Igama LikaThixo Nephulo Lika-Alfonso de Zamora Lokuvelisa Umbhalo Ochanileyo

NGONYAKA we-1492, uFerdinand noIsabella, ukumkani nomkumkanikazi baseSpeyin, bakhupha umyalelo othi: “Onke amaYuda namaYudakazi . . . Afanele abe sele ephume aphela kweli lizwe ekupheleni kukaJulayi kulo umiyo angaze aphinde awuthi cakatha umcondo wawo apha, oonyana babo, iintombi zabo izicaka nezicakazana nazo zonke iintsapho zamaYuda, ezincinane nezinkulu, kungakhathaliseki enoba iminyaka yabo ithini.”

Phantsi kwalo myalelo wokugxothwa, intsapho nganye yamaYuda ehlala eSpeyini yayifanele ikhethe phakathi kokuya elubhacweni okanye ilahle unqulo lwayo. UJuan de Zamora nowayengurabhi wacinga ukuba kwakunokuba bhetele ukuguqukela kubuKatolika aze ahlale eSpeyini apho ookhokho bakhe babehlala khona ukutyhubela izizukulwana. Ekubeni wayenemvelaphi yobuYuda, kunokwenzeka ukuba uJuan wathumela unyana wakhe uAlfonso kwisikolo samaHebhere esidumileyo esikwisixeko saseZamora. Ethubeni, uAlfonso wazi isiLatini, isiGrike nesiAramik. Emva kokuba ezigqibile izifundo zakhe, waba ngumhlohli wesiHebhere kwiYunivesithi yaseSalamanca. Akuzange kube kudala emva koko, ukwazi kwakhe iilwimi kwaba luncedo ekuhlohleni abaphengululi beBhayibhile ababevela kulo lonke elaseYurophu.

Ngowe-1512 iYunivesithi yaseAlcalá de Henares yatyumba uAlfonso de Zamora ukuba abe ngusihlalo wezifundo zesiHebhere. Ekubeni uZamora wayengomnye wabaphengululi abavunyiweyo ngexesha lakhe, ukhadinali Jiménez de Cisneros, umseki wale yunivesithi, wamquka kubantu ababeza kulungiselela iComplutensian Polyglot. Le miqulu mithandathu yeBhayibhile inemibhalo engcwele yesiHebhere, isiGrike, nesiLatini, kwakunye neenxalenye zesiAramiki.a

Ngalo msebenzi umphengululi weBhayibhile uMariano Revilla Rico uthi: “Kumaguquka amathathu amaYuda awaba nenxaxheba kulo msebenzi kaKhadinali [Cisneros], oyena wagqwesayo nguAlfonso de Zamora, owayephum’ izandla kwigrama, intanda-bulumko nengcali yeTalmud, ukongezelela ekubeni ngumphengululi wesiLatini, isiGrike, isiHebhere nesiAramik.” Uphando lukaZamora lwamenza wafikelela kwisigqibo sokuba inguqulelo yeBhayibhile echanileyo ifuna ulwanzi olunzulu lweelwimi zamandulo. Eneneni, waba ngomnye wabantu abakhuthaza ukuba kubuyelwe kundalashe, kuphengululwe iBhayibhile ukususela ngenkulungwane ye-16.

Nakuba kunjalo, uZamora wayephila ngexesha elinzima kwindawo eyingozi ukuba ungakhuthaza kuphengululwe iBhayibhile. Ukuncinwa kwamaKristu eSpeyin kwakuthathe unyawo, yaye iCawa yamaKatolika yayiyihlonela gqitha inguqulelo yesiLatini iVulgate njengekuphela kohlelo lweBhayibhile “olugunyazisiweyo.” Noko ke, ukususela kumaXesha aPhakathi, abaphengululi bamaKatolika babesele bebonile ukuba lo mbhalo wesiLatini iVulgate wawungachananga. Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-16, uAlfonso de Zamora nabanye benza okuthile.

‘Usindiso Lwafuna Inguqulelo’

Phakathi kwemisebenzi ebalaseleyo eyenziwa nguZamora, luhlelo lwesiHebhere oludla ngokubizwa ngokuba “yiTestamente Endala,” nenguqulelo yayo yesiLatini. Mhlawumbi wayefuna olu hlelo lusetyenziswe xa kusenziwa iComplutensian Polyglot. Omnye wemibhalo-ngqangi yakhe ukwithala laseEl Escorial kufutshane naseMadrid, eSpeyin. Ubhalwe G-I-4, unencwadi yeGenesis yesiHebhere epheleleyo, kunye nenguqulelo yesiLatini yegama negama.

