Ukwanelisa Umdla Wabantu Wokuthand’ Iindaba
KWIMINYAKA ephantse ibe ngama-2 000 eyadlulayo umbhali-mbali uLuka wathi: “Onke ama-Athene nabasemzini abaphambukele apho babechitha ixesha labo lokuphola bengenzi nto ngaphandle kokuxela okuthile okanye ukuphulaphula okuthile okutsha.” (IZenzo 17:21) Kwinkulungwane ngaphambilana urhulumente waseRoma, ephawule lo mdla wokuthand’ iindaba, waqalisa ukupapasha iActa Diurna, amanqaku emihla ngemihla kwiindawo ezidla ngokuba nabantu abaninzi.
Ngenkulungwane yesixhenxe, amaTshayina ayevelisa iphephandaba lokuqala elishicilelweyo elalibizwa ngokuba yiDibao (Pao). EYurophu, indawo ngoko eyayinabantu abaninzi abangafundanga, abantu babesiva ngeemfazwe, iintlekele, ubundlobongela nangezinye izinto ngabantu ababehamba bebalisa ngezo zinto. Kamva, imihlathi yeendaba eyayibhalwe ngesandla emaphepheni nasemaplangeni ngokuphathelele ezi zinto yayithengiswa kwiindawo zikawonke wonke zentengiso.
Ekuhambeni kwexesha, iinkampani zorhwebo zaziyenza ibangel’ umdla le mihlathi yezoshishino ngokuquka iindaba ezibalulekileyo. Ekugqibeleni, ezi ndaba zazibhalwa kwiphepha lazo elikhethekileyo elalinokusasazwa.
Indlela Aqala Ngayo Amaphephandaba
Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-17, amaphephandaba amabini aseJamani aqalisa ukupapashwa rhoqo. Iphephandaba laseStrasbourg elalibizwa ngokuba yiRelation (iindaba), laqalisa ukushicilelwa ngowe-1605, kanti iAvisa Relation oder Zeitung (imvo), yaye elalishicilelwa eWolfenbüttel kwakusithiwa yiAviso. Iphephandaba lokuqala elalifumaneka imihla ngemihla eYurophu yayiyiEinkommende Zeitungen (Iindaba Ezifikayo), yaye lalishicilelwa eLeipzig, eJamani, ngowe-1650.
Elo phephandaba lokuqala laseLeipzig lalinamaphepha amane alingana nencwadi encinane. Ezi yayiziindaba njengoko zifika. Eli phephandaba lalingabizi mali ingako, kodwa umrhumo wonyaka wawubiza umvuzo wenyanga yonke wendoda ehlawulwa kakuhle. Sekunjalo, banda ngokukhawuleza abantu abafuna amaphephandaba. Ngonyaka we-1700, eJamani kuphela kwakukho amaphephandaba angama-50 ukusa kuma-60 ashicilelwa rhoqo, yaye babengamakhulu amawaka aliqela abantu ababewafunda.
Ekuqaleni, iindaba zazifumaneka kwiileta ezibhalwe ngabantu, kwamanye amaphephandaba, koonoposi ababefumana iindaba ngeposi baze baphinde bazipapashe, okanye iindaba zazilulwimi nje iintatheli eziluve luthethwa ngabantu. Noko ke, njengokuba babeya besiba baninzi abantu abashicilela iindaba, abashicileli bafuna iindaba ezingakumbi baza baphucula nomgangatho weendaba. Baqalisa ukuqesha abahleli abahlawulwayo. Yaye ekubeni inkoliso yabashicileli yayingenamali yaneleyo yokuhlawula amaziko amaninzi eendaba neentatheli, umdla abantu ababenawo kwiindaba wabangela ukuba kuqaliswe amaziko eendaba awayeza kuqokelela iindaba aze azisasaze kubapapashi beendaba ababerhumela.
