatha intanda-bulumko yobuConfucius kolu xwebhu, ilungu elingumKatolika lale ngqungquthela lona lathi makuthiwe tshwaa iimfundiso zikaThomas Aquinas, elaseUnited States lona lathi phezulu ngoXwebhu Lwamalungelo AseMerika, kanti abaseSoviet babefuna kubotshwe neengcamango zikaKarl Marx—le sigqiba kuyibala yimbinana nje, kwiingcamango ezazishikixwa kuloo ngqungquthela!

Oko kutsalana ngezihlwitha kwamalungu alo komishoni kwamz’ entloko uNksk. Roosevelt. Ngowe-1948 xa wayenikela intetho eParis kwiSorbonne, wayithi thsuphe into yokuba ebekade ecinga ukuba uyakwazi ukunyamezela ngenxa yokuba ekhulise intsapho enkulu. Noko ke, kuthiwa, uzokubagqiba ngentsini abaphulaphuli bakhe xa wayesithi, “ukuba ngusihlalo weKomishoni Yamalungelo Abantu kufun’ umntu onentliziyo elilitye oza kunyamezela nyhani.”

Kuyabonakala ukuba nakuba kunjalo amava akhe okuba ngumzali amnceda. Kaloku kanye ngelo xesha, yathi eny’ intatheli xa yayibhala, indlela uNksk. Roosevelt awayeqhubana ngayo namalungu ale komishoni kuyikhumbuza umama “ojongene nentsapho enkulu enamakhwenkwe, athand’ ingxolo, azizityhuthutyhuthu maxa wambi kodwa wona torho ezilungele, nekuye kufuneke kuhleliwe nje asoloko enqandwa ngapha nangapha.” (Eleanor Roosevelt—A Personal and Public Life) Noko ke, into eyamncedayo wakwazi ukufikelel’ intliziyo yamaqela awayephikisana naye ngaphandle kokuxabana nawo, kukuba nobuntu aze abe ngqongqo kwangaxeshanye.

Loo nto yabangela ukuba le ngqungquthela ikhuphe uxwebhu olunoludwe lwamalungelo abantu, eyayicinga ukuba afanele afunyanwe ngawo onke amadoda namabhinqa, ehlabathini lonke, emva kweminyaka emibini kubanjwa iintlanganiso, sihlaziywa amakhulukhulu ezihlandlo esi sindululo, kukhutshwa amawakawaka amaxwebhu ibe kangangezihlandlo ezili-1 400 kupecululwa phantse igama negatya ngalinye kuso. Kwathiwa ke esi siSindululo Sehlabathi Lonke Samalungelo Abantu. Waqatyeliswa ngolo hlobo ke umsebenzi, ekwakukhe kubonakale ngathi nguNongqawuse nje maxa wambi.

Amabhongo

Kakade ke, kwakungalindelwanga ukuba eso sindululo siyibethe siyingcwabe ingcinezelo zisuka nje. Kodwa, ukwamkelwa kwesi Sindululo Sehlabathi Lonke kwavus’ amabhongo. Umongameli weNgqungquthela yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo ngelo xesha uGqr. Herbert V. Evatt waseOstreliya wayecinga ukuba “kuza kuthi gqi izigidi zamadoda, amabhinqa nabantwana behlabathi lonke, nabathe qelele kangangeekhilomitha eziliqela ukusuka eParis naseNew York, beze kufuna uncedo, ulwalathiso nokufundiswa olu xwebhu.”

Idlule ke iminyaka engama-50 uGqr. Evatt wawathethayo loo mazwi. Ngelo xesha ke, nyhani abantu abaninzi basebenzisa esi Sindululo ukuze sibakhokele ibe kubo sasisele siludondolo lokuva nokulinganisa indlela ahlonelwa ngayo amalungelo abantu ehlabathini lonke. Kwabanceda ngantoni ke ukwenza loo nto? Ngaba amazwe angamalungu eZizwe Ezimanyeneyo enza ngokuvisisana nesi sindululo? Ajongwa njani amalungelo abantu ehlabathini namhlanje?

[Umbhalo osemazantsi]

[Ibhokisi ekwiphepha 4]

Yintoni Kanye Le Kuthiwa Ngamalungelo Abantu?

IZizwe Ezimanyeneyo zona xa zichaza amalungelo abantu zithi “ngamalungelo esizalwa nawo nesingenakuphila ngaphandle kwawo njengabantu.” Kwakhona kuye kwathiwa xa kuchazwa amalungelo abantu “lulwimi oluthethwa ngumntu wonke”—ibe kunjalo ke nyhani. Kanye njengokuba ukufunda ukuthetha ulwimi oluthile kuyinto esizalwa sinayo nesenza sibe ngaba bantu singabo, kukho nezinye izinto esizifunayo neempawu ezisahlulayo kwezinye izidalwa ezisemhlabeni. Ngokomzekelo, abantu bafuna ulwazi, babe nomdla wokufunda ubugcisa obuthile baze baxhalabele izinto zokomoya. Umntu obanjezelwayo ukuba angazifumani ezi mfuno zisisiseko kuye kunyanzeleke ukuba aphile ubomi obukumgangatho ophantsi. Elinye igqwetha elimele amalungelo abantu lakha lathi, ukuze sithintele ukubanjezelwa ngolo hlobo kwabantu “sisebenzisa ibinzana elithi ‘amalungelo abantu’ kunokuba sithi ‘iimfuno zabantu’ ngenxa yokuba ukuba lo mba siza kuwujonga ngeliso lezomthetho igama elithi ‘imfuno’ alinasihlahla njengelithi ‘ilungelo.’ Xa sisithi ‘lilungelo’ sithatha iimfuno zabantu siziphakamise sizenze into umntu wonke anelungelo layo ngokusengqiqweni nangokusemthethweni.”

