Amalungelo Neempazamo Zabantu Namhlanje

KUTSHANJE ootshotsh’ entla kwizinto ezinokuthanani namalungelo abantu babuye bethwel’ intshinga. Zisuka nje, bamanyanise imibutho engaphezu kwe-1 000 kumazwe angama-60 kumbutho obizwa ngokuba yi-International Campaign to Ban Landmines (ICBL). Emva koko, baye babila besoma bezama indlela yokuba kutyikitywe isivumelwano sehlabathi lonke sokuba kuvalwe ukusetyenziswa kwezi zixhobo. Iphindile ke, i-ICBL nomalathisi wayo onomxhino nowayephambili kumzabalazo waseMerika uJody Williams, yaphumelela iBhaso Loxolo likaNobel ngowe-1997.

Noko ke, kuye kwabakho amagqabaza abangel’ umntu akhe acinge ngala matile-tile. IHuman Rights Watch World Report 1998 ithi, ukuhlonelwa kwamalungelo abantu ehlabathini lonke “kuseyinto ehamba ngaphantsi kwamanzi.” Ibe le nto ayenziwa ngoozwilakhe abakumazwe amancinane kuphela. Le ngxelo ithi: “Amagunya aphambili anomkhub’ aph’ odulileyo wokungawasi so amalungelo abantu xa eza kuphazamisana nezoqoqosho okanye engawalungeli wona—loo nto ke ixhaphake kwelaseYurophu nelaseUnited States.”

Kunzima kwizigidi zabantu abasehlabathini lonke ukungawasi so amalungelo abantu. Ucalucalulo, ubuhlwempu, indlala, intshutshiso, ukudlwengulwa, ukuxhatshazwa kwabantwana, ubukhoboka nokubulawa kwabantu ngendlel’ apha emanyumnyezi kuthi chints’ uchatha kwintlungu yazo yemihla ngemihla. Kula maxhoba iimeko ezibhetele ezithenjiswe kwimfumba yezivumelwano eziphathelele amalungelo abantu zifana nje nokulind’ ukuza kukaNxele. Enyanisweni, kuninzi lwabantu kwala malungelo asisiseko adweliswe kumagatya angama-30 eSindululo Sehlabathi Lonke Samalungelo Abantu kusafana nje nokulindela ukufumana iinkwenkwezi ezivela esibhakabhakeni. Ngokomzekelo, khawukhangele nje ngokufutshane indlela amalungelo akumgangatho ophezulu akhankanywe kwesi Sindululo asebenza ngayo kubomi bemihla ngemihla.

Ngaba Wonke Umntu Uyalingana?

Bonke abantu bazalwa bekhululekile yaye benendili namalungelo alinganayo.—IGatya 1.

IGatya 1 leSindululo Sehlabathi Lonke esasiqulunqwe ngaphambilana lalisithi: “Onke amadoda . . . ayalingana.” Noko ke, ngelokuqinisekisa ukuba abantu abazi kucinga ukuba kuthiwa amabhinqa angaphandle ephungulweni, amabhinqa awayekwikomishoni eyayiqulunqa esi sindululo em’ entla esithi makukhangelwe ndlela yimbi yokubhala eli gatya. Aphumelela ke, ibe amabinzana athi “onke amadoda . . . ayalingana” atshintshwa athi “bonke abantu . . . bayalingana.” (Akekeliswe sithi.) Kodwa ngaba ukutshintshwa kwesimbo sokubhala esisetyenziswe kweli gatya kwayitshintsha indlela ajongwa ngayo amabhinqa?

NgoDisemba 10, 1997, oluSuku Lwamalungelo Abantu, iNenekazi Lokuqala laseUnited States, uHillary Clinton laxelela iZizwe Ezimanyeneyo ukuba ihlabathi aliyekanga “ukuphatha amabhinqa njengabona bemi bakumgangatho ophantsi bhaxa.” Nantsi eminye yemizekelo awayenzayo: Ama-70 ekhulwini abo bangamahlwempu ehlabathini ngamabhinqa. Abantwana aba-2 kwaba-3 kwabali-130 lezigidi ehlabathini abangakwaziyo ukuya esikolweni ngamantombazana. Abantu aba-2 kwaba-3 abangafundanga kwabangama-96 ezigidi ehlabathini ngamabhinqa. UNksk. Clinton walek’ umsundulo esithi kwakhona amabhinqa axhatshazwa gqitha emakhayeni awo nangokwesini nto leyo ngoku “eyenye yezona zinto zingaxelwa kakuhle nokona kuphazanyiswa kwamalungelo abantu kwesameleyo ehlabathini.”

