Yintoni Esiyenzayo Ekutyeni Esikutyayo?

UKUTSHINTSHWA kokutya akuyonto intsha. Enyanisweni, kangangezizukulwana umntu ebelichule lokutshintsha ukutya. Ubuchule bokudibanisa iimbewu buye baphumela ekuvelisweni kweentlobo ezininzi ezintsha zezityalo, iinkomo neegusha. Enyanisweni, ummeli weU.S. Food and Drug Administration wathi “phantse konke ukutya okuthengayo kuye kwatshintshwa ngeendlela zokudibanisa.”

Ukudibanisa iimbewu asikuphela kwendlela yokutshintsha ukutya. Ishishini lokutya liye lenza iindlela ezininzi zokuvelisa ukutya, enoba kukunonga incasa okanye ukutshintsha umbala okanye ukukwenza kufane nokukulondoloza. Abantu sele beqhelene nokutya ukutya okuye kwatshintshwa ngandlel’ ithile.

Kodwa abathengi abaninzi bakuxhalabele oko kwenziwayo kungokunje ekutyeni. Kutheni? Abanye boyikela ukuba ezi ndlela zakutshanje zibeka esichengeni ukhuseleko lokutya. Ngaba bafanele baxhalabe? Makhe sihlolisise iinkalo ezintathu ezibangela inkxalabo.a

Iincindi Zamadlala Namayeza Okubulala Iintsholongwane

Ukususela ngeminyaka yee-1950, kuye kwathiwa chatha amayeza okubulala iintsholongwane ekutyeni kweenkuku, iihagu neenkomo kwezinye iindawo. Injongo yaloo nto kukunciphisa ingozi yokuba nezifo, ingakumbi apho izilwanyana zigcinwa kwindawo enye. Kwamanye amazwe neencindi zamadlala ziye zigalelwe ekutyeni kwezilwanyana ngelokuzama ukukhawulezisa ukukhula kwazo. Kuthiwa iincindi zamadlala namayeza okubulala iintsholongwane zikhusela izilwanyana kwizigulo yaye zenza ezolimo zibe nengeniso gqitha, yaye abathengi bayangenelwa kuba bafumana izinto ngamaxabiso aphantsi.

Yinto entle leyo. Kodwa ngaba inyama yezilwanyana ezityiswa izinto ezongezelelekileyo inokuba nobungozi kumthengi? Ingxelo eyenziwa yiEconomic and Social Committee of the European Communities yagqiba kwelokuba kusenokwenzeka ukuba intsholongwane isinde kumayeza awenzelwe ukuyibulala ize idlulele kumthengi. Le ngxelo yafumanisa ukuba: “Ezinye kwezi ntsholongwane njengeSalmonella neCampylobacter, zisenokuba ngunobangela othe ngqo wezifo ezinzima ezithwaxa abantu zibangelwa kukutya.” Ukongezelela, kuthekani ukuba ukutya akwanelanga nje ukuba neentsholongwane kodwa kunamasalela amayeza okubulala iintsholongwane? Kuye koyikelwa ukuba loo nto inokubangela ukuba iintsholongwane ezibangela izifo ngokuthe ngcembe zikwazi ukumelana namayeza okuzibulala.

Kuthekani ngenyama efakwe incindi yedlala? Unjingalwazi waseMunich, eJamani, uGqr. Heinrich Karg, ugqabaza athi: “Zonke iingcali ziyavumelana nelokuba inyama yezilwanyana ezinikwe iincindi zamadlala ayinabungozi empilweni, ukuba nje loo madlala afakwa ngokwemiyalelo.” Noko ke, iphephandaba iDie Woche linikela ingxelo yokuba kumba wokukhuseleka kwenyama yezilwanyana ezineencindi zamadlala, “kwiminyaka eli-15 edluleyo, abaphengululi bebengakwazi ukubona ngaso-nye.” Yaye eFransi umba weencindi zamadlala enyameni uye waliwa ngokuvakalayo kusithiwa ‘Hay’ khona! Makulityalwe ngeencindi zamadlala!’ Liphandle elokuba, le ngxubakaxaka ayikazi kuconjululwa.

Ukutya Okunemitha

Ukususela ekuqaleni kohlolisiso eSweden ngowe-1916, ubuncinane ngamazwe angama-39 aye akuvumela ukubeka ukutya okufana neetapile, umbona, iziqhamo, nenyama kumlinganiselo ophantsi wemitha. Ngoba? Kuthiwa imitha ibulala iintsholongwane ezininzi, izinambuzane nezifunxi-gazi, ngaloo ndlela ikhusela abathengi ekufumaneni izifo ezibangelwa kukutya. Kwakhona inceda into leyo ihlale ixesha elide evenkileni logama ingekathengwa.

