Into Eyenzekayo Ngaphambi Kokuba Umbhalo Ube Yifilimu
KUMASHUMI aliqela eminyaka adluleyo, iHollywood iye yabalasela ngokwenza iifilimu ezininzi ezithandwayo. Oku kuye kwalichaphazela gqitha ihlabathi, ekubeni iifilimu ezininzi zaseMerika zidlalwa kwamanye amazwe kwiiveki nje ezimbalwa—okanye, kwezinye iimeko kwiintsuku nje ezimbalwa—emva kokuba ziqalile ukudlala eUnited States. Ezinye iifilimu ziye zaqalisa ukudlala ehlabathini lonke ngosuku olunye. UDan Fellman, oyenye yeengqanga zeWarner Brothers Pictures uthi: “Ngenxa yokwanda nokuphumelela koshishino lwethu namanye amazwe, xa sisenza iifilimu siyazi ukuba iza kubukelwa lihlabathi lonke.” Ngoku kunanini na ngaphambili, okwenzeka eHollywood kuchaphazela lonke ishishini lokuzonwabisa ehlabathini lonke.a
Kodwa ukwenza ingeniso ngeefilimu akusoloko kulula njengokuba kubonakala kunjalo. Iifilimu ezininzi zimele zenze imali engaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-R600 ukugubungela nje iindleko zokwenziwa nokubhengezwa kwayo. Yaye ukufumaneka kwaloo mali kuxhomekeke kwabo bantu baza kuyibukela nongenakubazi kusengaphambili. Unjingalwazi kwizifundo zeefilimu e-Emory University, uDavid Cook uthi: “Akunakuze uqiniseke ngento eza kubangel’ umdla ebantwini.” Ngoko ke, yintoni abayenzayo abenzi beefilimu ukuze baphumelele ngakumbi? Ukuphendula loo mbuzo, sifanele kuqala siqonde izinto ezimbalwa ezisisiseko ngendlela ezenziwa ngayo iifilimu.b
Amalungiselelo Okwenziwa Kwefilimu
Amalungiselelo okwenziwa kwefilimu ngowona msebenzi uthabath’ ixesha elide nowona ubalulekileyo. Kanye njengokuba kunjalo ngawo nawuphi na umsebenzi omkhulu, undoqo kukulungiselela. Kudla ngokubakho ithemba lokuba nayiphi na imali esetyenziswe kumalungiselelo iya konga eninzi xa sekusenziwa ifilimu.
Ukwenza ifilimu kuqala ngebali, elisenokuba liyiliwe okanye lisekelwe kwinto eyakha yenzeka. Umbhali uyalibhala aze aquke nemiyalelo yezinto ezifanele zenziwe. Loo mbhalo, usenokuguquguqulwa kaninzi ngaphambi kokuba kuphume owona usulungekileyo—umbhalo wefilimu. Umbhalo wefilimu uquka amazwi afanele athethwe nenkcazelo emfutshane yoko kufanele kwenzeke. Kwakhona uquka inkcazelo yendlela ekufanele kufotwe ngayo nendlela yokudibanisa imiboniso.
Noko ke, ngoxa kungekenziwa nto ingako ngalo mbhalo uthengiswa kumntu oza kwenza ngawo ifilimu.c Loo mntu usenokuba nomdla kumbhalo onjani? Kaloku, ifilimu yasehlotyeni ilungiselelwe abakwishumi elivisayo nabo baqalisa ukuba ngabantu abaqolileyo. Ngoko umenzi wefilimu usenokukhetha ibali eliza kubangel’ umdla kulutsha.
Phofu ke awona mabali athandwayo ngalawo anomtsalane kwabaselula nabakhulileyo. Ngokomzekelo, ifilimu ehlekisayo ephathelele umntu othile owaziwayo isenokubangel’ umdla kubantwana abancinane. Yaye alithandabuzeki elokuba abazali baya kuthanda ukubukela loo filimu kunye nabo. Noko ke, abenzi beefilimu babatsala njani abantu abakwishumi elivisayo kwakunye nabo sele beqolile? KwiThe Washington Post Magazine, uLiza Mundy uthi: Undoqo “ngumongo webali obangel’ umdla.” Ngokufak’ izithuko, ugonyamelo, udidiyele imiboniso yesini “unokuqiniseka ukuba ifilimu yakho iya kwenza eyona mali ininzi ize ifikelele wonk’ umntu.”