Amanye amabhinqa aba ngamaxhoba ogonyamelo kwangaphambi kokuba azalwe. Ingakumbi kwamanye amazwe aseAsia, abanye oomama bayawaqhomfa amantombazana angekazalwa kuba bethanda amakhwenkwe kuneentombi. Kwezinye iindawo ukuthanda amakhwenkwe kuye kwenza ukuhlolwa kwemizila yemfuza ukuze kujongwe ubuni bomntwana kwaba lishishini elihambela phambili. Enye ikliniki ekhangela ubuni babantwana yathi xa yayibhengeza iinkonzo zayo kubhetele ukukhupha ii-R228 yokuqhomfa imveku eyintombazana kunokuyihlawulela ikhazi elizii-R22 800 xa sele indala. Izibhengezo ezinjalo zinento eziyenzileyo ebantwaneni. Kaloku kolunye uhlolisiso olwakha lwenziwa kwesinye isibhedlele esikhulu eAsia kwafunyaniswa ukuba ama-95,5 ekhulwini eemveku ekufunyaniswe ukuba zingamantombazana zacinyw’ igama. Nakwezinye iindawo zehlabathi abantu bakhetha ukuzala amakhwenkwe. Kaloku xa kwabuzwa owayesakuba yintshatsheli yezamanqindi eUnited States ukuba bangaphi abantwana abazeleyo wathi: “Yinkwenkwe, noonoNgangengazalwanga abasixhenxe.” Iphephancwadi leZizwe Ezimanyeneyo iWomen and Violence lithi “ukutshintsha izimo zengqondo zabantu nendlela abawajonga ngayo amabhinqa kuya kuthabatha ixesha elide—ubuncinane ke kuya kudlula isizukulwana njengokuba abanye becinga ibe mhlawumbi kuya kude kube ngaphezulu kunoko.”

Abantwana Abakhule Bexhuma

Akukho mntu ufanele enziwe ikhoboka; ubukhoboka nokurhweba ngamakhoboka kufanele kungavunyelwa nangayiphi indlela.—IGatya 4.

Ubukhoboka, abukho ezincwadini. Oorhulumente baye batyikitya izivumelwano eziliqela ezibukhaba ngaw’ omane ubukhoboka. Noko ke, uMbutho waseBritani Onxamnye Nobukhoboka, nowaziwa njengosel’ uthand’ ukuba nenkqayi kunayo yonke eminye imibutho yamalungelo abantu ehlabathini lonke uthi, “namhlanje kukho amakhoboka amaninzi gqitha kunanini na ngaphambili.” Ubukhoboka kule mihla bubandakanya ukunyathelwa ngenyawo ngendlel’ apha eqhawul’ ujingi kwamalungelo abantu. Kuthiwa ukusetyenziswa ngenkani kwabantwana yenye yeendlela zobukhoboka ezikhoyo kule mihla.

UDerivan, eny’ inkwenkwe, yaseMzantsi Merika, iphakathi kwabantwana abasizelekayo. ‘Izandlana zakhe zityabukile ngenxa yokubutha amagqabi ahlabayo e-sisal, i-fiber yezityalo esetyenziselwa ukwenza oomatrasi. Umsebenzi wakhe kukuchola-chola la magqabi kwigumbi agcinwa kulo aze awase kumatshini oza kuwasebenza okumgama oziinyawo ezingama-300 [iimitha ezingama-90]. Emva kweeyure ezili-12 azisebenza suku ngalunye uba sele eqokelele itoni yonke yamagqabi. UDerivan lo waqala ukusebenza xa wayeneminyaka emihlanu ubudala. Kunamhlanje nje uneminyaka eli-11 ubudala.’—World Press Review.

