Ngaba Lilishwa Okanye Ngamabona-ndenzile?
I-INTERNATIONAL HERALD TRIBUNE yathi: “Ilishwa lisube imiphefumlo emininzi lashiy’ eminye.” Kulo nyaka uphelileyo, uhlaselo lwabanqolobi kwimizi yozakuzo yaseMerika eseKenya naseTanzania lwabulala abantu abamalunga nama-200 lwaza lwenzakalisa amakhulukhulu. Noko ke, eli phephancwadi lathi, “oonozakuzaku abaphambili basinda kuba babengekho apho ngelo xesha.”
Basinda kuba babesentlanganisweni kwicandelo leso sakhiwo esithe qelele kuloo ndawo yodubulo. Kodwa elinye igosa eliphambili kuloo ndlu yozakuzo, ngokuqhelekileyo elalidla ngokuya kuloo ntlanganiso kodwa elalingayanga ngaloo mini, lalikwindawo ekufutshane nolo dubulo laza lafa.
Eli phephancwadi lathi: “Omnye owaba seshweni nguArlene Kirk.” Xa wayebuyela eKenya evela ekhefini, uArlene wathi angasincama isihlalo sakhe njengoko inqwelo-moya yayizele. Noko ke, babesele bekho abantu ababencame izihlalo ngaphambi kwakhe, kwaza ke kwafuneka akhwele kuloo nqwelo-moya. Loo nto yabangela ukuba abuyele emsebenzini, waba kuloo ndlu yozakuzo ngosuku lodubulo waza wafa.
Iintlekele sele ziyinto eqhelekileyo ebantwini. Sekunjalo akuze kube lula ukuchaza indlela eyenzeke ngayo intlekele. Ehlabathini lonke, rhoqo xa kusenzeka iingozi neentlekele, abanye bayafa ngoxa abanye besinda. Noko ke, akupheleli kwixesha lentlekele apho abanye bezibuza lo mbuzo, ‘Kutheni le nto isenzeka kum?’ Kunjalo nasekufumaneni izinto ezintle ebomini, abanye babonakala bezifumana lula kunabanye. Ngoxa abanye betsala nzima gqitha, abanye zibahambela lula izinto. Ngenxa yoko usenokuzibuza, ‘Ngaba loo nto ithetha ukuba le nto yayicetyiwe ngandlela ithile? Ngaba ilishwa lilawula ubomi bam?’
Makhe Sikhangele Iindlela Zokuchaza Le Nto
Malunga neminyaka engama-3 000 eyadlulayo, kwenzeka izinto ezingalindelekanga omnye ukumkani osisilumko ejongile. Wathi xa wayechaza ezi ziganeko: “Bonke bephela bafikelwa lixesha nasisihlo.” (INtshumayeli 9:11) Maxa wambi kwenzeka izinto ezingalindelekanga. Akukho ndlela yokuziqikelela. Iziganeko eziphawulekayo, zilungile zizibi, zixhomekeke exesheni.
Noko ke, kusenokwenzeka ukuba uyavumelana nabo bathi izinto azenzeki ngamabona-ndenzile, kodwa abacinga ukuba zibangelwa yenye into—ilishwa. Ukukholelwa kwilishwa okanye ukumiselwa kwezinto kwangaphambili kuyenye yeenkolelo ezindala neyona isasazekileyo kwiinkolelo zabantu zonqulo.a UNjingalwazi François Jouan, ongumalathisi weCenter for Mythological Research kwiYunivesithi yaseParis, uthi: “Akuzange nangaliphi ixesha abantu bangakholelwa ukuba kukho thixo uthile ulawula ukwenziwa kwezinto kusengaphambili . . . thina ke asikwazi kuyichaza loo nto.” Yiloo nto uhlal’ usiva abantu besithi: “Ibingekafiki imini yakhe yokufa” okanye bathi, “Ibimele ukuba njalo loo nto.” Kodwa kanye kanye liyintoni ilishwa?
Indlela Yokuchaza Ilishwa
Igama lesiNgesi eliguqulelwe ngokuthi “ilishwa” lisuka kwelesiLatini elithi fatum, elithetha “ilizwi lesiprofeto, ukuvumisa okanye ummiselo wobuthixo.” Ngoxa maxa wambi kudla ngokucingwa ukuba kukho amandla agqiba ngekamva ngendlela engenakuphetshwa okanye ekunzima ukuyicacisa, kusoloko kucingwa ukuba la mandla anguthixo.
