Ukukhuselwa Ngamapolisa—Kunika Ithemba Kuphinde Koyikise

EBUTSHENI benkulungwane ye-19 abemi baseNgilani abaninzi babeyichasile into yokubakho kwamapolisa aqeqeshiweyo. Babesoyikela ukuba ukubakho kwamapolisa axhobileyo alawulwa ngurhulumente kwakusenokubenza bangayinandiphi ngokupheleleyo inkululeko yabo. Abanye babesoyika ukuba kwakuya kugqibela ngokubakho oontamnani bamapolisa njengabo babekho eFransi ngaphantsi koJoseph Fouché. Noko ke, kwanyanzeleka ukuba bazibuze lo mbuzo, ‘Besiya kuba yintoni ngaphandle kwamapolisa?’

Isixeko saseLondon saba sesona sikhulu nesinobutyebi ehlabathini; ulwaphulo-mthetho lwanda lwaza lwawabeka engozini amashishini. Oonogada basebusuku ababengamatsha-ntliziyo, abantu ababeqeqeshelwe ukubamba amasela, iiBow Street Runners ezazihlawulwa ngabantu zazingakwazi ukukhusela abantu neempahla zabo. Kwincwadi yakhe ethi The English Police: A Political and Social History, uClive Emsley uthi: “Abantu baya beqonda ukuba kwakungafanelanga kubekho ulwaphulo-mthetho nezidubedube phakathi kwebutho labantu abachubekileyo.” Benethemba lokuba izinto zaziya kuhamba kakuhle, abantu baseLondon bagqiba kwelokuba kubekho amapolisa aqeqeshiweyo ngaphantsi koMhlekazi Robert Peel.a NgoSeptemba 1829, amapolisa abizwa ngokuba yiMetropolitan Police, aqalisa ukuhambahamba.

Ukuqalisa kokubakho kwawo, amapolisa aye anika ithemba kwabanye kanti aboyikisile abanye—ithemba lokuba aya kubakhusela noloyiko lokuba aya kulisebenzisa kakubi igunya lawo.

Ukuqalisa Kokubakho Kwamapolisa EMerika

EUnited States, kwaqala ukubakho amapolisa aqeqeshiweyo kwisiXeko saseNew York. Njengoko esi sixeko sasiya sisiba nobutyebi lwanda nolwaphulo-mthetho. Ngeminyaka yee-1830, ntsapho nganye yayifunda iindaba ezothusayo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezazikumaphephandaba amatsha awayengabizi kangako—amaphephandaba epeni. Abantu baqalisa ukukhalaza, yaye ngowe-1845 kwaqalisa ukubakho amapolisa eNew York. Ukususela ngoko abantu baseNew York nabaseLondon babewathanda amapolisa akhoyo kwezo zixeko.

Kanye njengabantu baseNgilani, abantu baseMerika babewoyika umkhosi oxhobileyo olawulwa ngurhulumente. Kodwa la mazwe mabini azicombulula ngendlela eyahlukileyo iingxaki zawo. Abantu baseNgilani bakhetha ukuba namapolisa angamanene aneminqwazi emide nesinxibo esiluhlaza. Ekuphela kwento awayeyiphatha zizigqigqana nje zeentonga. Nangoku, amapolisa aseBritani (iibobbies) akayiphathi imipu ngaphandle kokuba kunyanzelekile. Noko ke, ngokutsho kwenye ingxelo, “kubonakala ngathi ekuhambeni kwexesha . . . amapolisa aseBritani kuza kufuneka axhobe.”