Ukuba umenzi weefilimu uvakalelwa kukuba umbhalo wefilimu ethile usenokuthandwa, usenokuwuthenga aze afune umalathisi ovunyiweyo nomdlali oyintloko oyindoda okanye ibhinqa elidumileyo. Ukuba unomalathisi owaziwayo nomdlali oyintloko odumileyo kusenokubangela ukuba loo filimu ithandwe gqitha xa iqalisa ukudlalwa. Nakuba ezi iseziziqalelo, abantu abadumileyo banokubangela abo bafun’ ukutyala imali yabo kule filimu babe nomdla.
Enye inkalo yamalungiselelo okwenziwa kwefilimu, kukuzoba imifanekiso yelo bali (storyboarding). Le iba yimifanekiso elandelelanayo yaloo filimu, ingakumbi leyo yokwenzeka kwezinto ezithile. Le mifanekiso iba luncedo gqitha kulowo uza kufota loo filimu yaye yonga imali eninzi xa sele kufotwa. UFrank Darabont, ongumalathisi nombhali weefilimu uthi, “akukho nto ibuhlungu ngathi kukuchitha imini yonke obuzimisele ukuba uza kufota ngayo, uzama ukukhangela indlela onokuyimisa ngayo ikhamera.”
Zikho nezinye izinto ezininzi ezibalulekileyo ekumele kuqinisekwe ngazo ngoxa kusenziwa ifilimu. Ngokomzekelo, iza kwenzelwa phi le filimu? Ngaba kuza kufuneka kuhanjwe imigama emide? Ziza kuba njani ngaphakathi izindlu eza kudlalelwa kuzo? Ngaba kuza kufuneka iimpahla ezikhethekileyo? Ngubani oza kulungiselela izibane, alungise ubuso neenwele zabadlali? Kuthekani ngesandisi-lizwi, imiboniso okanye izandi ezikhethekileyo nabantu abaza kudlala imiboniso eyingozi (stuntman)? Ezi ziinkalo ezimbalwa kweziliqela zokwenziwa kwefilimu ezifanele ziqwalaselwe ngaphambi kokuba kwenziwe icandelo nje elinye lefilimu. Xa kunyuka amagama emva kokuphela kwefilimu, ufika kukho intlaninge yamagama abantu abebenenxaxheba ekuvelisweni kwayo! Enye ingcali eye yanenxaxheba ekwenziweni kweefilimu ezininzi ithi: “Ukwenza ifilimu kufuna inyambalala yabantu.”
Ukushicilelwa Kwefilimu
Ukushicilelwa kwefilimu kuthabath’ ixesha elide, kungumsebenzi yaye kubiza imali eninzi. Enyanisweni, umzuzu nje omnye usenokubiza amawakawaka eerandi. Maxa wambi, kusenokufuneka abadlali kunye nabo bancedisayo baye kwindawo ekude nesemagqagaleni kunye nezixhobo zabo. Noko ke, enoba loo filimu yenzelwa phi, suku ngalunye lusenokubiza imali evakalayo.
Abantu abakhanyisayo, kunye nabo balungisa ubuso neenwele zabadlali baba phakathi kwabantu bokuqala ukufika kwindawo ekwenzelwa kuyo ifilimu. Suku ngalunye, kusenokuchithwa ixesha elininzi kulungiswa abadlali ngaphambi kokuba bafotwe. Emva koko kuqala usuku olude lokufota.
Umalathisi ufanele abe neliso elibukhali xa kusenziwa umboniso ngamnye. Kwanomboniso nje olula usenokuthabatha usuku lonke. Kwinkoliso yemiboniso yefilimu kusetyenziswa ikhamera enye, yaye ngenxa yoko, umboniso ngamnye ufanele ufotwe kaninzi-ninzi ukuze ubonakale macala onke. Ukongezelela, umfanekiso omnye usenokufuneka uphindaphindwe ukuze kufunyanwe owona uphume kakuhle. Kwimiboniso emikhulu, kusenokufuneka kufotwe izihlandlo ezingama-50 nangaphezulu! Kamva—ngokuqhelekileyo ekupheleni kosuku—umalathisi ukhangela yonke le mifanekiso aze akhethe leyo iza kusetyenziswa. Lilonke, ukwenziwa kwefilimu kusenokuthabath’ iiveki okanye iinyanga.
