Ukuqweqwedisa—Ushishino Olunenkohlakalo

UMARK BLES uthi kwincwadi yakhe ethi The Kidnap Business: “Ukuqweqwediswa akufani nokukhuthuzwa kwempahla. Yimpatho ebandakanya amaqhinga, inkohlakalo nokungakhathalelwa kwelona qela lisisiseko soluntu, intsapho.” Ukuqweqwedisa kubangela intliziyo ebuhlungu kumalungu entsapho. Mzuzu ngamnye neyure nganye, kubakho ithenjana elihamba lifiphale njengoko ezibeka ityala, ecaphuka yaye engenakwenza nto. Asenokuba sentlungwini kangangeentsuku, iiveki, iinyanga okanye maxa wambi kwaneminyaka.

Njengoko bethe gqolo befuna imali, abaqweqwedisi baphumelela ngokudlala ngeemvakalelo zentsapho. Iqela labaqweqwedisi lanyanzela ixhoba lalo ukuba libhale lithi kwileta eyayisiya kumaziko eendaba: “Ndicela ukuba Amaziko Eendaba apapashe le leta kwiindawo zonke ukuze ukuba andibuyanga ityala libekwe kubaqweqwedisi nakwintsapho yam ezibonakalisileyo ukuba ithanda imali ngaphezu kwam.” Abaqweqwedisi baseItali baye babonisa indlela abayifuna ngayo imali yentlawulelo ngokuqhawula amalungu omzimba baze bawathumele kwizizalwane okanye kumaziko kamabonwakude. Omnye umqweqwedisi waseMexico wayengcungcuthekisa amaxhoba akhe ngoxa wayethetha neentsapho zawo ngomnxeba.

Kwelinye icala, abanye abaqweqwedisi baye bazama ukuzicengezela kumaxhoba abo. Ngokomzekelo, kwiiPhilippines omnye usomashishini wagcinwa kwihotele etofotofo eManila, apho abaqweqwedisi bakhe babemnika utywala bemonwabisa nangoonongogo de kwahlawulwa imali yokumkhulula. Noko ke, amaxhoba amaninzi ayatshixelwa kusakugqitywa zingakhathalelwa iimfuno zawo zokwenyama okanye ucoceko. Amanye aphathwa ngenkohlakalo. Phofu ke, ixhoba limele ukuba lisoloko lityhwatyhwa lingazi ukuba kuza kwenzeka ntoni kulo.

Ukuhlangabezana Nale Ntlungu

Kwanasemva kokuba amaxhoba ekhululwe, asenokusala eneemvakalelo ezibuhlungu. Omnye umongikazi waseSweden owaqweqwediselwa eSomalia uthi xa evelisa uluvo lwakhe: “Inye into ebaluleke kunazo zonke ezinye. Kufuneka uthethe nabahlobo nezalamane uze ufumane noncedo lwezonyango xa luyimfuneko.”

Iingcali zezonyango ziye zavelisa inkqubo yokunceda amaxhoba. Ngokufutshane kangangezihlandlo eziliqela, amaxhoba achaza oko kuye kwawehlela zize ezi ngcali ziwancede ngaphambi kokuba adibane neentsapho aze abuyele kubomi obuqhelekileyo. URigmor Gillberg, oyingcali yezonyango kwiziko loMnqamlezo Obomvu uthi: “Unyango olunikelwa kanye emva kwesiganeko lunciphisa umonakalo onokuhlala undohlala.”

Imiphumo Engakumbi

Asingomaxhoba neentsapho zawo kuphela achatshazelwayo kukuqweqwediswa. Ukoyika ukuqweqwediswa kunokuvalela ukhenketho kuze kuthintele utyalo-mali; kwakhona kunokwenza ibutho labantu lizive lingakhuselekanga. Kwiinyanga nje ezimbalwa ngowe-1997, iinkampani ezintandathu ezikho ehlabathini lonke zazinikela umva iiPhilippines ngenxa yokoyika ukuqweqwediswa. Elinye ibhinqa lakwiiPhilippines elisebenzela iqela elibizwa ngokuba yiCitizens Against Crime lakhala ngelithi: “Ubomi bethu buphakathi kwenyama nozipho.”