Noko ke, eUnited States ngenxa yokoyika ukuba igunya lisenokusetyenziswa kakubi kwafakwa iSolotya Lesibini kuMgaqo-siseko waseMerika, elinika abantu “ilungelo lokuba babe neMipu.” Ngenxa yoko, amapolisa afuna imipu. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, amapolisa aseMerika ayesebenzisa loo mipu, adubulane nezaphuli-mthetho ezitratweni. Esinye isizathu esabangela ukuba abantu baseMerika bafune ukuba nemipu kungenxa yokuba ngexesha lokuqalisa kokubakho kwamapolisa eUnited States, imeko yalapho yayahluke kakhulu kweyaseLondon. Njengoko abantu babesiya besanda, nobundlobongela bathabath’ unyawo eNew York. Ukuthontelana kwamawaka abantu abavela kwamanye amazwe, uninzi lwabo olwaluvela eYurophu naseAfrika emva kokuqalisa kweMfazwe Yamakhaya ngowe-1861-65 kwabangela iingxwabangxwaba zobuhlanga. Amapolisa abona ukuba ayefanele abhenele ekusebenziseni iindlela eziqatha.

Ngoko ke, ngoxa abantu babengawathandi amapolisa, babeyibona indlela ayingenelo ngayo. Abantu babekulungele ukunyamezela izinto ezingathandekiyo ezazisenziwa ngamapolisa ngethemba lokuba ngomlinganiselo othile kwakunokubakho ucwangco nokhuseleko. Noko ke, kwezinye iindawo ehlabathini, kwakuqalisa uhlobo olwahlukileyo lwamapolisa.

Amapolisa Awoyikekayo

Ebutsheni benkulungwane ye-19, ekuqaliseni kokubakho kwamapolisa, amazwe amaninzi ayelawulwa yiYurophu. Ngokuqhelekileyo, amapolisa aseYurophu ayeqeqeshelwe ukukhusela abalawuli kunokuba akhusele abantu. Kwanabantu baseBritani ababengathandi ukuba kubekho amapolisa axhobe ngemipu kwilizwe labo, babonakala bengayiqondi into yokuba kusetyenziswe umkhosi wamapolisa ukuze kugcinwe ucwangco kumathanga. Kwincwadi yakhe ethi Policing Across the World, uRob Mawby uthi: “Phantse ngalo lonke ixesha lokubakho kwamapolisa kumathanga ayebaphatha ngenkohlakalo abantu, enganyanisekanga, ebadlakazelisa, ebabulala yaye elisebenzisa kakubi igunya lawo.” Emva kokuchaza ukuba ukubakho kwamapolisa kumathanga kwakuneengenelo, kwale ncwadi inye yalek’ umsundulo ngelithi “le nto yaphembelela amazwe ehlabathi ukuba agqale amapolisa njengomkhosi karhulumente kungekhona owabantu.”

Ngenxa yokoyika imvukelo, oorhulumente abalawula ngegqudu bebesoloko besebenzisa abacuphi. Aba bacuphi babencina abantu, bangcungcuthekise baze babulale abo bacingela ukuba bafuna ukubhukuqa urhulumente okanye bababambe kungakhange kuthethwe tyala. AmaNazi ayesebenzisa iGestapo, kwiSoviet Union kwakusetyenziswa iKGB, kanti eMpuma Jamani kwakusetyenziswa iStasi. Umnqa ngowokuba, iStasi yayinabacuphi abali-100 000 noontamnani abamalunga nesiqingatha sesigidi ababejongene nabemi abazizigidi ezili-16. Aba bacuphi babephulaphula abantu abancokola emnxebeni ngalo lonke ixesha baze babhale ingxelo ngomntu ngamnye kwabathathu kubemi balapho. Kwincwadi yakhe ethi Stasi, uJohn Koehler uthi: “Abacuphi beStasi babesenza izinto ngokugabadela yaye bengenalusini. Kwaqeshwa ngobuninzi abefundisi namagosa aphambili amaProtestanti namaKatolika njengoontamnani. Kwiiofisi zabo nakumagumbi okuvuma izono kwakuqhushekwe intaphane yezixhobo zokucholachola iindaba.”

Noko ke, amapolisa awoyikekayo awakho kwiindawo ezinoorhulumente abalawula ngegqudu kuphela. Kuthiwa kwezinye iindawo, abantu bayankwantya xa amapolisa akwizixeko ezikhulu elungisa izinto ngenkohlakalo, ingakumbi xa esenza oko kwiqaqobana labantu. Ligqabaza ngesishiqi esaba ngundaba-mlonyeni eLos Angeles, elinye iphephandaba lathi “ukuqaqadeka kwamapolisa kuthabath’ unyawo kangangokuba kubangele ukuba anikwe igama elitsha: imigewu yamapolisa.”