Ukudityaniswa Kwemiboniso
Xa kusenziwa ifilimu, kudityaniswa yonke imiboniso ukuze ibe yimifanekiso elandelekayo. Kuqala, kufakwa umculo ohambelana nefilimu. Wandula ke umhleli adibanise yonke imiboniso ukuze enze ifilimu engekagqitywa.
Xa kulapha kufakwa izandi nemiboniso ekhethekileyo. Le yeyona nto inzima xa kusenziwa ifilimu yaye maxa wambi yenziwa ngekhompyutha. Oku kusenokuyenza ibe semagqabini yaye ibonakale ngathi yinto eyenzeka ngokoqobo.
Kwakhona kufakwa umculo yaye le yenye yezinto eziphambili kwiifilimu zanamhlanje. UEdwin Black uthi kwiFilm Score Monthly: “Namhlanje iifilimu ezininzi zenzelwa umculo okhethekileyo—ingenguwo oza kudlala nje imizuzu embalwa okanye kwimiboniso ethile ekhethekileyo, kodwa umculo oza kudlala ixesha elide.”
Maxa wambi, ifilimu esandul’ ukugqitywa iye iboniswe abahlobo bomalathisi wayo okanye abanye abantu asebenza nabo ababengenanxaxheba ekwenziweni kwefilimu leyo. Enoba kuza kufuneka eminye imiboniso iphinde yenziwe okanye ishenxiswe, oko kuxhomekeke koko abo bantu bakuthethayo. Kwezinye iimeko uye watshintshwa wonke umqukumbelo wefilimu ngenxa yokungathandeki kwawo kwabo bayibukele kuqala.
Ekugqibeleni, le filimu igqityiweyo ithunyelwa kwiindawo ekudlalwa kuzo iifilimu. Ngoku ke, eli lixesha lamanqam xa kuza kucaca enoba iza kuthandwa ngabantu okanye bangabi namdla—okanye ingathandwa kangako. Kodwa asiyomali kuphela ebalulekileyo. Ukungathandwa kweefilimu eziliqela zomdlali othile kusenokulingcolisa igama lakhe kuquka nelo lomalathisi wezo filimu. UJohn Boorman ongumalathisi weefilimu uthi xa ecinga ngeminyaka yokuqala kwakhe ukwenza lo msebenzi: “Ndilibonile iqela labo babengabalathisi liphelelwa ngumsebenzi ngenxa yokungathandwa kweefilimu zabo eziliqela. Eyona nto ibuhlungu kwishishini leefilimu kukuba xa ungabenzeli mali abo bakuqeshileyo, bayakugxotha.”
Phofu ke, xa abantu beme emnyango wendawo yokubonisa ifilimu, inkoliso yabo ayicingi ngemibandela enokuthanani nengqesho yabenzi beefilimu. Mhlawumbi eyona nto bacinga ngayo yile: ‘Ngaba iza kuba mnandi le filimu? Ngaba imali yamangeno ayikho ninzi kakhulu? Ngaba le filimu iza kundothusa okanye iza kundicaphukisa? Ngaba abantwana bam bafanele bayibukele?’ Unokuyiphendula njani le mibuzo xa ukhetha iifilimu ezinokubukelwa ngabantwana bakho?
[Imibhalo esemazantsi]
a UAnita Elberse, ongunjingalwazi weHarvard Business School uthi, “nangona ngoku idla ngokuba ninzi imali efumaneka kwishishini leefilimu kwamanye amazwe kunaleyo ifumaneka eUnited States, indlela ethandwa ngayo ifilimu kwelo iyayichaphazela indlela ethandwa ngayo nakwamanye amazwe.”
b Ngoxa iifilimu zinokuba neenkcukacha ezahlukahlukeneyo, apha kuchazwe enye yezinto ezenzekayo.
c Kwezinye iimeko umenzi wefilimu uthengiselwa umbhalo webali kunokuba athengiselwe umbhalo wefilimu. Ukuba unomdla kwelo bali, usenokuhlawula imali ukuze afumane ilungelo lokulenza ifilimu.
[Amagama acatshulweyo akwiphepha 6]
“Akunakuze uqiniseke ngento eza kubangel’ umdla ebantwini.”—UDavid Cook, unjingalwazi kwizifundo zeefilimu
[Ibhokisi/Imifanekiso ekwiphepha 6, 7]
UKUBHENGEZA IFILIMU EZA KUNGENISA IZITYHWENTYWE ZEMALI
Ifilimu igqityiwe ukwenziwa. Ilungele ukubukelwa zizigidi zabantu. Ngaba iza kungenisa izityhwentywe zemali? Khawuqwalasele iindlela ezimbalwa abenzi beefilimu abazibhengeza ngazo iifilimu ukuze zingenise imali eninzi.