[Ibhokisi/Umfanekiso okwiphepha 5]

Isindululo Sehlabathi Lonke Samalungelo Abantu

Ingxagruma yombhali eyafumana iBhaso likaNobel uAleksandr Solzhenitsyn yathi esi Sindululo Sehlabathi Lonke “lolona xwebhu luphambili” kwawakha aqulunqwa ziZizwe Ezimanyeneyo. Xa ujonga nje oko sikuquletheyo unokubona isizathu sokuba abantu abaninzi bavumelane nale ndoda.

Eyona ntanda-bulumko iyinqontsonqa yesi Sindululo ilele kwiGatya 1: “Bonke abantu bazelwe bekhululekile yaye benesidima namalungelo alinganayo. Bajizekwe ngengqondo nesazela ibe ke bafanele baphathane njengabantu abazalanayo.”

Esi yayisisiseko abaqulunqi besi Sindululo abakhela kuso iindidi ezimbini zamalungelo abantu. Udidi lokuqala lwandlalwe kwiGatya 3: “Wonke umntu unelungelo lokuphila, akhululeke aze akhuseleke.” Amalungelo abantu nawezobupolitika adweliswe kwiGatya 4 ukusa kwelama-21 akhelwe kweli gatya. Udidi lwesibini lwakhelwe kwiGatya 22, ngokuyinxenye elithi, wonke umntu unelungelo lokufumana amalungelo “aphakamisa isidima sakhe nokuba abe nguye.” Luxhasa iGatya 23 ukusa kwelama-27, magatya lawo achaza ngokweenkcukacha amalungelo abantu angokwezimali, angokwasentlalweni nangokwesithethe. Esi Sindululo Sehlabathi Lonke yayiluxwebhu lokuqala ehlabathini lonke ukufaka olu didi lwesibini lwamalungelo kumalungelo abantu asisiseko. Kwakhona yayiluxwebhu lokuqala ehlabathini ukulisebenzisa kwaukulisebenzisa ibinzana elithi “amalungelo abantu.”

Omnye umakhwekhwetha kwezentlalo waseBrazil uRuth Rocha uyichaza ngendlel’ apha ecace okwekat’ emhloph’ ehlungwini into ethethwa sesi Sindululo Sehlabathi Lonke: “Enoba ungowaluphi na uhlanga. Enoba uyindoda okanye ibhinqa. Enoba uthetha luphi na ulwimi, ukuluphi na unqulo, unaziphi na izimvo ngezobupolitika, usuka kweliphi ilizwe okanye uphuma kwintsapho enjani. Enoba uyingcungcu emlomo mde okanye uleliya libas’ amalongwe ihlwempu. Enoba usuka kweyiphi na imbombo yehlabathi; enoba ilizwe ohlala kulo lilawulwa ziinkosi okanye liyiriphabliki. Wonk’ umntu ufanele ayixhamle le nkululeko nala malungelo.”

Ukususela ekwamkelweni kwaso, esi Sindululo Sehlabathi Lonke siye saguqulelwa kwiilwimi ezingaphezu kwama-200 saza saba yinxalenye yomgaqo-siseko wamazwe amaninzi. Noko ke, xa kunamhlanje, iinkokeli ezininzi zivakalelwa kukuba esi Sindululo kufuneka khe siphinde sibhalwe. Kodwa uSosiba Jikelele weZizwe Ezimanyeneyo uKofi Annan um’ entla akafuni nokuva. Esinye isinxiba-mxhaka seZizwe Ezimanyeneyo simcaphula xa esithi: “Kanye njengokuba kungeyomfuneko ukuba iBhayibhile okanye iKoran iphinde ibhalwe, akuyomfuneko ukuphinda kuhlaziywe esi Sindululo siphinde sibhalwe. Kufuneka kuhlaziywe indlela abazenza ngayo izinto abant’ aba babesibhalelwe, kuyekw’ esi Sindululo Sehlabathi Lonke.”

USosiba Jikelele weZizwe Ezimanyeneyo uKofi Annan

[Inkcazelo]

UN/DPI photo by Evan Schneider (Feb97)

[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 3]

UNksk. Roosevelt ephethe iSindululo Sehlabathi Lonke Samalungelo Abantu

[Inkcazelo]

Mrs. Roosevelt and symbol on pages 3, 5, and 7: UN photo