Unxibelelwano Kwihlabathi Elisingqongileyo
“Ngaphandle konxibelelwano, silwanyana ngasinye besiya kufana nesiqithi esimi sodwa kwanti.”—The Language of Animals.
KWIHLATHI elincinane, ethafeni okanye kwisitiya sakho kusenokwenzeka ukuba kukho iqela lezilwanyana ezinxibelelanayo. Incwadi ethi The Language of Animals ithi: “Izilwanyana zisebenzisa zonke izivamvo zazo, amalungu omzimba nokuma ngendlela ethile; amavumba angatsarhiyo—okanye lawo atsarhayo njengeleqaqa xa lisoyika; ziyatswina, zigxwale, zintyiloze zize zikhonye; zinxibelelane ngamaza omoya; ngokukhanya kwazo okumibalabala; ziguquguqule imibala yazo; ‘zingqungqe;’ zingqishe de kunyikime umhlaba kuloo ndawo zihamba kuyo.” Noko ke, yintoni ebangela ukuba zenze yonke le nto?
Ngokuhlolisisa ngenyameko, izazinzulu ziya ziyiqonda indlela ezinxibelelana ngayo izilwanyana. Ngokomzekelo, ziye zaphawula ukuba xa umqhagi ubona utshaba lwawo luhamba phantsi, ukhonya ngelizwi eliphezulu uthi kuk, kuk, kuk ukuze ulumkise ezinye iinkuku. Kodwa xa ubona ukhetshe, uthi kro-o-o nje kube kanye. Sihlandlo ngasinye usenza le ngxolo ezinye iinkuku ziyayazi into emaziyenze, into ebonisa ukuba unxibelelwano lwazo lunentsingiselo. Kuye kwafunyaniswa ukuba zikho nezinye iintaka ezikwenzayo oku.
Incwadi ethi Songs, Roars, and Rituals ithi: “Enye yeendlela eziphambili zokufunda ngendlela ezinxibelelana ngayo izilwanyana, kukurekhoda izinto ezibangel’ umdla ezizenzayo uze uphinde uzidlale phambi kwezinye izilwanyana ukuze ubone indlela ezisabela ngayo.” Uhlolisiso olwenziwa kwiinkuku lwaba nemiphumo efanayo nolo lwenziwa kwizilwanyana zasendle. Le nkqubo iyasebenza nakwizigcawu. Ukuze kuqondwe eyona nto itsalela imazi yesigcawu—kwinkunzi ejiwuzisa imilenze yayo yangaphambili enoboya—abaphandi benza olu hlolisiso besebenzisa umatshini wevidiyo, baza basusa uboya kuloo milenze isemfanekisweni ngekhompyutha. Xa baphinda badlala loo mfanekiso phambi kwaloo mazi, yaphelelwa ngumdla ngokukhawuleza. Yintoni abayifundayo koku? Bafunda ukuba imazi yesigcawu itsaleleka kwinkunzi enemilenze enoboya kuphela!
Ukunxibelelana Ngevumba
Izilwanyana ezininzi zinxibelelana ngokukhupha imichiza enamandla ekuthiwa ziipheromones, ngokuqhelekileyo eziphuma kumadlala athile, okanye zibe semchameni okanye kwilindle lazo. Kanye njengokuba umntu ebiyela umzi kwakhe ngocingo aze afake inombolo, nezilwanyana ezithile, kuquka izinja neekati zisebenzisa iipheromones xa zibonisa okanye zichaza ummandla wazo. Nakuba ingabonakali, le michiza iluncedo ekuphawuleni ummandla wezilwanyana ukuze izilwanyana zohlobo olufanayo zicezele kude kwesinye.
Noko ke, iipheromones azipheleli nje ekuphawuleni ummandla wesilwanyana. Le michiza ifana nebhodi yezibhengezo “efundwa” ngomdla omkhulu zezinye izilwanyana. Incwadi ethi How Animals Communicate, ithi “kusenokwenzeka ukuba le michiza iqulethe nenkcazelo engakumbi ephathelele isilwanyana esihlala kuloo mmandla, njengobudala baso, enoba siyinkunzi okanye siyimazi, amandla aso nezinye iinkcukacha eziphathelele ukuvelisa kwaso inzala . . . Ivumba elikummandla wesilwanyana lifana nencwadi yesazisi equlethe inkcazelo yomniniyo.” Siyaqondakala isizathu sokuba ezinye izilwanyana zikujonga njengento ebalulekileyo ukuphawula ummandla wazo ngevumba—nto leyo eyaziwa kakuhle ngabagcini bezilwanyana. Abagcini bezilwanyana baye baphawula ukuba, xa begqiba kucoca iindawo ezihlala izilwanyana, ezininzi kuzo ziphinda ziwuphawule ngokukhawuleza loo mmandla wazo. Enyanisweni, le ncwadi ithi, “xa zingaliva ivumba lazo ziyanxunguphala yaye zisenokuba nemikhwa engaqhelekanga de ziyeke nokuzala.”
