Yintoni Ephosakeleyo Ngokungcakaza?

“Abantu baseOstreliya abamalunga nama-290 000 banengxaki yokungcakaza yaye nyaka ngamnye bangoonobangela belahleko emalunga nee-$3 zamawaka ezigidi [ii-R35 zamawaka ezigidi]. Oku akuchaphazeli aba bantu banengxaki yokungcakaza nje kuphela, kodwa kuqikelelwa ukuba abantu abasisi-1,5 lesigidi bachaphazeleka ngokuthe ngqo kuba basala behlwempuzekile, imitshato yabo iyaqhawuka, abanye bayazibulala ukanti liba lininzi nexesha abalichitha bengekho emsebenzini.”—UJ. Howard, inkulumbuso yaseOstreliya, ngowe-1999.

UJOHN, ekuthethwe ngaye kwinqaku elingaphambili, waba nengxaki yokungcakaza.a Wafudukela eOstreliya, apho wafika watshata noLinda, naye owayengcakaza. UJohn waya ekuthanda ngakumbi ukungcakaza. Uthi: “Andizange ndanele nje ukuthenga amatikiti e-lottery kodwa ndandibheja amahashe, ndisiya nakwiindawo zokungcakaza. Ukungcakaza kwakusele kuyinto yemihla ngemihla kum. Maxa wambi ndandingcakaza ngomvuzo wam wonke, kungasali nale yokuhlawula indlu okanye yokuthenga ukutya. Ndandingayeki ukungcakaza nokuba sele ndifumene isityhwentywe semali. Eyona nto ndandiyithanda kakhulu ngalo mkhwa kukuzuza imali.”

Baninzi abantu abanjengoJohn. Kubonakala ngathi zonke iindidi zabantu zasulelwe ngulo mkhwa. Iphephancwadi iUSA Today lathi phakathi kowe-1976 nowe-1997, yanda ngama-3 200 ekhulwini imali eyachithwa ekungcakazeni ngokusemthethweni kwelaseUnited States.

Iphephandaba laseKhanada iThe Globe and Mail lithi: “Ukungcakaza kwakufudula kugqalwa njengento engafanelekanga nephosakeleyo. Kodwa namhlanje kugqalwa njengendlela eyamkelekileyo yokuzonwabisa.” Lichaza ngesinye isizathu sokutshintsha kwesimo sengqondo sabantu lathi: “Sele sitshintshile nje isimo sengqondo sabantu ngokuphathelele ukungcakaza, zizibhengezo zentengiso ezibiza imali eninzi ezixhaswa ngurhulumente kweli lizwe laseKhanada.” Imigudu yokukhuthaza ukungcakaza inayiphi impembelelo kwabanye abantu?

Ukwanda Kwengxaki Yokungcakaza

Ngokutsho kohlolisiso olwenziwe yiHarvard Medical School Division on Addictions, ngowe-1996 “abantu abakhulu baseMerika abazizigidi ezisisi-7,5 babenengxaki yokungcakaza, abanye bengamakhoboka ako ukanti nolutsha oluzizigidi ezisisi-7,9 lwalunengxaki yokungcakaza, olunye lungamakhoboka ako.” La manani afakwa kwingxelo yeNational Gambling Impact Study Commission (NGISC), eyayidlulisela kwiU.S. Congress. Le ngxelo yathi kusenokwenzeka ukuba abantu baseMerika abanengxaki yokungcakaza bangaphezulu lee kwelo nani.

Ilizwe laseUnited States lilahlekelwa ngamawaka ezigidi zeedola minyaka le, ngenxa yokuphulukana kwabantu nemisebenzi, ukwaphukelwa kwabo yimpilo, ukuhlawula kukarhulumente abo bangaphangeliyo, nokunceda abantu abanengxaki yokungcakaza. Eli nani aliyichazi yonke intlungu ebangelwa kukungcakaza—ukubandezeleka kwentsapho, abahlobo nabantu abasebenza nomntu onengxaki yokungcakaza, nentlungu yokubelwa, ukuqhathwa, ukuzibulala, ugonyamelo entsatsheni nokuxhatshazwa kwabantwana. Kuhlolisiso olwenziwe eOstreliya kufunyaniswe ukuba ngenxa yomntu omnye onengxaki yokungcakaza, kunokuchaphazeleka abantu abanokuba lishumi. Ingxelo yeNational Research Council yaseUnited States ithi bafikelela “kuma-50 ekhulwini abantu ababethwa ngamaqabane abo angamakhoboka okungcakaza ngokunjalo nabantwana abali-10 ekhulwini bayabethwa ngabazali abangamakhoboka alo mkhwa.”