Umbhali-mbali wezonqulo uHelmer Ringgren uthi: “Iinkalo eziphambili elunqulweni kukucinga ukuba ukuxelwa kwekamva lomntu kusengaphambili asiyonto nje ingabalulekanga neyenzeka ngamabona-ndenzile kodwa yenziwe ngabom yaye icetyiwe.” Njengoko kusoloko kucingwa ukuba kukho amandla athile angenelelayo, abaninzi bacinga ukuba abantu zizinto nje ezingenamandla ekudlalwa ngazo zibe zona zingakwazi kuzilawula. Ngaloo ndlela ke ‘behlelwe lilishwa.’
Abezakwalizwi nezithandi zobulumko kudala bezama ukucacisa ilishwa. IThe Encyclopedia of Religion ithi: “Ingcamango yelishwa enoba ibekwe ngaluphi uhlobo, ngaluphi ulwimi, okanye ithetha ntoni na, isoloko ngokuyintloko ibhekiselwa kwinto engumnqa.” Noko ke, enye ingcamango ephakathi kwezininzi yile yamandla angaphezulu alawula imicimbi yabantu. Kucingelwa ukuba la mandla atshintsha indlela umntu ngamnye neentlanga eziphila ngayo kusengaphambili, esenza ikamva lingaphepheki kanye njengezinto ezisele zenzekile.
Udondolo Ekunokuviwa Ngalo
Ngaba kunento okuyincedayo ukukholelwa kwilishwa? Isithandi sobulumko esiliNgesi uBertrand Russell sabhala sathi: “Izinto ezenzeka ebomini babantu zizo ezinegalelo kwiinkolelo zabo, kodwa kwelinye icala, izinto abazikholelwayo ziba negalelo kwizinto ezenzeka ebomini babo.”
Eneneni ukukholelwa kwilishwa—likho lingekho—kunokuba negalelo kwindlela esizenza ngayo izinto. Becinga ukuba loo nto yinto emiselwe ngoothixo, abaninzi ngabom baye bayamkela imeko abakuyo—enoba ayikho sikweni okanye icinezela kangakanani na—ngokungathi bona babedalelwe ukuba bangatshintshi. Ngenxa yoko ukukholelwa kwilishwa akuvisisani nengcamango yokuba umntu unembopheleleko ngesiqu sakhe.
Kwelinye icala, ukukholelwa ekubeni ikamva limiselwe kusengaphambili kuye kwanegalelo kwabanye ngendlela efanelekileyo. Ngokomzekelo, ababhali-mbali bacinga ukuba ukwanda kobukapitali neenguqu kwezoshishino zabangelwa ziinkalo eziliqela. Phakathi kwazo kukumiselwa kwezinto kusengaphambili. Ezinye iicawa zamaProtestanti zazifundisa ukuba uThixo ubakhetha kusengaphambili abantu abaza kusinda. Ingcali kwezentlalo eliJamani uMax Weber ithi: “Kholwa ngalinye limele ukuba lakha lazibuza ukuba, Ngaba elam igama likho na?” Abantu bebesoloko befuna ukwazi enoba uThixo uyabasikelela na ibe ngaloo ndlela baza kusinda. UWeber uthi bayenza loo nto ngokwenza “imisebenzi engenanto yakwenza nonqulo.” Ukuphumelela kwezoshishino nokuba nobutyebi obuninzi zizinto ezo ezazijongwa njengokuba nenkoliseko kaThixo.
Ukukholelwa kwilishwa kwenza abanye bazibaxe izinto. Ngemfazwe yehlabathi yesibini, abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya baseJapan ababezibulala babekholelwa kwikamikaze, okanye “umoya wobuthixo.” Isibakala sokuba oothixo babenenjongo ibe abantu babenokuba nendima ekuphumezeni loo njongo sabangela ukuba abantu bonqulo bazibaxe izinto de bazibulale ngokumasikizi. Kwishumi leminyaka elidluleyo, abaqhushumbisi abebezibulala kuMbindi-Mpuma bebesoloko besezindabeni ngenxa yohlaselo ababelwenza olumanyumnyezi. Enye intyilalwazi ithi, ukukholelwa kwilishwa kuba nendima ephambili “koku kuzibulala kuphenjelelwa lunqulo.”
Kodwa kutheni abantu bekholelwa kangaka kwilishwa? Ukuphosa nje iliso kwimvelaphi yalo kuya kusinika impendulo.
[Umbhalo osemazantsi]
a Kangangendlela axhaphake ngayo amashwa, xa kuthethwa ngokufa, kwiilwimi ezininzi kudla ngokusetyenziswa igama elithi “ilishwa,” okanye “ishwangusha.”