Inqaku leThe Arizona Republic lithi: “Phakathi kwabantu abakumgangatho ophezulu eMexico, ukoyika ukuqweqwediswa kufikelele kumkhamo ongaphaya kwengqondo yaye kufanele ukuba njalo.” Iphephancwadi laseBrazil iVeja linikela ingxelo yokuba kunokuba baphuphe kakubi ngenxa yamagongqongqo, abantwana baseBrazil baphuphiswa kakubi ngabaqweqwedisi. ETaiwan, indlela yokuzikhusela ekuqweqwedisweni ifundiswa esikolweni, yaye eUnited States kuye kwafakelwa iikhamera zokhuseleko kwizikolo zabasaqalayo ukuthintela ukuqweqwediswa.

Abacebisi Ngezokhuseleko Bawelwa Ngumqa Esandleni

Ukwanda kokuqweqwedisa neminye imibandela entununtunu ephathelele kona ibangele iinkampani ezizimeleyo zokhuseleko zawelwa ngumqa esandleni. Kwisixeko saseBrazil iRio de Janeiro, zingaphezu kwama-500 ezi nkampani, zenza imali ezii-R11 zamawaka ezigidi.

Iinkampani ezininzi zokhuseleko ehlabathini lonke zifundisa indlela yokuzikhusela ekuqweqwedisweni, zipapashe iingxelo ngemimandla eyingozi zize zenze uthethathethwano ngemali yembuyiselo. Zicebisa iintsapho nezinye iinkampani, zizifundisa ngamacebo abaqweqwedisi zize zizifundise ngendlela ezinokuhlangabezana ngayo nale meko ngokwasengqondweni. Ezinye iinkampani ziye zizame ukubamba abaqweqwedisi zize zifumane imali ebihlawulwe emva kokuba umthinjwa ekhululwe. Noko ke, loo nto aziyenzi simahla.

Phezu kwayo nje loo migudu, ukuqweqwedisa kuyanda kumazwe amaninzi. Egqabaza ngokuphathelele le meko kuMbindi noMzantsi Merika, uRichard Johnson, ongusekela mongameli weSeitlin & Company, uthi: “Silindele ukuba umlinganiselo wokuqweqwedisa uza kunyuka.”

Izizathu Zokuba Kwande

Iingcali zichaza izizathu ezininzi zokuba ukuqweqwedisa kwande kutshanje. Esinye sazo yimeko embi yezoqoqosho kwezinye iindawo. Omnye umsebenzi ongxungxileyo kwidolophu yaseNal’chik, eRashiya, wathi: “Eyona ndlela ibhetele yokufumana imali yile ndlela ithandwayo, yokuqweqwedisa.” Kwezinye iiriphabliki zendawo eyayisakuba yiSoviet, kuthiwa ukuqweqwedisa kusetyenziselwa ukuxhasa ngemali imikhosi ezimeleyo enabaphathi basekuhlaleni.

Abantu abangakumbi bahambela imiba yoshishino okanye njengabakhenkethi kunanini na ngaphambili, ngaloo ndlela bevula amathuba angakumbi kubaqweqwedisi abafuna amaxhoba. Inani labantu basemzini abaqweqwediswayo liye laphindaphindeka kabini kwiminyaka emihlanu. Phakathi kowe-1991 nowe-1997, kuye kwathinjwa abakhenkethi kumazwe amalunga nama-26.

Bavela phi xa bebonke aba baqweqwedisi? Ezinye iimfazwe ziyaphela, zishiya abo bebesakuba ngamajoni bengaphangeli, bengenayo nemali. Aba bantu banabo bonke ubuchule obufunekayo ukuze baqhube eli shishini linengeniso.