Iipheromones zidlala indima ebalulekileyo nakwizinambuzane. Ngokomzekelo, iipheromones ezichaza ukuba kukho ingozi zibangela ukuba izinambuzane ziqokelelane ndawonye zize zihlasele utshaba. Ezinye iipheromones zenza izinambuzane ziqokelelane kwindawo enokutya okanye kwindawo efanelekileyo ezinokuhlala kuyo. Ezinye iipheromones zichaza nomnqweno wesini, yaye kukho izinambuzane ezikhawulezayo ukuziva. Kukho ibhabhathane eliyinkunzi elineempondo ezimbini ezincinane ezikhangeleka okwegqabi lefern. Ezi mpondo zibukhali kangangokuba zinokuva imolekyuli enye yeepheromones zemazi! Xa ezi molekyuli zimalunga nama-200 zibangela ukuba inkunzi iqalise ukukhangela imazi. Noko ke, asizozilwanyana kuphela ezikwaziyo ukusebenzisa imichiza ukuze zinxibelelane.
Izityalo “Ezithethayo”
Ngaba ubusazi ukuba izityalo ziyakwazi ukunxibelelana yaye ziyakwazi nokunxibelelana nezilwanyana ezithile? Iphephancwadi iDiscover lithi abaphandi baseNetherlands baye baphawula ukuba xa iilima beans zihlaselwa ngamangolwane zikhupha imichiza etsala iirhorho eziza kutya loo mangolwane. Ngokufanayo, xa umbona, icuba nomqhaphu, uhlaselwa yiminyiki, ukhupha imichiza eza kutsala oonomeva—utshaba olukhulu lweminyiki. Omnye umphandi wathi: “Izityalo azipheleli nje ekuthini, ‘Siyafa,’ ziluchaza ngokungqalileyo nolo tshaba lufikileyo. Le nkqubo intsonkothe ngeyona ndlela yaye iyamangalisa.”
Imangalisa gqitha indlela ezinxibelelana ngayo izityalo. Ngokutsho kweDiscover, abaphandi “bafumanise ukuba imithi yomngcunube, yompapiri, yomqwashube neyebirch iyakwazi ukuyiphulaphula eminye yohlobo olufanayo yaye izithole zerhasi ziyakwazi ukuphulaphulana. Xa zisonakaliswa, enoba zityiwa yiminyiki, okanye zihlaselwa yifungus okanye ukungunda [mhlawumbi] ngamangolwane, . . . ezi zityalo zikhupha imichiza ebangela ukuba izityalo ezikufuphi ezingekonakaliswa ziqalise ukuzikhusela.” Le michiza ibangela ukuba nezinye izityalo zohlobo olwahlukileyo ziqalise ukuzikhusela.
Xa sihlaselwa okanye kukho into esisongelayo, isityalo siqalisa ukuzikhusela. Oku kuzikhusela kuquka ukukhupha ityhefu eza kubulala ezo zinambuzane okanye imichiza eza kwenza eso sinambuzane singakwazi ukwetyisa eso sityalo. Uphando lwexesha elizayo ngalo mbandela ubangela umdla, lunokukhokelela ekufumaneni ulwazi olungakumbi olunokuba luncedo kwezolimo.
‘Ukunxibelelana’ Ngokukhanya
Kwinqaku lakhe elithetha ngeenkanyezi uSusan Tweit, osisazi ngezinto eziphilayo nemekobume uthi: “Ukukhanya kwazo okudanyaza emoyeni kulitsho elo hlomela dolophu ndihlala kulo libe lihle ngendlela emangalisayo.” Aba qongqothwane basebenzisa ukukhanya “xa belumkisa abanye okanye xa befuna iqabane,” utsho lo kaTweit. Ukukhanya kwabo kuba luhlaza, kube mthubi okanye kube orenji. Ekubeni iimazi zingafane zibhabhe, iinkanyezi esidla ngokuzibona zidanyaza ziinkunzi.—Bona ibhokisi ethi “Ilitha Elibandayo Lenkanyezi.”