Ngoko ke, amagosa karhulumente aye azibuza, Amapolisa anokulihlamba njani igama lawo? Ezama ukubonisa igalelo lawo kwintlalontle yoluntu, amapolisa amaninzi aye anikel’ ingqalelo engakumbi kwimisebenzi eyingenelo kwibutho labantu.

Ithemba Lokubakho Kwamapolisa Anceda Uluntu

Inkqubo yamapolisa yokunceda uluntu eJapan iye yathandwa kwamanye amazwe. Amapolisa aseJapan asebenzela kwizikhululo ezincinane ezinceda abantu abakufuphi nazo apho kukho iqela lamapolisa atshintshatshintshanayo. UFrank Leishman waseBritani, ongumhlohli ngezifundo zolwaphulo-mthetho osele enethuba ehlala eJapan uthi: “Umsebenzi omhle owenziwa ngamapolisa akwikoban waziwa nanguthathatha: anceda abantu abalahlekayo kwizitrato zaseJapan ezingenamagama; aboleka abantu abanethwa yimvula iiambrela ezingenabanikazi; aqinisekisa ukuba iisararimen (oosomashishini nabantu abasebenza eziofisini) ezinxilileyo ziyamfumana uloliwe wokugqibela ogodukayo yaye anceda ‘abemi kwiingxaki zabo.’” Inkqubo yokunceda abantu esetyenziswa ngamapolisa alapho ibangele ukuba iJapan idume ngokuba nezitrato onokuhamba kuzo ngokukhululekileyo yaye namanye amazwe ayayinqwenela.

Ngaba le nkqubo inokusebenza nakwezinye iindawo? Abanye abafunda ngolwaphulo-mthetho bayafunda kule nkqubo. Inkqubela eye yenziwa kutshanje kwezonxibelelwano iye yavula umsantsa phakathi kwamapolisa nabantu. Kwizixeko ezininzi namahlanje, kubonakala ngathi umsebenzi wamapolisa kukunceda xa kukho iingxaki ezingxamisekileyo kuphela. Maxa wambi, kubonakala ngathi amapolisa akasazikhathazi ngokulwa ulwaphulo-mthetho. Ngenxa yoko, kuye kwabuyelwa kwinkqubo yokuba abemi bagade iingingqi zabo.

Oonogada Bengingqi

UDewi olipolisa, uthi xa ethetha ngomsebenzi wakhe eWales: “Iphumelela ngokwenene le nkqubo; iyalunciphisa ulwaphulo-mthetho. Umsebenzi woonogada bengingqi kukuqinisekisa ukuba abantu baloo ndawo bakhuselekile. Siba neentlanganiso ukuze sazane njengabamelwane, sinikane amagama neenombolo zomnxeba size sixubushe ngendlela esinokuluthintela ngayo ulwaphulo-mthetho. Ndiyawuthanda lo msebenzi kuba wenza ukuba kuphinde kubekho ubudlelane phakathi kwabamelwane. Abamelwane badla ngokungazani. Lo msebenzi wenza ukuba abantu baqhelane.” Kwakhona uphucula ubudlelane phakathi kwamapolisa nabantu.

Kanti uye wakhuthaza amapolisa ukuba abe novelwano ngabantu abangamaxhoba. Isazi esidumileyo ngokuphatha amaxhoba esingumDatshi, uJan van Dijk sabhala sathi: “Amapolisa amele afundiswe ukuba indlela abaphatha ngayo abantu xa esemsebenzini ibaluleke njengendlela ugqirha abaphatha ngayo abaguli.” Nangoku, kwiindawo ezininzi amapolisa alubetha ngoyaba ugonyamelo lwasekhaya nokudlwengula. Kodwa uRob Mawby uthi: “Kodwa noko kutshanje iya iphucuka indlela amapolisa alujonga ngayo ugonyamelo lwasekhaya nokudlwengula. Sekunjalo, kusafuneka ephucule.” Phantse onke amapolisa kufuneka ephucule kumbandela wokusebenzisa kakubi igunya.

