UMichael Agricola—“Indoda Yokukhanya”
NGUMBHALI KAVUKANI! EFINLAND
“Ayikho enye incwadi eye yanempembelelo enzulu nenamandla kwindlela yokuphila, kwimilinganiselo nakwindlela yokucinga yabantu baseFinland kuneBhayibhile.”—“Biblia 350—The Finnish Bible and Culture.”
NGABA iBhayibhile iyafumaneka ngolwimi lwakho? Kusenokwenzeka ukuba kunjalo. Kaloku, iBhayibhile—iphelele okanye iyinxalenye—ifumaneka ngeelwimi ezingaphezu kwezingama-2 000. Yaye oku akukhange nje kuzenzekele. Kwixesha elidluleyo, amadoda nabafazi abaninzi baye bazibhokoxa beguqulela iBhayibhile kulwimi lweenkobe, yaye oku aye akwenza naxa ebejamelene nobunzima obungathethekiyo. UMichael Agricola wayengomnye wawo.
Lo ka-Agricola wayesisazi esaqalisa ukuguqulela iBhayibhile ngolwimi lwesiFinnish. Iincwadi awazibhalayo zanceda ekuqaliseni oko namhlanje kugqalwa njengempucuko yaseFinland. Akumangalisi ke ngoko ukuba ebizwa ngokuthi yiNdoda Yokukhanya!
UAgricola wazalwa malunga nonyaka we-1510 kwidolophana yaseTorsby emazantsi eFinland. Uyise wayengumlimi, nto leyo echaza isizathu sokuba ifani yakhe inguAgricola, igama elisuka kwisiLatini elithetha “umlimi.” Ekubeni wakhulela kummandla ekwakuthethwa kuwo iilwimi ezimbini, kusenokwenzeka ukuba uAgricola wayethetha isiSwedish nesiFinnish. Ngoxa wayefunda kwisikolo sesiLatini kwidolophu yaseVyborg, wafunda ukuthetha olunye ulwimi. Kamva wafudukela eTurku, ikomkhulu laseFinland ngelo xesha, apho wayesebenza njengonobhala kaMartti Skytte, ubhishophu wamaKatolika waseFinland.
Unqulo Nemeko Yezobupolitika Ngelo Xesha
Ngexesha lokuphila kuka-Agricola, izinto zazimaxongo kumazwe aseScandinavia. Ilizwe laseSweden lalizama ukukhululeka kwiKalmar Union, umanyano lwamazwe aseScandinavia. Ngowe-1523, uGustav I wamiswa njengokumkani waseSweden. Oku kwayichaphazela gqitha iFinland, ngelo xesha eyayilithanga laseSweden.
Lo kumkani mtsha wayezimisele ngamandla ukulwenza lube luqilima ulawulo lwakhe. Ukuze afeze ezi njongo, wamkela unqulo olutsha lwamaLuthere njengecawa yeli lizwe, unqulo olwalusanda kulo lonke elo lasentshona Yurophu ngelo xesha. Ngokushenxisa unqulo lwamaKatolika aze amkele olwamaLuthere, wazidlikidla kulawulo lweVatican, waza waqhawula kwidyokhwe yoobhishophu bamaKatolika, nto leyo eyamnik’ ithuba lokufumana ubutyebi bale cawa. Inkoliso yabemi baseSweden nabaseFinland nanamhlanje bangamaLuthere.
Eyona njongo yokwamkela ubuProtestanti yayikukuqhuba iinkonzo ngeelwimi zasekuhlaleni kunokuziqhuba ngesiLatini. Ngenxa yoko, ngowe-1526, kwapapashwa iZibhalo ZamaKristu ZesiGrike, okanye ‘iTestamente Entsha,’ ngesiSwedish. Noko ke, abemi baseFinland babengenamdla ungako kubuProtestanti. Yaye baberhuq’ iinyawo xa kuthethwa ngomsebenzi wokuguqulela iBhayibhile kwisiFinnish. Kwakutheni?