Ngokufanayo, ukusetyenziswa kweendlela ezinamandla zokulwa nokukhuthuzwa kweebhanki nokupheliswa kokuthengiswa kweziyobisi kuye kwabangela ukuba izaphuli-mthetho zisebenzise ukuqweqwedisa njengenye indlela yokungenisa imali. UMike Ackerman, oyingcali nxamnye nokuqweqwedisa uthi: “Njengoko sikhusela ulwaphulo-mthetho nxamnye neempahla kuzo zonke iindawo, loo nto ibangela ukuba kwenziwe ulwaphulo-mthetho nxamnye nabantu.” Ukuthetha ngokuphandle ngemali eninzi ehlawulweyo yokukhulula abathinjwa kunokukhuthaza ukuqweqwedisa.

Abasoloko Bekwenza Ngenjongo Efanayo

Abaqweqwedisi abaninzi abafuni enye into ngaphandle kwemali. Imali abadla ngokuyifuna idla ngokususela kwiirandi nje ezimbalwa iye kutsho kwisityhwentywe esixhomis’ amehlo semali ezii-R364 ezigidi eyahlawulelwa esinye isinhanha esishishina ngemihlaba saseHong Kong esingazange sikhululwe naxa kwakuhlawulwe.

Kwelinye icala, abanye abaqweqwedisi baye basebenzisa amaxhoba abo ukuze bafumane udumo, ukutya, amayeza, oonomathotholo neenqwelo-mafutha kwakunye nezikolo ezitsha, iindlela nezibhedlele. Enye indwalutho eyaqweqwediswayo eAsia yakhululwa emva kokuba abaqweqwedisi benikwe isinxibo sebhola yomnyazi neebhola zomnyazi. Kwakhona amanye amaqela asebenzisa ukuqweqwedisa ukuze oyikise aze asongele abatyali-mali bangaphandle nabakhenkethi, ngeqikili lokuba afuna ukuthintela ukusetyenziswa kakubi komhlaba nendalo.

Ngoko zininzi izinto ezikubangelayo, ininzi imali, baninzi abaza kuba ngabaqweqwedisi okanye amaxhoba. Ngaba nezicombululo zininzi? Ziziphi ezinye zazo, yaye ngaba zingayicombulula ngokwenene le ngxaki? Ngaphambi kokuba siphendule loo mbuzo, makhe sihlolisise ngakumbi izizathu zokuchuma kweshishini lokuqweqwedisa.

[Ibhokisi ekwiphepha 21]

Xa Uqweqwediswa

Abo baye bafunda ngalo mbandela banikela la macebiso alandelayo kubantu abasenokuqweqwediswa.

• Yiba nentsebenziswano; musa ukuba nguntamo-lukhuni. Abathinjwa abandlongondlongo badla ngokuphathwa kakubi, ibe basengozini engakumbi yokubulawa okanye bohlwaywe ngokukhethekileyo.

• Musa ukuphaphazela. Khumbula ukuba amaxhoba amaninzi ayasinda xa eqweqwedisiwe.

• Zenzele inkqubo yokugcina ixesha.

• Zama ukuzenzela ucwangciso lwemihla ngemihla.

• Yenza umthambo, nangona usenokungabi nathuba laneleyo lokushukuma.

• Vul’ amehlo; zama ukukhumbula iinkcukacha ezithile, izandi namavumba. Khangela iinkcukacha ezithile eziphathelele abaqweqwedisi bakho.

• Ukuba kunokwenzeka qhuba nje incoko engephi uze uzame unxibelelwano. Ukuba wakha ulwalamano lobuqu nabaqweqwedisi, abanakufane bakwenzakalise okanye bakubulale.

• Ngendlela echubekileyo baxelele ngeemfuno zakho.

• Ungaze uthethane nabo ngokwakho ngemali oza kubahlawula yona.

• Ukuba uzibona sele uze kuhlangulwa, ziphose phantsi uze uhlale uthi ncwaba ubone ukuba umoya ubheka ngaphi na.