Ukuyilwa Kwezinto Eziluncedo
Ishishini lamaphephandaba ngelingazange lihambele phambili ngaphandle kwezinto ezayilwayo, ingakumbi indlela entsha yokushicilela ngoonobumba kaJohannes Gutenberg. Ezinye izinto ezayilwayo zabangela ukuba kube lula ukushicilela amaphephandaba yaye kungabizi mali ingako. Ngokomzekelo, ngeminyaka yee-1860, umatshini iweb rotary press wenza abantu bakwazi ukushicilela umqulu omkhulu wephepha kunokushicilela nje iphepha elinye ngexesha. Kungekudala emva koko, kwasetyenziswa umatshini iLinotype ukuze kushicilelwe amaphepha ahlukahlukeneyo ngendlela yokushicilela ngoonobumba. Kwandula ke, ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, kwaveliswa uhlobo lokulungelelanisa oonobumba ngekhompyutha, waza lo msebenzi ubiza imali eninzi wayekwa ukwenziwa ngesandla.
Ngeminyaka yee-1840, xa kwafika itelegraph iindaba zazifumaneka zisatshisa, yaye ngeminyaka yee-1870, kwafika oomatshini bokuchwetheza, kwaza kwalandela ifowuni phantse kwangaloo minyaka. Mvanje, kwishishini lamaphephandaba, abantu abaninzi basebenzisa iikhompyutha, ie-mail, noomatshini befax. Iintatheli zikhawuleza zifike kwiindawo ezineendaba—ngoololiwe, iimoto kunye nenqwelo-moya. Yaye iindlela ezikhawulezayo zokuthutha izinto zenze kwalula ukuhambisa amaphephandaba amaninzi.
Yintoni Ebhalwayo Emaphepheni?
Akuseyonto inzima kwiindawo ezininzi ukufumana iindaba ezaneleyo kweli hlabathi ekulula ngabantu ukunxibelelana. Abahleli bephephandaba iFrankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung bathi: “Eyona nto inzima kukuhluza kudederhu lweendaba ezingapheliyo.” Amaziko eendaba athumela amanqaku anokuba ngama-2 000 kumaphephandaba aseJamani suku ngalunye. Kanti bona abachola-choli beendaba, ababhali, abapapashi beendaba neminye imithombo babaxakekisa nangakumbi abahleli beendaba.
Inkoliso yezi ndaba zizaziso—izimvo zeentatheli neengxelo zeziganeko ezinjengeekonsathi, imidlalo neentlanganiso ezinkulu. Abahleli bafanele bazazi izinto abantu basekuhlaleni abanomdla kuzo, eziquka isivuno, amatheko okukhunjulwa komhla womtshato nemisitho ethile.
Imidlalo, imifanekiso yamabali ahlekisayo neyemibandela yezobupolitika nemihlathi yabahleli, lawo ngamacandelo athandwayo kumaphephandaba. Kanti ubani usenokufunda lukhulu aze onwatyiswe ngamabali athile aphambili, iingxelo zamanye amazwe naludliwano-ndlebe lwabantu abadumileyo nabanolwazi ngemibandela ethile.
Amaphephandaba Asengxakini
Iphephandaba iDie Zeit lathi ngowe-2002: “Ishishini lamaphephandaba laseJamani lisengxakini yemali engathethekiyo.” Yaye, ngowe-2004 iSwiss Press Association yathi yayithengise awona maphephandaba ambalwa kwiminyaka elishumi. Yintoni ebangela abantu bangawathengi kangako amaphephandaba?
Esinye isizathu sikukuba, imeko yezoqoqosho ijongise umetyiso ezantsi ehlabathini lonke, yaye oko kubangele ukuba izibhengezo zingabi zininzi kangako kumaphephandaba. Kaloku, ubukhulu becala amaphephandaba ebesitya ngazo. Phakathi konyaka wama-2000 nowama-2004, iphephandaba laseMerika iWall Street Journal lalahlekelwa yimali engama-43 ekhulwini yezibhengezo. Ngaba ziya kuphinda zibe zininzi izibhengezo xa intle imeko yezoqoqosho? Izibhengezo ezininzi zemihlaba nezindlu, imisebenzi, neemoto ngoku zifumaneka kwi-Internet. Kule mihla amaphephandaba akhuphisana namajelo eendaba e-elektroniki—unomathotholo, umabonwakude neInternet.