Umsebenzi “Onzima Noyindinisa”
Isizathu esiyintloko sikukuba kwakungekho zincwadi ezazibhaliwe ngolwimi lwaseFinland. Ngaphambi kwesiqingatha seminyaka yee-1500, zazimbalwa iincwadi zemibhedesho yamaKatolika ezazibhalwe ngolo lwimi. Ngenxa yoko, umsebenzi wokuguqulela iZibhalo Ezingcwele kwisiFinnish wawuza kufuna ukuba kufunwe indlela yokubhala amagama amaninzi kuze kuqanjwe amanye kunye nezaci. Yaye oku kwakuza kwenziwa kungekho zincwadi zibhaliweyo zokufunda olu lwimi. Sekunjalo, lo ka-Agricola waqalisa ukuguqulela iBhayibhile!
Ngowe-1536, uSkytte, ubhishophu wamaKatolika waseFinland wathumela uAgricola eWittenberg, eJamani, ukuze aye kongeza imfundo yakhe ngezakwalizwi nangolwimi. Kuthiwa uLuther ekule dolophu wabethelela izikhalazo zakhe ezidumileyo ezingama-95 kwicawa yakomkhulu kwiminyaka engama-20 ngaphambili.
Ngoxa wayeseWittenberg, uAgricola wenza nokungaphezu koko wayekuzele. Waqala umsebenzi owawubaluleke gqitha wokuguqulela iBhayibhile kwisiFinnish. Ngowe-1537, kwileta awayibhalela ukumkani waseSweden, wathi: “Ngoxa uThixo esandikhokela kwizifundo zam, ndiza kuzama, njengokuba ndenzile ekuqaleni, ukuguqulela iTestamente Entsha kulwimi oluthethwa ngabantu baseFinland.” Emva kokuba ebuyele eFinland, waqhubeka nomsebenzi wakhe wokuguqulela, kwangaxeshanye eyintsumpa yesikolo.
Ukuguqulela iBhayibhile kwakungeyondlwan’ iyanetha kuAgricola njengoko kwakunjalo nakwabanye abaguquleli beBhayibhile bangaphambili. KwanoLuther wakhalaza esithi: “Hayi indlela ekunzima nokuluxanduva ngayo ukuzama ukunyanzela ababhali besiHebhere ukuba bathethe isiJamani”! Liyavunywa elokuba, uAgricola wayenokufuman’ uncedo kwezinye iinguqulelo, kodwa eyona ngxaki awayejamelene nayo yayilulwimi lwesiFinnish. Enyanisweni olu lwimi lwalungazange lubhalwe ngaphambili!
Ngenxa yesi sizathu, kwakungathi uAgricola wakhe indlu engenaplani, yaye wakha ngeentsasa. Wakwenza njani oku? UAgricola waqala wakhetha amagama aziziyelelane zesiFinnish waza wawabhala njengoko ephinyiselwa. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba nguAgricola owaqamba igama lesiFinnish elithetha “urhulumente,” “umhanahanisi,” “umbhalo-ngqangi,” “umkhosi,” “umzekelo,” nelithi “umbhali.” Wakha amagama axandileyo, wayila amagama avela kwamanye namagama abolekwe kwezinye iilwimi, ingakumbi kwisiSwedish. Amanye kuloo magama lelithi enkeli (ingelosi), historia (imbali), lamppu (isibane), marttyri (umfeli-nkolo), nelithi palmu (umthi wesundu).
Abantu Bomthonyama Bafumana Ilizwi LikaThixo
Ekugqibeleni, ngowe-1548, iincwadi zokuqala ezaziguqulelwe nguAgricola zapapashwa, iSe Wsi Testamenti (iTestamente Entsha). Bambi bakholelwa ukuba le nguqulelo wayigqiba kwiminyaka emihlanu ngaphambilana kodwa ayizange ipapashwe ngenxa yokuphelelwa kwakhe yimali. Oku kusenokuthetha ukuba, uAgricola wayihlawula ngokwakhe inkoliso yeendleko zokushicilela.
Kwiminyaka emithathu kamva kwapapashwa iiDauidin Psaltari (IiNdumiso), ekusenokwenzeka ukuba uAgricola wayipapasha le ncwadi encediswa ngoogxa bakhe. Kwakhona waqalisa ukuguqulela ezinye zeencwadi zikaMoses nezabaProfeti.