Umkhwa Owasulelayo

Njengezinye izifo, kubonakala ngathi umntu onengxaki yokungcakaza unokuyisulela kubantwana bakhe. Ingxelo yeNGISC ithi: “Abantwana babantu abangamakhoboka okungcakaza banokubandakanyeka kwimikhuba yobunjubaqa njengokutshaya, ukusela nokusebenzisa iziyobisi yaye nabo basesichengeni sokuba nengxaki yokungcakaza okanye babe ngamakhoboka ako.” Kwakhona le ngxelo ilumkisa ngelithi, “umlisela nomthinjana ongcakazayo ngowona usesichengeni sokuba nengxaki yokungcakaza nokuba ngamakhoboka ako kunokuba kunjalo ngabantu abakhulu.”

UGqr. Howard J. Shaffer, umalathisi weHarvard Medical School’s Division on Addiction Studies, uthi: “Kukho intaphane yobungqina obubonisa ukuba umlinganiselo wokungcakaza kolutsha ngokungekho mthethweni uyalingana okanye ungaphezu komlinganiselo wabo bangcakaza ngokusemthethweni.” Ebhekisela ekusetyenzisweni kakubi kobugcisa be-Internet ngamakhoboka okungcakaza, uthi: “Njengoko abantu ababefudula besebenzisa i-cocaine baye bachewuka kukusebenzisa i-crack cocaine, ndicinga ukuba nobugcisa be-elektroniki buza kwenza abantu bakuthande ngakumbi ukungcakaza.”

Ishishini lokungcakaza lidla ngokwenziwa libonakale njengendlela yokuzonwabisa engenabungozi. Kodwa kumlisela nomthinjana, ukungcakaza kusenokukhobokisa njengaso nasiphi na isiyobisi esingekho mthethweni yaye kunokubangela ukuba ube zizikrelemnqa. Uhlolisiso olwenziwa eUnited Kingdom lwadiza ukuba phakathi komlisela nomthinjana ongcakazayo “ama-46 ekhulwini kuwo ayebela iintsapho zakwamawawo” ukuze axhase lo mkhwa.

Ngaphandle kwezi zinto zikhankanywe ngasentla, omnye umbutho okhuthaza ukungcakaza ukuthethelela ngelithi: “Inkoliso yabantu baseMerika abakuthandayo ukungcakaza abanayo nencinane ingxaki.” Kwanokuba uvakalelwa kukuba ukungcakaza akuyongxaki kuwe ngokuphathelele imali nempilo yakho, kuthekani ngempilo yakho yokomoya? Ngaba zikho izizathu ezivakalayo zokuphepha ukungcakaza? Le mibuzo iza kuphendulwa kwinqaku elilandelayo.

[Umbhalo osemazantsi]

[Ibhokisi/Imifanekiso ekwiphepha 4, 5]

Ngaba Ndinengxaki Yokungcakaza?

Ngokutsho kweAmerican Psychiatric Association, iimpawu ezikwiphepha 5 zinokukunceda ubone enoba ulikhoboka lokungcakaza kusini na. Iingcali ezininzi ziyavuma ukuba xa uneempawu ezininzi kwezi zichazwe ngezantsi, unengxaki yokungcakaza, yaye ukuba unolunye lwazo usengozini yokuba nengxaki yokungcakaza.

Ukusoloko ucinga ngokungcakaza Usoloko ucinga ngokungcakaza—ucinga ngeendlela oye wazisebenzisa ngaphambili ekungcakazeni, uceba iindlela zokungcakaza kwixa elizayo okanye ucinga ngeendlela zokufumana imali yokungcakaza.

Ukuzinikela ekungcakazeni Ufuna imali engakumbi yokungcakaza ukuze uhlale unemincili.

Ukungakwazi ukuzikhwebula Akuzinzi okanye uyacaphuka xa uzama ukuzikhwebula kulo mkhwa wokungcakaza.

Ukucima iintsizi Ubhenela ekungcakazeni xa uneengxaki ezithile okanye uziva ungento, unesazela, uxhalabile okanye udandathekile.

Ukuleqeka emva kwalo mkhwa Emva kokuba imali yakho ityiwe ekungcakazeni, uvukela khona ngemini elandelayo ngelokuzama ukufumana loo mali ikulahlekeleyo. Xa usenza loo nto kuthiwa uleqeka emva kwalo mkhwa.