Uloyiko Lokunganyaniseki Kwamapolisa

Maxa wambi, ukulindela ukukhuselwa ngamapolisa kunokubonakala kububuyatha, ingakumbi xa usiva ngeengxelo zokunganyaniseki kwawo. Iingxelo ezifana nezi zazikho ukususela mhla kwaqala ukubakho kwamapolisa. Xa yayithetha ngowe-1855, incwadi ethi NYPD—A City and Its Police yakubeka elubala ukuba “kubantu abaninzi baseNew York kuya kusiba nzima ukwahlula umgulukudu kwipolisa.” Incwadi ethi Faces of Latin America ebhalwe nguDuncan Green, ithi amapolisa alapho “adume ngokunganyaniseki, ngokungawenzi kakuhle umsebenzi wawo, nokungabi naxesha lamalungelo abantu.” Umphathi wamapolisa aseLatin America ali-14 000 wathi: “Ubunokulindela ntoni xa ipolisa lisamkela umvuzo ongaphantsi kwee-$100 [R1 200] ngenyanga? Liya kuthini ke ukungasamkeli isinyobo?”

Kwande kangakanani ukunganyaniseki kwamapolisa? Impendulo ixhomekeke kulowo ubuza kuye. Ipolisa lakuMntla Merika elichithe iminyaka eliqela lisebenza kwisixeko esinabantu abali-100 000 lithi: “Ngokuqinisekileyo akho amapolisa anganyanisekanga, kodwa uninzi lwawo lunyanisekile. Mna ndibona ngolo hlobo.” Kwelinye icala, omnye osebenze njengomphandi wolwaphulo-mthetho kangangeminyaka engama-26 kwelinye ilizwe, uthi: “Ndingathi ukunganyaniseki kukho phantse kuyo yonke indawo. Ambalwa kakhulu amapolisa anyanisekileyo. Xa ipolisa liye kuhlola indlu eqhekeziweyo lize lifumane imali, mhlawumbi liya kuyithabatha. Ukuba lifumana impahla ebibiwe, liya kuzithabathela kuyo.” Yintoni ebangela ukuba amanye amapolisa anganyaniseki?

Xa esaqala, amanye aba nemilinganiselo efanelekileyo aze athi kamva asulelwe kukunganyaniseki kwabo asebenza nabo aze abandakanyeke kwizinto ezingafanelekanga ngenxa yokusebenza ngezaphuli-mthetho. Incwadi ethi What Cops Know icaphula elinye ipolisa elisebenza eChicago lisithi: “Amapolisa abuqhelile ububi. Asoloko engqongwe bububi. Abubamba ngezandla . . . ayabungcamla . . . abujoje . . . abuphulaphule . . . yaye afanele athethe amatyala aphathelele ububi.” Ukusoloko engqongwe bububi ngaloo ndlela, kunokuwabangela anganyaniseki.

Nangona amapolisa esenza umsebenzi oxabisekileyo, kodwa usenawo amakhwiniba. Ngaba likho ithemba lokuba izinto ziya kuze zibe bhetele?

[Umbhalo osemazantsi]

[Ibhokisi/Imifanekiso ekwiphepha 8, 9]

“Niyawubona Na Indlela Omhle Ngayo Umsebenzi Weebobbies ZaseBritani?”

IBritani yaba phakathi kwamazwe okuqala awanandipha inyhweba yokuba namapolisa aqeqeshiweyo. Abantu balapho babefuna ukuba izinto zenzeke ngolungelelwano—kanye njengenqwelo yamahashe eyayihamba ngexesha. Ngowe-1829 iNtloko Yemicimbi Yezangaphakathi, uMhlekazi Robert (Bobby) Peel, waphembelela amalungu ePalamente ukuba agunyazise ubukho beMetropolitan Police eLondon, ekomkhulu layo laliza kuba seScotland Yard. Nakuba ekuqaleni iibobbies zazingathandwa ngabantu ngenxa yokulwa ngokungqongqo nobunxila nokungcakaza ezitratweni, ekuhambeni kwexesha zathandwa kakhulu.