Kwiintlobo zeenkanyezi ezili-1 900, ngalunye ludanyaza ngendlela yalo eyahlukileyo. Inkanyezi isenokumana idanyaza kube kathathu icime rhoqo emva komzuzwana okanye idanyaze ngokuphindaphindiweyo emva kwezihlandlo ezahlukahlukeneyo. Xa ikhangela iqabane, inkunzi iyabhabha ikhupha ukukhanya okuchaza ukuba ifuna iqabane. Iphephancwadi iAudubon lithi: “Imazi ithi yakuyiqonda le ndlela yokudanyaza, nayo idanyaze isithi ‘Ndim lo’ ngexesha elifanelekileyo kolo hlobo lwenkanyezi.” Emva koko inkunzi iyasiqonda eso simemo senziwa ngaphandle kwengxolo ibe sele ibhabha isiya kuloo mazi.
Iintaka Eziyimilonji Evunyiweyo
Kwincwadi yakhe ethi The Life of Birds uDavid Attenborough uthi: “Asikho esinye isilwanyana esakha savelisa iingoma ezahlukahlukeneyo nezintsonkothe njengezentaka.” Xa intaka icula ilizwi layo aliphumi mqaleni koko liphuma kwisyrinx esesifubeni, ekudibaneni koqhoqhoqho nemiphunga.
Iintaka zizalwa zikwazi ukucula, kodwa ezinye iingoma zizifunda kubazali bazo. Ngoko ke, iintaka ezifanayo zinokucula ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo kuxhomekeka kwindawo ezihlala kuyo. Incwadi ethi The Life of Birds ithi: “Amasomi ayinzala yalawo asiwa eOstreliya kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba kusenzelwa ukonwabisa abemi baseYurophu abekwelo ngeengoma zelizwe labo, ngoku acula ngendlela yaseOstreliya eyahlukileyo.” Kuthiwa phantse zonke iingoma zayo ezintsonkothileyo neziluncuthu, inkunzi yelyrebird izifunda kwezinye iintaka. Enyanisweni, ilyrebird inesiphiwo sokulinganisa kangangokuba inokulinganisa phantse nasiphi na isandi esivayo—kuquka izixhobo zomculo, izinja ezikhonkothayo, ialarm isithonga sezembe nengxolo yekhamera! Kakade ke, eyona njongo yako konke oku kulinganisa kukutsala iqabane.
Izinqolamthi, ngokuqhelekileyo ezisebenzisa imilomo yazo xa zifuna ukutya, zezona ntaka zingamachule ekunqoleni izinto kuze kuphume isandi, yaye zinokunxibelelana nezinye iintaka ngokunqola isikhondo okanye isebe lomthi. UAttenborough uthi ezinye zide “zisebenzise izinto ezintsha ezinesandi esitsho kamnandi . . . , njengophahla lwamazinki, okanye itshimini yesitovu.” Kwakhona iintaka ziyakwazi ukunxibelelana nezinye xa zibonana, enoba ziyacula okanye ngezinye iindlela. Ngokomzekelo, zisenokunxibelelana ngokuveza iintsiba zazo ezinemibala emihle.
Xa ifuna kwaziwe ummandla wayo, inkunzi yesikhwenene saseOstreliya ekuthiwa yipalm cockatoo yenza izinto ezahlukeneyo—iphatha kunqola izinto, ivume ingoma, itsho ngomngqungqo onesingqi yaye iqhayise ngeentsiba zayo. Ithi nqothu isebe, ilibambe ngamanqina ize ilibethe kwisikhondo somthi esomileyo. Kwangaxeshanye, ithi naa amaphiko, idlisele ngesacholo, itshawuzise intloko ngapha nangapha ize ikhonye ngelizwi eliphezulu—onjani wona ukuba mhle umbono!
Kukho izikhalo zeentaka eziqondwayo zizilwanyana ezithile. Khawucinge nje ngentakobusi, intaka encinane emdaka ngebala nefumaneka ubukhulu becala eAfrika. Njengoko ibizwa ngokuba yintakobusi, ikhala ngendlela ekhethekileyo ikhokele ichelesi, isilwanyana esinamanqina amafutshane esihlala emngxunyeni, ilise kumthi oneenyosi. Le ntaka ithi xa iza kwehlela kuloo mthi okanye kufutshane nawo itsho ngelizwi elahlukileyo, isithi “Sifikile ebusini!” Ichelesi lizama ukufumana loo mthi, livule eso sikhondo sinobusi ngeenzipho zalo, lize lizanelise kobo bumnandi.