Ngokuzithoba evuma ukuba akanamava kulo msebenzi, uAgricola walitsolisa esithi: “Ndithandazela ukuba kungabikho mKristu nomntu ongumkhonzi kaThixo okanye nabani na oya kufunda le Ncwadi Ingcwele oya kucaphuka xa efumanise ukuba ndiyayiloza okanye ndiphosisile okanye andizibekanga kakuhle izinto okanye ndithethe into entsha kule nguqulelo yobuqhitala.” Phezu kwawo nje amakhwiniba anokufunyanwa kwinguqulelo ka-Agricola, inzondelelo yakhe ukuze abantu abaqhelekileyo bakwazi ukufumana iBhayibhile, incomeka gqitha.
Ilifa Elashiywa NguAgricola
Ebutsheni bonyaka we-1557, uAgricola—ngelo xesha owayengumLuthere nobhishophu waseTurku—wanyulwa njengomnye woonozakuzaku abaya eMoscow ukuze babe ngumlomo kwiingxwabangxwaba zemida phakathi kweSweden neRashiya. Bawuzinzisa loo mcimbi. Noko ke, kubonakala ukuba inquleqhu yolu hambo yambangela wagula ngesiquphe lo ka-Agricola. Wafel’ endleleni egodukayo, eneminyaka enokuba ngama-47 ubudala.
Kule minyaka ingephi yokuphila kwakhe, uAgricola wabhala iincwadi zesiFinnish ezinokuba lishumi kuphela, zinamaphepha anokuba ngama-2 400 xa zizonke. Sekunjalo, abaninzi bakholelwa kukuba le “Ndoda Yokukhanya” yaba negalelo elikhulu kwimpucuko yaseFinland. Ukususela ngelo xesha, ulwimi lwaseFinland nabantu balapho bahambe amagxathu amade kubugcisa nakwinzululwazi.
Okubaluleke nangakumbi kukuba, uMichael Agricola wavelisa ukukhanya okwahlukileyo, wanceda ukuze ukukhanya kweLizwi likaThixo kucace ngakumbi kubantu abantetho isisiFinnish. Oku kuvakaliswe kakuhle kumbongo wesiLatini owabhalwayo ngokufa kwakhe owawusithi: “Ngasemva akashiyanga nje ilifa eliqhelekileyo. Kunelifa, washiya umsebenzi wakhe—waguqulela iincwadi ezingcwele kwisiFinnish—yaye iincwadi zakhe ziyindumasi yokwenene.”
[Ibhokisi/Umfanekiso okwiphepha 23]
IBhayibhile YesiFinnish
IBhayibhile yokuqala epheleleyo yesiFinnish, ubukhulu becala eyayisekelwe kwiincwadi zikaMichael Agricola, yapapashwa ngowe-1642. Ekuhambeni kwexesha yaba yiBhayibhile esemthethweni yeCawa yaseFinland yamaLuthere. Ekuqengqelekeni kweminyaka kwenziwa iinguqulelo nje ezingephi kulo mbhalo, kodwa ubukhulu becala wahlala unjalo kwade kwangowe-1938. Inguqulelo ehlaziyiweyo yayo ipapashwe ngowe-1992.
Ekuphela kwenye iBhayibhile epheleleyo yesiFinnish yiNguqulelo Yehlabathi Elitsha YeZibhalo Ezingcwele, epapashwe ngamaNgqina kaYehova. Yapapashwa ngowe-1995. Kwiminyaka engama-20 ngaphambilana, ngowe-1975, amaNgqina ayesele epapashe inguqulelo yawo yeZibhalo ZamaKristu ZesiGrike. INguqulelo Yehlabathi Elitsha YeZibhalo Ezingcwele ibambelela ngokusondeleyo kumbhalo wantlandlolo. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, sekushicilelwe imibhalo yayo ezizi-130 000 000.
[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 22]
“UMikael Agricola kunye neBhayibhile yesiFinnish.” Umfanekiso owathatyathwa ngowe-1910
[Inkcazelo]
National Board of Antiquities/Ritva Bäckman
[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 23]
“ITestamente Entsha” ka-Agricola
[Inkcazelo Ngomfanekiso okwiphepha 21]
National Board of Antiquities