◼ UKUTHETHA NGAYO: Enye yezona ndlela ziphumelelayo zokwenza abantu bayilindele ngamehl’ abomvu ifilimu kukuthetha ngayo. Maxa wambi uqal’ ukuva ngayo iinyanga ngaphambi kokuba loo filimu iboniswe. Mhlawumbi kuthiwa kuza kuboniswa icandelo elilandelayo lefilimu ethile ethandwayo. Ngaba iseza kuba ngabadlali bangaphambili? Ngaba iza kuba mnandi (okanye ibe mbi) njengeyokuqala?
Maxa wambi, kudla ngokuphikiswana ngenkalo ethile yefilimu—mhlawumbi imiboniso ethile yesini engamanyala nengafan’ iboniswe abantu bonke. Ngaba ungamanyala kangako lo mboniso? Ngaba le filimu “itsibe ilitye likaPhungela”? Abenzi beefilimu bayakuthanda ukubhengezelwa simahla ngabantu abaphikisanayo. Maxa wambi impikiswano iqinisekisa ukuba baza kuba baninzi abantu abafuna ukuyibukela zisuka nje.
◼ AMAJELO OSASAZO: Ezona ndlela ziqhelekileyo zokubhengeza ziquka iibhodi ezinemifanekiso, izibhengezo kumaphephandaba, iintengiso kumabonwakude, iintshayelelo zeefilimu eziboniswa ezibhayiskopu ngaphambi kokuba kudlalwe ifilimu nakudliwano-ndlebe olwenziwa nabadlali ababhengeza ifilimu yabo entsha. Mvanje kuvele neInternet enkqenkqeza phambili ekubhengezeni iifilimu.
◼ EZENTENGISO: Izinto ezithengiswayo ezinxulumene nefilimu zisenokubangel’ abantu babe nomdla kuloo filimu. Ngokomzekelo, ifilimu eyayisekelwe kwiqhawe ekuthethwa ngalo kwincwadi enamabali ahlekisayo yayibhengezwa ngeebhokisana ezincinane zokufaka ukutya, iimagi, izinto zamatye anqabileyo, impahla, amatsheyina ezitshixo, iiwotshi, izibane kunye nebhodi yomdlalo othile nezinye izinto. UJoe Sisto ubhala kulindixesha wezolonwabo weAmerican Bar esithi: “Ngokuqhelekileyo, ama-40 ekhulwini ezinto ezithengiswayo ezinxulumene nefilimu zidla ngokuthengiswa ngaphambi kokuba loo filimu iqalise ukudlalwa.
◼ IIVIDIYO: Ifilimu engakhange yenze imali eyaneleyo isenokuyibuyisa loo lahleko ngokuthengiswa kwevidiyo yayo. UBruce Nash, ohlola ingeniso yeefilimu, uthi “iividiyo zingenisa imali enokuba ngama-40 ukusa kuma-50 ekhulwini emali efumaneka kwifilimu.”
◼ INDLELA YOKUHLELA: Abenzi beefilimu baye bafunda ukusebenzisa indlela abahlela ngayo ifilimu ukuze bazuze. Ngokomzekelo, ngabom kusenokufakwa umbandela othile kwifilimu ukuze ibe kuhlelo lwabantu abadala. Kanti, kusenokushenxiswa umbandela othile ukuze ingabikho kuhlelo lwabantu abadala nto leyo ebangela ukuba ibe ngabantu abakwishumi elivisayo abanomdla kuyo. ULiza Mundy ubhala kwiThe Washington Post Magazine esithi ukwenza ifilimu ukuze ihlelelwe abakwishumi elivisayo “kubangele ukuba leyo ibe yindlela yokuyibhengeza: Iindawo zemiboniso zisebenzisa oko ukuxelela abakwishumi elivisayo—nabantwana abancinane abanqwenela ukuba ngabantu abakwishumi elivisayo—ukuba loo filimu iza kuba mnandi ngokwenene.” Lo kaMundy uthi le ndlela yokuhlela iifilimu ibangele “ukungavisisani kuba ilumkisa umzali ngoxa ilukuhla umntwana.”