Ngowe-1851, ngebhongo, iLondon yamemela abantu behlabathi lonke kowona Mboniso Mkhulu ukuze baze kuzibonela impumelelo yezorhwebo kwilizwe laseBritani. Iindwendwe zazingawuvali umlomo xa zibona indlela izitrato ezilungelelene ngayo, kungekho manxila, kungekho nongogo nazibhadubhadu. Amapolisa alapho awayewazi umsebenzi wawo, ayephathisa abantu impahla yabo, ebanceda ukuwela indlela aze akhwelise abantu abakhulileyo eziteksini. Yiloo nto eyabangela ukuba abantu baseBritani kunye neendwendwe ezivela kwamanye amazwe bathi, “Niyawubona na indlela omhle ngayo umsebenzi weebobbies zaseBritani?”

Zazibonakala zikwazi ukuthintela ulwaphulo-mthetho, kangangokuba ngowe-1873 umphathi wamapolisa aseChester wacinga ukuba ekugqibeleni ulwaphulo-mthetho olulungelelanisiweyo luya kutshayelwa kuthi tu! Amapolisa alungiselela ukuba kubekho iinqwelo zokuthutha abantu abagulayo nezicima-mlilo. Amisela imibutho yokunceda abasweleyo, apho abantu babefumana izihlangu neempahla. Amanye aseka imibutho yokunceda amakhwenkwe ukuze aphumelele ebomini, alungiselela ukuba kukhenkethwe kubekho neendawo zokuhlala abakhenkethi.

Kakade ke, zazikho iingxaki phakathi kwala mapolisa matsha xa kufuneka kohlwaywe lawo anganyanisekanga nakhohlakeleyo. Kodwa uninzi lwawo lwalukuvuyela ukugcina ucwangco ngaphandle kokuba ngqwabalala. Ngowe-1853, amapolisa aseWigan, eLancashire, kwafuneka aye kunqanda ugwayimbo lwabasebenzi basemgodini. Ipolisa elikhaliphileyo nelalikhokela amadoda alishumi kuphela alizange livume kwaphela ukusebenzisa imipu yomnini-mgodi. Ileta eyafunyanwa nguHector Macleod ngowe-1886, owaba lipolisa njengoyise, ichaza isimo sengqondo esabakho emva koko. Ngokwendlela ecatshulwe ngayo kwiThe English Police, yathi: “Xa ungqwabalala, akuthandwa ngabantu . . . Eyona nto iphambili kum ngabantu kuba xa ulipolisa usisicaka sabo bantu usebenza phakathi kwabo, yaye yimbopheleleko yakho ukuba ubanelise uze kwangaxeshanye wanelise nomphathi wakho.”

UHayden, owayelipolisa leMetropolitan Police nosele esidla umhlala-phantsi uthi: “Sasifundiswa ukuba singaze sibaphathe ngqwabalala abantu kuba ukuze uphumelele njengepolisa kufuneka uxhaswe ngabo. Izigqigqana zethu zeentonga sasizisebenzisa xa kunzima ngokwenene kangangokuba inkoliso yamapolisa yayingazisebenzisi kwaukuzisebenzisa.” Enye into eyaba negalelo ekuthandweni kweebobbies zaseBritani yinkqubo kamabonwakude iDixon of Dock Green eyayithandwa kakhulu eyadlala kangangeminyaka engama-21 eyayithetha ngepolisa elinyanisekileyo elalisazi wonke umntu kummandla elisebenza kuwo. Mhlawumbi yawakhuthaza amapolisa ukuba alandele loo mzekelo, yaye ngokuqinisekileyo yabangela ukuba abemi baseBritani bawathande ngakumbi amapolisa alapho.

