Impembelelo Anayo Amaphephandaba
Xa IMfazwe Yehlabathi I yaluphelisa ulawulo lwaseJamani lweenkosi, eBerlin kwaqalisa ukulawula idemokhrasi yamasoshiyali. AmaKomanisi azama ukumbhukuqa lo rhulumente mtsha. AmaKomanisi nalo rhulumente mtsha bacinga ukuba xa benokulawula amaphephandaba, abasayi kukwazi ukulawula izimvo zabantu nje kuphela, kodwa nabantu ngokwabo. Yaqala njalo ke imfazwe enzima yokulawula amaphephandaba.
KWIINKULUNGWANE zeminyaka embalwa edluleyo, amaphephandaba ebephembelela indlela abantu abebephila ngayo, enempembelelo kwezobupolitika kwaye enendima ebalulekileyo kwezoshishino, yaye ayechaphazela ukuphila kwemihla ngemihla kwezigidi zabantu. Akuchaphazela njani ukuphila kwakho?
Kubonakala ngathi ngowe-1605, iJamani yaba lilizwe lokuqala ukuba nephephandaba eYurophu. Kwezinye iindawo namhlanje, abantu aba-3 kwaba-4 abaneminyaka engaphezu kwe-14 bafunda iphephandaba mihla le. Ngoxa kumazwe athile asakhasayo ingabantu abanokuba ngama-20 kwabali-1 000 kuphela abakwaziyo ukufumana iphephandaba lemihla ngemihla, eNorway bangaphezu kwama-600 abantu abalifumanayo. Emhlabeni wonke, kukho amaphephandaba awahlukahlukeneyo anokuba ngama-38 000.
Kuzo zonke iindawo, abantu bazifunda ephepheni izinto ezibalulekileyo. Phofu ke, leyo asikuphela kwenjongo yamaphephandaba. Kwakhona achazela abantu ngezinto baze bavakalise uluvo lwabo. UDieter Offenhäusser, onguNozakuzaku weJamani kwi-UNESCO uthi: “Amaphephandaba esiwafunda mihla le,” ayayiphembelela “indlela esicinga ngayo, indlela esiziphatha ngayo nemilinganiselo yokuziphatha esiphila ngayo.”
Ababhali-mbali bathi amaphephandaba aye axhokonxa, axhasa aza athethelela iimfazwe. Bekhankanya imfazwe phakathi kweFransi nePrussia yowe-1870 ukusa kowe-1871, imfazwe yeSpeyin neMerika ngowe-1898 neMfazwe yaseVietnam ngowe-1955 ukusa kowe-1975. Oosomashishini abaninzi, izazinzulu, abantu abadumileyo kwezolonwabo nabaququzeleli bezobupolitika baye basezingxakini ezinkulu ngenxa yamanyundululu aye apapashwa kumaphephandaba. Kumanyundululu aziwayo ekuthiwa yiWatergate Scandal phakathi kwiminyaka yee-1970 uphando olwenziwa ziintatheli lwadiza imibandela eyanyanzela uMongameli waseMerika uRichard M. Nixon ukuba ashenxe esikhundleni sakhe. Ewe, enoba imbi okanye intle, amaphephandaba anempembelelo enamandla.
Kodwa yaqala njani le mpembelelo? Sinokukukholelwa kangakanani oko sikufunda kumaphephandaba? Ziintoni esifanele sizilumkele ukuze sizuze kuwo?
[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 19]
lmfazwe yamaphephandaba eBerlin emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi I