Igesi Yokwemvelo—Umbane Onokusetyenziswa Ezindlwini
KUMBANE ofunekayo ehlabathini lonke ama-20 ekhulwini afumaneka kwigesi yokwemvelo. Ivela phi igesi yokwemvelo? Icoceke kangakanani? Yaye kusele engakanani?
Izazinzulu ezininzi zikholelwa ukuba, kwiminyaka yakude kudala, igesi yokwemvelo yabangelwa kukudibana kwezityalo ezibunileyo nezilwanyana ezifileyo kuquka nezilwanyana ezincinane zaselwandle. Ngokutsho kwezi zazinzulu, kangangexesha elide iintsholongwane, intlenge eye yakhelana ngaphezulu nobushushu obungaphantsi komhlaba buye batshintsha ingqushu yezinto eziphilayo yaba zizimbiwa—njengamalahle, igesi neoli. Ekuhambeni kwexesha le gesi ifumaneka emingxunyeni emincinane yamatye, maxa wambi yenza oovimba abakhulu abavalelwe ngaphantsi kwamatye angenamingxuma. Abanye oovimba begesi bakhulu yaye banokuba negesi eziziimitha eziyitriliyoni. Abanye oovimba begesi bakhulu yaye bathwala iitriliyoni zecubic meters zegesi. Bafumaneka njani aba vimba?
Indlela Igesi Yokwemvelo Efumaneka Ngayo
Iisatellite, iiglobal positioning system, ireflection seismology neekhompyutha ziye zasetyenziswa xa kukhangelwa igesi. Ireflection seismology isekelwe kumgaqo wokuba kukho isandi esivela ematyeni asemhlabeni yaye eso sandi sinceda izazinzulu zazi ukuba yintoni engaphantsi kwaloo matye. Ezi zandi zidla ngokwenziwa ngabantu besebenzisa iziqhushumbisi ezincinane okanye iivibrator ezifakwa kwiilori ezithile. Oku kubangela ukuba kushukume noqweqwe lomhlaba zize izazinzulu zisebenzise izixhobo ezithile ukuze zive eso sandi zize zisebenzise iikhompyutha ukuze zizenzele imifanekiso yendlela amatye eme ngayo. Le mifanekiso izinika umyinge wegesi ekhoyo phakathi kwala matye.
Xa kukhangelwa igesi eselwandle kwenziwa izandi ngemipu ekhethekileyo ekhupha umoya, umphunga okanye amanzi elwandle. Lo moya ufikelela enzulwini yolwandle uze uvakale kwiihydrophone ezidibene nentambo ende etsalwa yinqanawa. Nalapha abaphengululi basebenzisa ezi zandi ukuze bazenzele imifanekiso ngekhompyutha.
Ukuze le ndlela isebenze kufuneka kubekho igesi eyaneleyo. Ngoko, izazi ngokwakhiwa komhlaba zifanele ziqiniseke ngamandla nobungakanani begesi ekuvimba. Amandla anokulinganiswa kakuhle ngezikali. Noko ke, kunzima ukufumanisa ubungakanani bayo. Enye indlela yokwenza oku kukufumanisa amandla ayo ukhuphe igesi encinane uze uphinde ukale. Xa umlinganiselo wamandla wehlile oko kuthetha ukuba uvimba mkhulu; xa unyukile uvimba mncinane.
Ukwenza Igesi Ikulungele Ukusetyenziswa
Emva kokuba ikhutshiwe, igesi ifakwa kwimibhobho ize iye kuhluzwa ukuze kuphume imichiza engafunekiyo njengecarbon dioxide, ihydrogen sulfide, isulfur dioxide nomphunga onokonakalisa imibhobho. Emva koko, le gesi yokwemvelo iphinde ihluzelwe kwindawo epholileyo ukuze kususwe initrogen engatshiyo nokuze kufunyanwe ihelium, ibutane, iethane nepropane. Ekugqibeleni kubakho imethane engenambala, engenavumba nekhawulezayo ukutsha. Ngenxa yokuba imethane iyeyokwemvelo ikwabizwa ngokuba yigesi yokwemvelo.
Ukuze igesi yokwemvelo ingabi yongozi, abenzi bayo baye bongeza amasuntswana eegesi ezidibene nesulfur ukuze bakhawuleze ukubona xa kukho igesi enokudubula. Noko ke, igesi yokwemvelo icocekile kunamalahle neoli.
Ukuze ikwazi ukuhanjiswa, igesi yokwemvelo ibekwa kwindawo ebandayo ize yenziwe amanzi. Ibutane nepropane zidla ngokugqibela sele ziyiliquefied petroleum gas (okanye iLPG), gesi leyo eyaziwayo ngabantu abakuthandayo ukupheka besebenzisa igesi esezibhotileni. I-LPG idla ngokusetyenziswa njengepetroli yeebhasi, iitrekta, iilori nezinye iimoto. Ngoku ibutane nepropane ziye zasetyenziswa xa kusenziwa iiplastiki, izinyibilikisi, amalaphu nezinye izinto.
Ilinganiselwe
Njengazo zonke izimbiwa, igesi yokwemvelo ilinganiselwe. Kuqikelelwa ukuba kusele malunga nama-45 ekhulwini egesi emhlabeni wonke. Ukuba olo qikelelo luchanile, ngendlela ngoku esetyenziswa ngayo isenokuphela emva kweminyaka engama-60. Kodwa kumazwe amaninzi liyanda inani labantu abasebenzisa umbane; ngoko kusenokwenzeka ukuba olu qikelelo aluchananga.
Ukubakho kwemizi-mveliso emininzi kwamanye amazwe kunokwenza umntu acinge ukuba izimbiwa zomhlaba azinakuphela. Liyinyaniso elokuba, kunokusetyenziswa amandla enyukliya nezinye izinto ezinokusetyenziswa ngokuphindaphindiweyo njengamandla elanga nomoya. Kodwa ngaba ezi zinto zinokuvelisa umbane owaneleyo? Ngaba zicocekile yaye akuyongozi ukuzisebenzisa? Impendulo iya kufumaneka ekuhambeni kwexesha.
[Umzobo/Umfanekiso okwiphepha 14]
(Ukuba ufuna inkcazelo ehlahlelwe kakuhle, yiya kwimpapasho)
Emva kokuba ikhutshiwe, igesi ifakwa kwimibhobho ize iye kuhluzwa ngaphambi kokuba isiwe kumakhaya abantu nakumashishini
[Umzobo]
Iliwa Legesi
Indawo Yokuhluza
Inkampani Yegesi
[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 13]
Kusetyenziswa izixhobo ezikhethekileyo ukuze kwenziwe ingxolo evakala kwizixhobo ezithile
[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 13]
Izazi ngokwakhiwa komhlaba zihlola imifanekiso eyenziwe ngekhompyutha efunyenwe kwizandi ezibangelwa kukushukuma komhlaba
[Inkcazelo Ngemifanekiso ekwiphepha 13]
Top: © Lloyd Sutton/Alamy; bottom: © Chris Pearsall/Alamy