Kwintshayelelo yayo inala mazwi athi: “Usindiso lweentlanga lufune kuguqulelwe iZibhalo eZingcwele kwezinye iilwimi. . . . Siye safumanisa kuyimfuneko . . . Ukuba abantu abathembekileyo babe nenguqulelo yeBhayibhile yegama negama, eyenziwe ngohlobo lokuba igama ngalinye lesiHebhere lihambisane negama ngalinye lesiLatini.” UAlfonso de Zamora nguye owayenokukwazi ukuguqulela ngale ndlela kuba wayengumphengululi wesiHebhere owaziwayo.

‘Umoya Awunakuphumla’

Kwelinye icala, ngenkulungwane ye-16, iSpeyin yayiyindawo efanelekileyo ababenokusebenzela kuyo abaphengululi abanjengoZamora. NgamaXesha aPhakathi, iSpeyin yaba sisigqubu senkcubeko yamaYuda. IEncyclopædia Britannica ithi: “Ekubeni yayinamaSlamsi namaYuda amaninzi, iSpeyin yayikuphela kwelizwe entshona Yurophu elalinabantu beentlanga ngeentlanga neenkonzo ezahlukahlukeneyo, oku kwabangela ukuba iSpeyin yenze inkqubela kwezonqulo, uncwadi, imizobo nokwakha ngamaXesha aPhakathi.”

Ekubeni kwakukho amaYuda amaninzi eSpeyin, yayimininzi imibhalo-ngqangi yesiHebhere yeBhayibhile. Ababhali bamaYuda kwimimandla eyahlukahlukeneyo yaseSpeyin bayikhuphela lo mibhalo-ngqangi ukuba isetyenziswa xa kufundwa iZibhalo kwizindlu zesikhungu. Kwincwadi yakhe ethi The Earliest Editions of the Hebrew Bible uL. Goldschmidt uphawula enjenje: “Asizoncwadi zoMthetho zeSpanish nesiPhuthukezi kuphela ezazihlonelwa nezashicilelwayo ngabaphengululi abangamaYuda ngenxa yokuchana kwazo, kodwa kwanemibhalo-ngqagi eyayikho ngaphambi kwale kukhutshelwa kuthathwa kuyo kunye neepolyglots zabaphengululi.”

Nakuba kwakukho iingenelo ezinjalo eSpeyin, abaguquleli beBhayibhile baqalisa ukugutyungelwa lilifu elimnyama lenkcaso. Ngowe-1492, imikhosi yamaKatolika kaKumkani uFerdinand noKumkanikazi uIsabella yathimba ummandla ohlala amaSilamsi eSpeyin. Njengokuba besele kutshiwo, kwakuloo nyaka ukumkani nokumkanikazi bakhupha umyalelo wokuba bonke ababe ngabonqulo lwamaYuda babeza kugxothwa eSpeyin. Kwalo myalelo wagxotha amaSilamsi kwiminyaka elishumi eyalandelayo. Ukususela ngelo xesha, ubuKatolika baba lunqulo lweSizwe eSpeyin, yaye ezinye iinkonzo zazingavumelekanga.

Le meko intsha yakuchaphazela njani ukuguqulelwa kweBhayibhile? Amava ka-Alfonso de Zamora ayasinceda kule nkalo. Nangona, lo mphengululi womYuda owayeguqukele kubuKatolika, abasemagunyeni eSpeyin abazange bavume ukuyibetha ngoyaba imvelaphi yakhe yobuYuda. Abanye abachasi bamgxeka uKhadinali Cisneros ngokusebenzisa amava amaYuda aguqukele kubuKatolika ukuze kuguqulelwe iBhayibhile eyiPolyglot. Oku kuhlaselwa kwamenza wabandezeleka ngakumbi uZamora. Kumagqabaza akumbhalo-ngqangi okwiYunivesithi yaseMadrid, uZamora wakhalaza wathi: “Bonke, . . . Abahlobo bam bandithiyile yaye bandishiye kwesinomhlwa—baziintshaba zam ngoku—andinayo nendawo le endinokuphumza kuyo umphefumlo okanye iintende zeenyawo zam.”

Omnye wezona ntshaba zakhe ziphambili yayinguJuan Tavera, ubhishophu omkhulu waseToledo, nowathi kamva wanikwa isikhundla sokuba ngumncini oyintoko wamakholwa. Yaba buhlungu gqitha intliziyo kaZamora ngenxa yokuhlaselwa nguTavera kangangokuba wabhenela kupopu. Inxalenye yeleta yakhe yayisithi: “Siyakucela sikubongoza Wena uNgcwele ukuba usincede . . . Yaye usihlangule kutshaba lwethu kuDon Juan Tavera ubhishophu waseToledo. Mihla le, usithe mbende. . . . Siphila ubomi bentshontsho, kuba sifana namarhamncwa afanele abulawe emehlweni akhe. . . . Ukuba Wena oNgcwele uyasiphulaphula esi sibongozo, ‘[uYahweh] uya kukhusela yaye uya kukulondoloza lungabetheki unyawo lwakho.’ (IMize. 3:23)”b