Unxibelelwano Ngaphantsi Kwamanzi
Kususela oko kwenziwa iihydrophones, izixhobo zokuphulaphula ngaphantsi kwamanzi, abaphandi baye bamangaliswa yindlela ezininzi ngayo izandi eziphuma elwandle. Ezi zandi zininzi ziquka ukudumzela, ukutswina nokukrikriza, yaye oomatiloshe beenkwili bancedwa zizo ukuze ingavakali ingxolo yeenkwili zabo. Noko ke, izandi zeentlanzi zinento eziyithethayo. Kwincwadi yakhe ethi Secret Languages of the Sea, ingcali ngezinto eziphila emanzini uRobert Burgess uthi: “Enye intlanzi ‘iyagquma, yenze ingxolo efana neyesele,’ emva koko iphindaphinde ezo zandi ngendlela efanayo, yaye enye ‘isenokunqakraza,’ ize emva koko ikroxoze yaye ikrixize, kangangexesha elithile.”
Ekubeni iintlanzi zingenawo umphimbo zikwazi njani ukukhupha izandi? UBurgess uthi, ezinye zisebenzisa izihlunu “ezinamathele kwiiswim bladders zizingcangcazelise de” kuphume isandi esifana nokubethwa kwegqongo. Ezinye iintlanzi zitshixizisa amazinyo okanye ziman’ ukuvula zivala iimpefumla zazo zizimbakraze. Ngaba yonke le “yingxolo” nje engenamsebenzi? Kuyacaca ukuba akunjalo. UBurgess uthi, njengazo zonke ezinye izilwanyana, iintlanzi zenza ingxolo ethile ngenjongo “yokutsala ezo zesini esahlukileyo, xa zikhangela indlela ezimele zihambe ngayo, zizikhusela kwiintshaba, xa zinxibelelana naxa zisoyikisa iintshaba.”
Kwakhona iintlanzi zineendlebe ezibukhali. Enyanisweni, iintlobo ezininzi zineendlebe ezingaphakathi kunye neeseli ezibukhali ezisemacaleni. Ngenxa yezi seli zibizwa ngokuba ziilateral line, iintlanzi ziyakwazi ukuva izandi ezihamba namaza omoya njengoko zihamba emanzini.
Eyona Ndlela Ibalaseleyo Yokunxibelelana
Unjingalwazi Noam Chomsky oyingcali yeelwimi wabhala: “Xa sihlolisisa indlela yokunxibelelana kwabantu, sifumanisa ukuba, ngokolwazi lwethu, yingqondo yabantu kuphela eneempawu ezikhethekileyo.” Unjingalwazi Barbara Lust, oyingcali yeelwimi nendlela abakhula ngayo abantu wathi: “Beseneminyaka nje emi-3 ubudala, abantwana baba sele benolwazi olumangalisayo ngolwimi nendlela ezakhiwa ngayo izivakalisi zalo nto leyo entsonkothileyo nechane kangangokuba akukho nayiphi na indlela esetyenziswayo yokufunda ulwimi namhlanje enokusichazela indlela okwenzeka ngayo oku.”
Noko ke, iBhayibhile isinika ingcaciso eqondakalayo ngokuphathelele indlela emangalisayo yokunxibelelana kwabantu. Ithi esi sipho sivela kuMdali, uYehova uThixo owenza abantu “ngokomfanekiso” wakhe. (Genesis 1:27) Kodwa iimpawu zikaThixo zibonakala njani kubuchule bethu bokuthetha?
Ngokomzekelo, cinga nje ngokuthiywa kwamagama. UFrank Dance oyinjingalwazi kunxibelelwano ngokuthetha, wabhala wathi abantu “kuphela kwezidalwa ezikwaziyo ukuthiya amagama.” IZibhalo zibonisa ukuba abantu baxelisa uThixo xa besenza oku. Kwingxelo yokuqala ephathelele indalo, iBhayibhile isixelela ukuba uThixo wabiza “ukukhanya ngokuthi yiMini, kodwa bona ubumnyama wabubiza ngokuthi buBusuku.” (Genesis 1:5) Ngokutsho kukaIsaya 40:26, kuyacaca ukuba nkwenkwezi nganye uThixo wayithiya igama—onjani wona ummangaliso!