I-International Labour Office iqikelela ukuba abantwana abangama-250 ezigidi abaphakathi kweminyaka emi-5 neli-14 ubudala bangamakhoboka aselula—ugxudululu lwabasebenzi abaselula abamalunga nenani labemi baseBrazil nabaseMexico bedibene! Abantwana abaninzi kwaba bangakhange bakuxhamle ukuba ngabantwana babila besoma emigodini, betsala iinqwelo ezizele amalahle; begxampuza edakeni bevuna amasimi; okanye ufike begobe koomatshini bokuluka besenza iingubo. Nkqu neentsana ezisabhadazelayo—ezineminyaka emithathu, emine nemihlanu ubudala—ziqokelelwa zibe ngamaqela ukuze zihlakule, zilime zize zibhikice amasimi ukususela ngonyezi de libe bantu bahle. Kaloku omny’ umnini-mhlaba kwelinye lamazwe aseAsia uthi: “Akungeni kakhulu epokothweni xa usebenzisa abantwana ibe bakrelekrele noko wena kuneenkabi.”

Ukukhetha Nokutshintsha Komntu Unqulo

Wonke umntu unelungelo lokuba nenkululeko yokucinga, yesazela neyonqulo; eli lungelo liquka inkululeko yokutshintsha unqulo.—IGatya 18.

Ngo-Oktobha 16, 1997, iNgqungquthela yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo yafumana “ngelo xesha kanye ingxelo eyayiphelisa naluphi na uhlobo lokuchaswa kweenkonzo ezithile.” Le ngxelo, eyathi yaqulunqwa yiNgqanga Eququzelela Iingxelo Zekomishoni Yamalungelo Abantu, uAbdelfattah Amor isichubela ngendlela elashwaqazwa ngayo ngokuqhubekayo iGatya 18. Xa ithetha ngothotho lwamazwe, le ngxelo icaphula izihlandlo ezahlukeneyo ‘zokuxhatshazwa, ukuphathwa kakubi, ukuvalelwa kwabantu, ukulahleka nokubulawa kwabo.’

Ngokufanayo, i-1997 Human Rights Reports eyaqulunqwa yi-U.S. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, ithi nala mazwe ekudala esebenzisa inkqubo yedemokhrasi “aye azama ukuvala umlomo amaqela awahlukileyo nangaphantsi kuwo, yaza yawadibanisa onke yawenza ‘amahlelo.’” Abulali ncam uboya xa kusenzeka ezo zinto. UWilly Fautré umongameli wombutho owasekwa eBrussels iHuman Rights Without Frontiers, uthi: “Inkululeko yonqulo yenye yezona ndlela zibalulekileyo nakweliphi ibutho zokubonisa ukuba abantu bayayinikwa inkululeko.”

Basebenza Kugob’ Imiqolo Suke Babuye Noboya Bentenetya

Wonke umntu osebenzayo unelungelo lokufumana umvuzo omlingeneyo ngaphandle kokuqhathwa ukuze yena kwakunye nentsapho yakhe baphile ngendlela efanele abantu.—IGatya 23.

Abo basika amazele eswekile kwiCaribbean banokuhlawulwa ii-R18 ngosuku, kodwa ngenxa yerente nezixhobo abazisebenzisayo basala benomnkabankaba wetyala kubanini bamasimi. Eny’ engaphezu kwaleyo, abayinikwa esandleni imali yabo kodwa bahlawulwa ngamaphetshana athile. Ekubeni ivenkile yale nkampani enala masimi ikuphela kwevenkile abanokuthenga kuyo aba basiki, kuyanyanzeleka ukuba bayithenge apho ioli yokupheka, irayisi neembotyi. Noko ke, ngenxa yokwamkela la maphetshana aba basebenzi, le venkile ixhuzula i-10 ukuya phayaa kuma-20 ekhulwini exabiso leli phetshana njengentlawulo yenkonzo yayo. UBill O’Neill ongusekela malathisi weLawyers Committee for Human Rights wathi kusasazo lukanomathotholo weZizwe Ezimanyeneyo: “Emva kokuba kuvuniwe baba yimipha echutywe yalahlwa kangangeeveki neenyanga emva kokuba besebenze bagob’ imiqolo. Ababi nayo nepen’ emdaka eselugcinweni, ibe kuba nzima ukuba babe nento eza kubaqhuba ngalo lonke elo xesha.”