[Ibhokisi ekwiphepha 22]

I-inshorensi Ejongene Nokuqweqwediswa—Umbandela Ophethwe Shushu

Ishishini elichumayo elihamba nokwanda kokuqweqwedisa yi-inshorensi. ILloyd’s of London ibe nolwando lwama-50 ekhulwini lwabantu abangenela i-inshorensi ejongene nokuqweqwediswa ebudeni beminyaka yee-1990. Ziya zisanda ngokwanda iinkampani ezinaloo inshorensi. Le inshorensi ihlawulela abo bathethana ngemali yentlawulo, ihlawule loo mali, yaye maxa wambi izama iindlela ezichuliweyo zokuphinda iyifumane loo mali. Noko ke, lo mba weinshorensi uphethwe shushu.

Abo bangayifuniyo le inshorensi ijongene nokuqweqwediswa bathi yenza ulwaphulo-mthetho lube ngathi lushishino yaye kukungcola ukwenza ingeniso ngokuqweqwediswa kwabantu. Kwakhona bathi umntu onale inshorensi unokungalukhathaleli ukhuseleko lwakhe yaye le inshorensi incedisana neenjongo zabaqweqwedisi zokuphanga imali, ngaloo ndlela ikhuthaza olu lwaphulo-mthetho. Abanye boyikela ukuba ubukho bale inshorensi bunokubangela ukuba abantu benze ngathi baqweqwedisiwe ukuze bafumane le mali yeinshorensi. I-inshorensi ejongene nokuqweqwediswa ayikho mthethweni eColombia, eJamani naseItali.

Abo babuxhasayo ubukho beinshorensi ejongene nokuqweqwediswa bathi njengayo nayiphi na enye i-inshorensi, yenza ukuba abaninzi bahlawulele ilahleko yabambalwa. Baqiqa ngelithi i-inshorensi inomlinganiselo othile wokhuseleko, ekubeni isenza kube lula ukuba iintsapho neenkampani ezinayo zikwazi ukuhlawulela uncedo lweengcali ezivunyiweyo, ezinokudambisa le ntlungu, zithethane nabaqweqwedisi ukuba behlise ixabiso abalibizayo, zize zenze kube lula ukubanjwa kwabaqweqwedisi.

[Ibhokisi ekwiphepha 23]

UBhubhane WaseStockholm

Ngowe-1974 ukuqweqwediswa kukaPatty Hearst, intombi kasozigidi ovelisa iphephandaba uRandolph A. Hearst, kwaguquka ngendlela emangalisayo xa wema nabaqweqwedisi bakhe waza naye wanenxaxheba ekuphangeni exhobile neli qela. Kwenye imeko, umdlali webhola ekhatywayo waseSpeyin owaqweqwediswayo wabaxolela abaqweqwedisi bakhe waza wabanqwenelela okuhle.

Ebutsheni beminyaka yee-1970, le nto kwakusithiwa nguBhubhane waseStockholm, emva kwento eyothusayo eyenziwa ngabathinjwa ngowe-1973 kwibhanki yaseStockholm, eSweden. Ngeso sihlandlo abanye abathinjwa bakha ubuhlobo obuthile kunye nabaqweqwedisi babo. Obo buhlobo babakhusela abo baqweqwediswayo, njengoko incwadi ethi Criminal Behavior isithi: “Okukhona amaxhoba nabaqweqwedisi besazana, kokukhona betyekela ekuthandaneni. Le nto ibonisa ukuba emva kwexesha elithile umoni akanakufane amenzakalise umthinjwa.”

Elinye ixhoba eliliNgesi eChechnya eladlwengulwayo lathi: “Ndicinga ukuba xa lowo wayesilindile waqalisa ukusazi ngokwabantu ngabanye waqonda ukuba wayengamele ukuba undidlwengule. Wayeka ukundidlwengula waza wacela uxolo.”

[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 20]

Kumalungu entsapho ukuqweqwedisa kuyeyona nto iphazamisayo kwezidlakaza iimvakalelo

[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 21]

Amaxhoba afuna ukuthuthuzelwa

[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 23]

Amaxhoba amaninzi ayatshixelwa zingakhathalelwa iimfuno zawo zokwenyama okanye ucoceko