Emva kokuba uThixo edale uAdam, omnye wemisebenzi yokuqala awamnika yona yaba kukuthiya izilwanyana amagama. Eso sabelo simele ukuba sasifuna uAdam asebenzise ingqondo nobuchule! Kamva, uAdam wathiya umfazi wakhe wathi nguEva. Yena uEva wathiya izibulo labo wathi nguKayin. (Genesis 2:19, 20; 3:20; 4:1, umbhalo osemazantsi weNW eneembekiselo) Ukususela ngoko, abantu baye baqhubeka bethiya amagama yonk’ into—konke oku kusenziwa ngenjongo yokunxibelelana. Kaloku, cinga indlela ebekuya kuba nzima ngayo ukunxibelelana ukuba izinto bezingenawo magama.
Ngaphandle kokuba bekwazi yaye benomdla wokuthiya izinto amagama, abantu banabo nobunye ubuchule bokunxibelelana, kungekhona nje obo bokuthetha ngomlomo. Enyanisweni, ininzi into abanokwabelana ngayo abantu ngonxibelelwano, kususela kwimibandela entsonkothileyo ukusa kwiimvakalelo ezinzulu zothando. Sekunjalo, kukho olunye uhlobo olukhethekileyo lokunxibelelana olubaluleke ngaphezu kwazo zonke ezinye iindlela zokunxibelelana, njengoko siza kubona kwinqaku elilandelayo.
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ILITHA ELIBANDAYO LENKANYEZI
Xa kukhanyiswa ngeglowubhu umbane ongaphezu kwama-90 ekhulwini uba bubushushu. Ngokusebenza kwemichiza, yona inkanyezi ichitha malunga nama-90 ukusa kuma-98 ekhulwini ekukhanyeni yaye ayivelisi bushushu bungako. Kungenxa yoko le nto kufanelekile ukuba oku kukhanya kubizwe ngokuba lilitha elibandayo. Imichiza ebangela oku kukhanya ifumaneka kwiiseli ekuthiwa ziiphotocytes. Yimithambo-luvo ebangela ukukhanya nokucima kweephotocytes.
[Inkcazelo]
John M. Burnley/Bruce Coleman Inc.
[Ibhokisi/Umfanekiso okwiphepha 24, 25]
AMACEBISO OKUPHUCULA UNXIBELELWANO
1. Phulaphula ngomdla xa abanye bethetha, kungathethi wena wedwa. Abantu banokuyixolela into yokubizwa kwegama elithile phosakeleyo okanye ukwaphulwa komgaqo-ntetho, kodwa banokukruquka ngumntu ofuna kuthethe yena yedwa. IBhayibhile ithi: ‘Umele ukhawuleze ukuva, ucothe ukuthetha.’—Yakobi 1:19.
2. Yiba nomdla kwizinto ezenzekayo. Funda ngezinto ezahlukahlukeneyo kodwa usebenzise ingqiqo. Xa uncokola nabanye ngezinto ozifundayo, bonakalisa ukuthozama nokuthobeka.—INdumiso 5:5; IMizekeliso 11:2.
3. Yandisa isigama sakho—kodwa khetha amagama aziwayo, kungekhona amagama amakhulu ngenjongo yokucel’ injezu. Bethetha ngoYesu, abantu bathi: “Akuzange kubekho omnye umntu othetha njengalo.” (Yohane 7:46) Ukanti, kwanabantu “abangenamfundo nabaqhelekileyo” babewaqonda nje ngokulula amazwi kaYesu.—IZenzo 4:13.
4. Thetha ngokucacileyo, uwabize ngendlela echanileyo amagama. Kodwa kuphephe ukuthetha ngendlela engaqhelekanga ngenjongo yokucela injezu. Xa sithetha ngokucacileyo singawaginyi amagama, iba nesidima into esiyithethayo, yaye sibonisa ububele kwabo baphulaphuleyo.—1 Korinte 14:7-9.
5. Yiqonde into yokuba ubuchule bokunxibelelana sisipho esivela kuThixo. Oku kuya kukushukumisela ukuba ubonakalise intlonelo xa unxibelelana nabanye.—Yakobi 1:17.
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Ibhabhathane lineempondo ezibukhali zokuva
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Courtesy Phil Pellitteri
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Isinqolamthi
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Ibird of paradise
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© Michael S. Yamashita/CORBIS
[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 23]
Isikhwenene ekuthiwa yiPalm cockatoo
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Roland Seitre