Abantu baseBritani batshintsha ngeminyaka yee-1960, bayeka ukuzidla ngamapolisa abo baza baqalisa ukungabathembi abasemagunyeni. Nakuba ayesenza unako nako wokufumana inkxaso yabantu ngokumisela oonogada beengingqi, iingxelo zamapolisa anganyanisekanga nanobuhlanga zalingcolisa igama lawo ngeminyaka yee-1970. Kutshanje, emva kwezityholo eziliqela zobuhlanga nokuqulunqa ubungqina bobuxoki ukuze kuvalelwe abantu abangenatyala, amapolisa aye azama ukuphucula indlela enza ngayo.

[Inkcazelo]

Photograph above: http://www.constabulary.com

[Ibhokisi/Umfanekiso okwiphepha 10]

Asingommangaliso Na Into Eyenzeka ENew York?

Xa amapolisa ezimisele kumsebenzi wawo, kudla ngokubakho imiphumo emihle. Kangangethuba elide, isiXeko saseNew York besigqalwa njengesona siyingozi ehlabathini, yaye ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yee-1980 kwabonakala ngathi amapolisa oyisiwe lulwaphulo-mthetho. Ukudodobala kwezoqoqosho kwanyanzela isigqeba esilawula eso sixeko ukuba singayinyusi imivuzo yamapolisa size siphungule inani lawo. Ukurhweba ngeziyobisi kwathabath’ unyawo nto leyo eyabangela ugonyamelo olungathethekiyo. Babesithi belele nje abantu abahlala kumbindi wesixeko, kube kudutyulwana ngaphandle. Ngowe-1991, kwabakho izixholoxholo zobuhlanga yaye namapolisa kwelawo icala ayengayekanga ukugwayimba evakalisa ezawo izikhalazo.

Noko ke, umphathi omtsha wamapolisa wawakhuthaza amapolisa awayesebenza phantsi kwakhe, yaye wayedla ngokudibanisa iintloko kunye nawo ukuze babonisane ngeendlela ababenokuwuphumeza ngazo umsebenzi wabo kwimimandla eyahlukahlukeneyo. Kwincwadi yabo ethi NYPD, uJames Lardner noThomas Reppetto bathi: “Amapolisa aphethe amacandelo ayedla ngokufunda kumaphephandaba kuphela ngomphathi wabacuphi okanye intloko yeNarcotics Bureau, engafane adibane nabo. Kodwa ngoku ayekwazi ukuhlala nabo kangangeeyure eziliqela.” Emva koko, ulwaphulo-mthetho lwehla ngendlela ephawulekayo. Kuthiwa nenani labantu ababulawayo laya lincipha ukusuka kubantu abamalunga nama-2 000 ngowe-1993 laya kutsho kwabangama-633 ngowe-1998—nani elo elingazange libekho kwisithuba seminyaka engama-35. Abantu baseNew York bamangaliswa kakhulu yile nto. Kule minyaka isibhozo idluleyo, ulwaphulo-mthetho oluye lwaxelwa emapoliseni luye lwehla lwaya kutsho kuma-64 ekhulwini.

Yintoni eyaphucula iimeko ngolu hlobo? IThe New York Times kaJanuwari 1, 2002, yathi enye into ebe negalelo yiCompstat, “inkqubo yekhompyutha yokuhlola iziganeko zolwaphulo-mthetho kwimimandla ngemimandla veki nganye ukuze amapolisa akwazi ukubona iingxaki ngokukhawuleza aze anikel’ uncedo ngoko nangoko.” Owayesakuba ngumphathi wamapolisa uBernard Kerik wathi: “Sasihlola iindawo ezinolwaphulo-mthetho, nezinto ezilubangelayo size sithumele imikhosi [yamapolisa] nezixhobo anokuzisebenzisa ukuqinisekisa ukuba loo ndawo isesweni. Salunciphisa ngaloo ndlela ulwaphulo-mthetho.”

[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 7]

Isikhululo samapolisa saseJapan

[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 7]

Amagosa endlela eHong Kong

[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 8, 9]

Ukulawula izihlwele kumdlalo webhola ekhatywayo eNgilani

[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 9]

Phakathi kwezinye izinto ezenziwa ngamapolisa kukunceda amaxhoba eengozi