Ngaba Impilo Yabo Bonke Iyanyanyekelwa?

Wonke umntu unelungelo lokuba nomgangatho aphila ngawo ofanele impilo nentlalo-ntle yakhe neyentsapho yakhe, kuquka ukutya, impahla, indlu nokunyanyekelwa kwempilo yakhe.—IGatya 25.

‘URicardo noJustina ngabalimi abangathathi ntweni boMbindi noMzantsi Merika abahlala kwisithuba seemayile ezingama-50 [iikhilomitha ezingama-80] ukusuka kwisixeko esikufutshane apho. Xa usana lwabo oluyintombazana uGemma lwaqalisa ukugula balusa kwikliniki yezempilo ezimeleyo kodwa abasebenzi balapho abazange bavume ukulunyanga olo sana kuba lazicacela elokuba uRicardo akukhw’ aph’ aza kuyithatha khona imali yokuhlawula. Ngosuku olulandelayo, uJustina waboleka imali kubamelwane ukuze ahlawule isithuthi sikawonke wonke waza wadukuda ethabath’ uhambo olude ukuya esixekweni. Ngelingeni ude wafika ke uJustina nosana lwakhe kwisibhedlele esincinane sikarhulumente esikweso sixeko, kodwa uJustina waxelelwa ukuba azikho iibhedi ibe wayefanele abuyele apho ngentsasa elandelayo. Ekubeni wayengenazalamane zikweso sixeko engenayo nemali yokuqesha igumbi, wahlala ubusuku bonke ngakwitafile ekwindawo yentengiso kawonke wonke. UJustina walunkonya olo sana ezama ukuluthuthuzela elukhusela kwangaxeshanye, kodwa ayizange incede nto loo nto. Lwafa kwangobo busuku usana olunguGemma.’—Human Rights and Social Work.

Ehlabathini lonke, umntu om-1 kwaba-4 ufumana iirandi ezintandathu ngosuku. Batsala nzima kanye njengoRicardo noJustina: Zikho zona iindawo ezizimeleyo zokunyamekela impilo kodwa kunzima ukuzihlawula, ngoxa iindawo zikawonke wonke zokunyamekela impilo kulula ukuzihlawulela kodwa zingekho. Eyona nto ilusizi ke yile yokuba, nangona abantu abangamahlwempu abangaphezu kwewaka lezigidi ehlabathini lonke benalo ‘ilungelo lokufumana unyango lwezempilo,’ kodwa abakazifumani iingenelo zokunyangwa kwempilo yabo.

Kungasa gede sibala iziganeko zokungahlonelwa kwamalungelo abantu. Iimeko ezifana nezichazwe ngasentla singaziphindaphinda kangangamakhulu ezigidi. Nokuba imibutho yamalungelo abantu ingawa ivuka aze amawaka ezobupolitika azinikele nofele kumzabalazo ngelokuzama ukuphucula imeko yamadoda, amabhinqa nabantwana abasehlabathini lonke, ukuhlonelwa kwamalungelo abantu bonke kuseliphupha nje. Ngaba ngokwenene kuya kuze kwenzeke? Ngokuqinisekileyo kuza kwenzeka, kodwa kusekho izinto eziliqela ekusafuneka zenzekile kuqala. Inqaku elilandelayo liza kukhe lishukuxe ezimbini kuzo.

[Inkcazelo Ngomfanekiso okwiphepha 8]

Courtesy MgM Stiftung Menschen gegen Minen (www.mgm.org)

[Inkcazelo Ngemifanekiso ekwiphepha 9]

UN PHOTO 148051/J. P. Laffont—SYGMA

WHO photo/PAHO by J. Vizcarra