Sekunjalo, abantu bazithanda gqitha iindaba. Unjingalwazi ngamajelo eendaba uAxel Zerdick wathi kwiphephandaba laseFankfurt, eJamani: “Le ngxaki ayimbi ngendlela iintatheli ezininzi eziyibona ngayo.” Umhleli oyintloko kwiphephandaba lamihla le laseJamani kwimibandela yasekuhlaleni wayibethelela loo ngongoma esithi: “Izinto zisahamba kakuhle [kwiphephandaba] lasekuhlaleni.”
Nangona kuvunywa ukuba amaphephandaba awugubungela nzulu umbandela yaye akhuthaza iingxoxo zasekuhlaleni, wona umbuzo isengulo: Ngaba unokuzithemba iindaba? Unokuzuza njani ngokupheleleyo kwiindaba?
[Ibhokisi/Umfanekiso okwiphepha 22]
UKUBA YINTATHELI—UMSEBENZI ONZIMA
Omnye umntu usenokunqwenela ukuba yintatheli. Intatheli yaseFransi esel’ iligqala kulo msebenzi ithi: “Kukwenza uzive unguthile ukubona igama lakho liphum’ ephepheni.” Phofu ke, ukuba yintatheli kuneengxaki zako—ukubona ibali lakho selipapashwe ngomnye umntu, ukungavumi kothile ukwenza udliwano-ndlebe nokulinda ixesha elide kanti ulinde ukuza kukaNxele.
Umbhali wephephandaba ePoland wakhankanya enye ingxaki esithi: “Akuzazi enoba uqala uze uyeke nini ukusebenza. Maxa wambi asinalo nexesha lokwenza izinto zethu, yaye indlela esisebenza ngayo isenokuphazamisa imicimbi yentsapho.” Owayesakuba yintatheli kwiSoviet Union ukhankanya mhlawumbi neyona ngxaki inkulu esithi: “Emva kokubulaleka kangako, nelo nqaku alizange lipapashwe.”
Umbhali wemidlalo kwiphephandaba eliphambili laseNetherlands uthi: “Abantu badla ngokundixelela ukuba andazi nto. Abanye badla ngokucaphuka, yaye njengokuba maxa wambi emidlalweni abantu badla ngokugqajukelwa ngumsindo, abanye bade bandithembisa nangokundibulala.” Ngoko ke, yintoni ekhuthaza iintatheli ukuba ziqhubeke ziwenza lo msebenzi?
Phofu ke, ezinye zitsalwa yimali—kodwa asizizo zonke ezinjalo. Enye intatheli esebenzela iphephandaba laseFransi yathi kungenxa yokuba yona iyakuthanda ukubhala. Intatheli yaseMexico yathi, “Uchazela abantu izinto abafanele bazazi.” Umhleli oyintloko waseJapan wephephandaba lamihla le elilelesibini ngobukhulu ehlabathini yena wathi: “Ndivuya gqitha xa ndincede abantu naxa izinto zenziwe ngokusesikweni.”
Phofu ke, asizontatheli kuphela ezivelisa amaphephandaba. Kuxhomekeka ngobukhulu nendlela elisebenza ngayo ishishini lamaphephandaba, kusenokuba kukho abahleli, abo bahlola iimpazamo, abo baqinisekisa ubunyaniso bezinto, abo bagcin’ imifanekiso namanqaku athile, nenqwaba yabantu abasebenza nzima nangona bengaphawulwa, ukuze ufumane iphephandaba.
[Imifanekiso ekwiphepha 20]
Iphephandaba lamandulo laseJamani nendawo yezi mini yokuthengisa amaphephandaba
[Inkcazelo]
Iphephandaba laseJamani lamandulo: Bibliothek für Kunst - und Antiquitäten-Sammler, Vol. 21, Flugblatt und Zeitung, 1922