Kambe ke, iingcali zithi ngokufanelekileyo ukutya esikutyayo kufanele kucoceke yaye kufaneleke. Kodwa ngubani ozipha ithuba lokulungiselela ukutya okufanelekileyo rhoqo? Iphephancwadi iTest lithi: “Kuthabatha imizuzu elishumi ukulungiselela isidlo sakusasa nelishumi elinesihlanu yokulungiselela esasemini nesangokuhlwa,” lixesha elo elichithwa ngumntu ngokuqhelekileyo kwizidlo. Ngoko, akumangalisi ukuba abathengi abaninzi bakhethe ukutya okusele kulungele ukutyiwa nokuhlala ixesha elide kungasetyenziswa. Kodwa ngaba kukhuselekile ukutya okunemitha?

Ngowe-1999 iWorld Health Organization yapapasha uhlolisiso olwenziwa ligqiza leengcaphephe zehlabathi. Zagqiba ngelithi ukutya okunemitha “kukhuselekile ukuba kungatyiwa yaye kunezondlo.” Abo bakuthandayo bakufanisa oku kutya nokubulala iintsholongwane kumalaphu okubopha amanxeba—okwenziwa ngemitha—okanye ukudlulisa imithwalo kwisixhobo sokuyihlola kwisikhululo seenqwelo-moya. Noko ke, abahlalutyi bema ngelithi imitha inciphisa isondlo semvelo sokutya yaye inokubangela iingozi ezingekaziwa.

Ukutya Okutshintshwe Imbewu

Kangangethuba elithile iingcali ngembewu bezikwazi ukuthumela imizila yemfuza esuka kwiDNA yesinye isityalo ukuya kwiDNA yesinye sodidi olufanayo. Noko ke, namhlanje iingcali ngeembewu zihambele phambili gqitha. Ngokomzekelo, kukho amaqunube neetumato eziye zatshintshwa zinemizila yemfuza ethatyathwe entlanzini, nto leyo ezenza zingakhathazwa kakhulu ngamaqondo obushushu aphantsi.

Kuye kwanconywa kwaza kwangaxeshanye kwagxekwa kakhulu ukutya okutshintshwe imbewu.b Abo bavumelanayo nale ngcamango bathi le ndlela yobugcisa iqinisekile yaye iyakwazi ukulawuleka kuneendlela zangaphambili zokudibanisa izityalo, kangangokuba yandisa isivuno isuse ikati eziko. Kodwa ngaba ukutya okutshintshwe imbewu kukhuselekile ukuba kungatyiwa?

Iqela lezazinzulu lenza ingxelo ngalo mbandela limela amaziko aseNgilani, naseUnited States kwakunye naseBrazil, eTshayina, eIndiya, eMexico nakwamanye amazwe asakhasayo. Le ngxelo, eyapapashwa ngoJulayi, 2000 yathi: “Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, kuye kwalinywa ngaphezu kweehektare ezingama-30 ezigidi zezityalo ezitshintshwe imbewu yaye abantu abakhange babe neengxaki zempilo ezibangelwa zizityalo ezitshintshwe imbewu okanye iimveliso zazo.” Kweminye imimandla ukutya okutshintshwe imbewu kugqalwa kukhuseleke njengokutya okuqhelekileyo.

Noko ke, kwezinye iindawo kuninzi ukungaqiniseki. EBritani, eFransi naseOstriya, ukutya okutshintshwe imbewu akuthenjwa ngabanye abantu. Omnye wezobupolitika ongumDatshi wathi ngokutya okutshintshwe imbewu: “Kukho iindidi ezithile zokutya esingazithandiyo nje kwaphela.” Kwakhona abahlalutyi boko kutya banemibuzo esengqiqweni yaye bathetha nangeengozi ezisenokubakho kwimeko-bume.

Ezinye izazinzulu zivakalelwa kukuba kusafika noko ukutya okutshintshwe imbewu yaye kusafuneka kuhlolwe ukuba akungebi yingozi kusini na kubathengi. Ngokomzekelo, iBritish Medical Association ivakalelwa kukuba ukutshintshwa kwembewu kuthembisa ukuba kungayingenelo kakhulu ebantwini. Kodwa ithi ezinye izinto ezixhalabisayo—njengokungadibani ncam nokutya okutshintshwe imbewu—zibonisa ukuba “kusafuneka kwenziwe uphando olungakumbi.”

Ukwenza Ukhetho Lobuqu Olulungeleleneyo

Kwamanye amazwe kangangama-80 ekhulwini okutya okutyiwayo kutshintshiwe ngandlel’ ithile. Kudla ngokusetyenziswa izinongo ukongezelela incasa nombala, nokwenza ukuba kuhlale ixesha elide. Enyanisweni, enye imbekiselo ithi “izinto ezininzi zakutshanje, ezinjengeekhalori eziphantsi, amashwam-shwam, ukutya okulula, bezingenakubakho ngaphandle kwezinongo.” Kwakhona oko kutya kudla ngokuba kutshintshwe imbewu.

Kangangeminyaka ehlabathini lonke ezolimo bezixhomekeke kwiindlela abantu abaninzi abazijonga ziyingozi. Ukusetyenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane ezinetyhefu kungomnye umzekelo. Ngaphezu koko, imizi-mveliso yokutya kangangexesha elithile ibisebenzisa izinongo ekusenokwenzeka ukuba bezingavumelani nempilo yabanye abathengi. Ngaba kubonakala ngathi ubugcisa obutsha bokuvelisa ukutya buyingozi kakhulu kunezi ndlela? Neengcali azivumelani naloo nto. Enyanisweni, iingxelo ezinesihlahla zenzululwazi zimbono-mbini ngalo mbandela yaye ziyayiphelisa le ngcamango.

Ngenxa yokuba begqala ukutya okuveliswe ngobugcisa bezi mini njengento abangenakuyiphepha okanye ngenxa yokuba bejonga eminye imibandela njengento engxamisekileyo emele iqwalaselwe, abantu abaninzi namhlanje baye bakhetha ukungazikhathazi ngalo mbandela. Noko ke, abanye baxhalabile. Yintoni onokuyenza ukuba wena nentsapho yakho niziva nithandabuza ukutya okutshintshiweyo ngandlel’ ithile nokubonakala kuyintsonkotha ngenxa yobugcisa bakutshanje? Kukho amanyathelo asebenzisekayo osenokukhetha ukuwathabatha, amanye awo axutyushwa kwinqaku elilandelayo. Noko ke, okokuqala kusenokuba bubulumko ukuqiniseka ukuba sinembono elungeleleneyo ngalo mba.

Ukukhuseleka kokutya kufana nempilo. Okwangoku izinto azikazi kugqibelela. Ngokutsho kwephephancwadi laseJamani inatur & kosmos, kwanaphakathi kwabona bantu badume ngokuba nenkathalo nokukwazi ukukhetha nokulungisa ukutya, izondlo zisoloko ziyingxaki. Into eyingenelo komnye umntu inokuba yingozi komnye. Ngoko, ngaba akukho sengqiqweni ukuhlakulela isimo sengqondo esilungeleleneyo uze uphephe ukubaxa izinto?

Kambe ke, iBhayibhile ayisixeleli ngesigqibo esifanele sisenze ngokuphathelele ukutya okuveliswe ngobugcisa. Kodwa isifundisa ngophawu esifanele siluhlakulele olunokusinceda kulo mbandela. EyabaseFilipi 4:5 ithi: “Ukuba nengqiqo kwenu makwazeke ebantwini bonke.” Ukuba sengqiqweni kunokusinceda senze izigqibo ezilungeleleneyo size siphephe ukubaxa izinto. Kunokusinceda singaxeleli abanye abantu into yokwenza kulo mbandela. Yaye kunokusikhupha kwiimpikiswano ezingekho ngqiqweni nezibangela iiyantlukwano.

Noko ke, kumele kuvunywe ukuba, iingozi ezininzi ezinxibelelene nokutya asingombandela wosukuzwano kangako. Ziziphi ezinye zazo yaye ngawaphi amanyathelo akhuselekileyo onokuwathabatha?

[Imibhalo esemazantsi]

[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 14]

Ngaba umthengi uyachatshazelwa ngamadlala nezibulali-zintsholongwane ezifakwa ezinkomeni?

[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 16]

Kububulumko ukufunda ngenyameko oko kubhalwe ngaphandle ekutyeni

[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 17]

Kuneengenelo ukusoloko uthenga ukutya okufanelekileyo