Igama Awazenzela Lona UAlfonso de Zamora

Phezu kwako nje ukuhlaselwa kwakhe, umsebenzi wakhe watyhalela phambili ukuze kungenelwe abafundi beBhayibhile. Nangona engazange aziguqulele kwiilwimi zomthonyama zexesha lakhe iZibhalo, wabenzela umsebenzi obalulekileyo abanye abaguquleli. Ukuze siliqonde igalelo lakhe, kufuneka sikhumbule ukuba ukuguqulelwa kweBhayibhile bekusoloko kuxhomekeke kwiindidi ezimbini zabaphengululi. Okokuqala, kumele kubekho abaphengululi abafunda imibhalo engcwele ngeelwimi eyayibhalwe ngazo—isiHebhere, isiAramik nesiGrike—ukuze kuveliswe umbhalo ohlelwe kakuhle nochanileyo ngezi lwimi. Emva koko, umguquleli unokusebenzisa loo mibhalo xa eguqulela kulwimi lomthonyama.

UAlfonso de Zamora wayengumphengululi oyintloko owalungisa nowahlela umbhalo wesiHebhere owapapashwa kwiComplutensian Polyglot ngowe-1522. (Ulwazi lwakhe lwegrama yesiHebhere nesiLatini evelayo kulo msebenzi wakhe wenza kwalula nakwabanye abaguquleli.) UErasmus, owayephila ngaxeshanye noZamora, naye waguqulela iZibhalo ZamaKristu ZesiGrike, ezidla ngokubizwa ngokuba yiTestamente Entsha. Isakufumaneka le mibhalo ngesiHebhere nangesiGrike, abanye abaguquleli babanokuqalisa ukuguqulela iBhayibhile kwiilwimi ezithethwa ngabantu. Xa uWilliam Tyndale waguqulela iBhayibhile kwisiNgesi, wayengomnye wabaguquleli bokuqala ukusebenzisa umbhalo wesiHebhere weComplutensian Polyglot.

Ukusasazwa ngokubanzi kweBhayibhile namhlanje yindlela efanelekileyo yokubulela inkonzo yamadoda anjengoZamora, awathi anikela ngobomi bawo ukuze aphucule ulwazi ngeZibhalo. Njengokuba uZamora waqondayo, ukuba usindiso luxhomekeke ekuqondeni kwabantu iLizwi likaThixo nasekulilandeleni. (Yohane 17:3) Loo nto, ifuna kuguqulelwe iBhayibhle kwiilwimi eziqondwa ngabantu, kusemva koko, kuphela apho isigidimi sayo sinokuchukumisa iintliziyo neengqondo zezigidi zabantu.

[Imibhalo esemazantsi]

[Ibhokisi/Imifanekiso ekwiphepha 19]

Ukuguqulela Igama LikaThixo

Kubangel’ umdla ukubona indlela uAlfonso de Zamora, isifundiswa esinemvelaphi yesiHebhere, esaliguqulela ngayo igama likaThixo. Njengoko unokubona kumfanekiso ohamba neli nqaku, ingongoma eluseludinini kwinguqulelo yakhe yeHebrew-Latin interlinear yeGenesis inegama likaThixo elithi “jehovah.”

Kucacile, ukuba uZamora wayamnkela le ndlela laguqulelwa ngayo igama likaThixo kwisiLatini. Ebudeni benkulungwane ye-16, xa iBhayibhile yayiguqulelwa kwiilwimi eziphambili zaseYurophu, le ndlela yokulibhala okanye enye efana nayo yasetyenziswa ngabaguquleli beBhayibhile abaninzi, abaquka uWilliam Tyndale (iNgesi, 1530), Sebastian Münster (Latini, 1534), Pierre-Robert Olivétan (umFrentshi, 1535) noCasiodoro de Reina (umSpanish, 1569).

Ngaloo ndlela, uZamora waba ngomnye wabaphengululi beBhayibhile bokuqala ngenkulungwane ye-16 ababa negalelo ekwaziseni igama likaThixo. Ukuqala kokunganakwa kwegama likaThixo kwabangelwa ziinkolelo zamaYuda ezazingakuvumeli ukuba libizwe eli gama. Bephenjelelwa yile nkolelo yamaYuda, abaguquleli beBhayibhile beNgqobhoko—abanjengoJerome, umguquleli weLatin Vulgate—walishenxisa igama likaThixo waza endaweni yalo wafakela izibizo ezifane nesithi “Nkosi” okanye “Thixo.”

[Umfanekiso]

ITetragrammaton ngesiHebhere esondeziweyo ethi “Jehovah” eyaguqulelwa nguZamora

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Umyalelo kakumkani nokumkanikazi baseSipeyin, ngowe, 1492

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Umyalelo: Courtesy of the Archivo Histórico Provincial, Ávila, Spain

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IYunivesithi yaseAlcalá de Henares

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Umphambili wenguqulelo kaZamora yeinterlinear