Ukuxoka Uxokisa intsapho yakho, oogqirha okanye abanye abantu ngelokuzama ukufihla ukubandakanyeka kwakho ekungcakazeni.

Ukungakwazi ukuzibamba Kudala uzama ukuyeka okanye ukunciphisa kulo mkhwa wokungcakaza kodwa utsho phantsi.

Izenzo Zolwaphulo-mthetho Uye wabandakanyeka kwizenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho, njengobuqhetseba, ubusela okanye ukukhohlisa ukuze ufumane imali yokungcakaza.

Ukubeka esichengeni ubuhlobo obunabo nabantu ababalulekileyo Uye wabek’ esichengeni okanye waphelelwa bubuhlobo obunabo nabantu ababalulekileyo, waphulukana namathuba okuzuza imfundo okanye umsebenzi ngenxa yokungcakaza.

Ukuthembela kuncedo lwabanye Uthembele kwabanye ukuba bakuncede ngemali xa usengxakini ngenxa yokungcakaza.

[Inkcazelo]

Umthombo: INational Opinion Research Center at the University of Chicago, iGemini Research, ne-The Lewin Group.

[Ibhokisi/Umfanekiso okwiphepha 7]

Eyona Nto Ikhuthazwa Zizibhengezo Zelottery

Kwingxelo eyadluliselwa kwiNational Gambling Impact Study Commission, abaphengululi beDuke University yaseUnited States bathi: “Ukubhengeza i-lottery . . . kusenokugqalwa njengendlela yokufundisa abantu ngemilinganiselo yokuziphatha, kufundiswe abantu ukuba ukungcakaza yindlela yokuzonwabisa engenabungozi okanye yinto efanelekileyo.” Eneneni, izibhengezo zokungcakaza zinayiphi impembelelo kuluntu ngokubanzi? Le ngxelo ithi: “Asikokuzibaxa izinto ukuthi eyona nto ziyenzayo ezi zibhengezo ze-lottery kukubulala ingqondo—kuba zithi impumelelo ixhomekeke ekukhetheni nje inani elifanelekileyo. Le ‘mfundiso’ igqwethekileyo iququzelelwa ngamaziko e-lottery isenokumchana urhulumente kuba ekuhambeni kwexesha inokudodobalisa uqoqosho. Ngeliphandle, ukuba ukubhengezwa kwe-lottery kwenza abantu bangafuni kuphangela, bangafuni kuzibekela imali, bangasebenzisi imali ekuzifundiseni, ekugqibeleni, loo nto inokudodobalisa inkqubela. Eneneni, ngokuqhelekileyo, asifundisi abantwana bethu ukuba babeke ithemba labo ekuphumeleleni ngamabona-ndenzile.”

[Ibhokisi/Umfanekiso okwiphepha 8]

Naliphi Na Ikhaya Linokuba Yindawo Yokungcakaza

Ngeqhezu nje lemali ekwakhiwa ngayo amaziko amatsha okungcakaza, imibutho yokungcakaza ngoku yenza iiWeb sites ezinokubangela ukuba ekugqibeleni khaya ngalinye elisebenzisa i-Internet libe yindawo yokungcakaza. Phakathi kwiminyaka yee-1990, ebemalunga nama-25 amajelo okungcakaza kwi-Internet. Ngowama-2001 bekukho amajelo angaphezu kwe-1 200 yaye imali ebifunyanwa ngokungcakaza kwi-Internet ibiphindaphindeka nyaka ngamnye. Ngowe-1997 amajelo okungcakaza enze ingeniso ezii-$300 ezigidi. Ngowe-1998 aye athi kratya ngee-$650 ezigidi. Kanti, ngowama-2000, ijelo lokungcakaza kwi-Internet lenza ingeniso yee-$2,2 zamawaka ezigidi, ibe ngowama-2003 “kulindeleke ukuba elo nani liye kutsho kwii-$6,4 zamawaka ezigidi,” itsho njalo ingxelo yeendaba yeReuters.

[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 6]

Intlungu ebangelwa yingxaki yokungcakaza ebantwini, ziintsapho ezisala zingenamali yokuthenga ukutya

[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 7]

Ukungcakaza kwabantu abaselula kwanda ngendlela exhomis’ amehlo

[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 8]

Abantwana bamakhoboka okungcakaza basengozini yokuba nabo babe nengxaki yokungcakaza