Ookumkani Bahlasela ILizwe Lesithembiso
ISAMARIYA, elikomkhulu lobukhosi basentla bakwaSirayeli, yathinjwa ngama-Asiriya ngowama-740 B.C.E. Ngaloo ndlela amaSirayeli azibona sele ephantsi kokumkani okhohlakeleyo. IAsiriya yayikwincam engasentla yamathafa aseMesopotamiya, kufutshane neTigrisi, engomnye wemilambokazi ekuloo Mmandla Uchumileyo. Izixeko ezikhulu zaseAsiriya, iNineve neKala, zakhiwa nguNimrodi. (Gen 10:8-12) Ngemihla kaShalmanesere III, iAsiriya yanwenwela ngasentshona, yaya kuthi xhaxhe ngommandla onamanzi amaninzi nochumileyo waseSiriya nokumantla akwaSirayeli.
Ngethuba lokulawula kukaKumkani uTigelati-pilesere III (uPuli), okhankanywe eBhayibhileni, iAsiriya yaqalisa ukumcinezela uSirayeli. Uhlaselo lwakhe lwachaphazela nelakwaYuda elalisemazantsi. (2Ku 15:19; 16:5-18) Ekuhambeni kwexesha, iAsiriya efaniswa ‘namanzi’ akhukulisayo yaligubungela lonke elakwaYuda, yaza ekugqibeleni yaya kufikelela nakwikomkhulu lalo, iYerusalem.—Isa 8:5-8.
UKumkani uSenaribhe waseAsiriya walihlasela elakwaYuda ngowama-732 B.C.E. (2Ku 18:13, 14) Wathimba izixeko ezingama-46 zakwaYuda, kuquka iLakishe, eyayiseShefela. Njengoko imaphu ibonisa, oku kuthetha ukuba imikhosi yakhe yayivelela ngasemva iYerusalem, yaza ngaloo ndlela yalingqinga ikomkhulu lakwaYuda. Kwiingxelo zakhe zembali, uSenaribhe waqhayisa ngokuvingcela kwakhe uHezekiya “njengentaka esehokweni,” kodwa ezo ngxelo zama-Asiriya aziyiphathi nokuyiphatha into yokutshatyalaliswa kwamajoni kaSenaribhe yingelosi kaThixo.—2Ku 18:17-36; 19:35-37.
Ulawulo loBukumkani baseAsiriya lwalusondela esiphelweni. AmaMedi, awayehlala kummandla weentaba, ngoku obizwa ngokuba yi-Iran, aqalisa ukuba yintw’ ibila kumkhosi oseleyo wama-Asiriya. Oku kwenza ama-Asiriya ayeka ukunikel’ ingqalelo kumaphondo asentshona, nawo awayesele eqalise ukuvukela. Ebudeni belo thuba, amaBhabhiloni aya esomelela ngakumbi nangakumbi, kangangokuba ada athimba nesixeko saseAshuri. Ngowama-632 B.C.E., iNineve—“isixeko sophalazo-gazi”—yathinjwa yimikhosi eyayincedisana namaBhabhiloni, yamaMedi neyamaSkitiya, ekumantla oLwandle Olumnyama, nengoophuma silwe. Oku kwazalisekisa isiprofeto sikaNahum nesikaZefaniya.—Nah 3:1; Zef 2:13.
IAsiriya yatshatyalaliswa ngokupheleleyo kwaHaran. Athi akuhlaselwa ngumkhosi ongenalusini wamaBhabhiloni, ama-Asiriya akha azama ukuxhathalaza esilwa, ngoxa ayelindele uncedo oluvela kumkhosi waseYiputa. Kodwa uthe esesendleleni eya kunceda, uFaro Neko wavingcelwa eMegido nguKumkani uYosiya wakwaYuda. (2Ku 23:29) Xa uNeko wafikayo kwaHaran, kwakusele kusemva kwesithonga—kuba uBukumkani baseAsiriya babusele bubhukuqiwe.
UBukumkani BaseBhabhiloni
Sisiphi isixeko esithi qatha engqondweni yakho xa usiva ibinzana elithi “imiyezo ejingayo”? Sisixeko saseBhabhiloni, esilikomkhulu legunya lehlabathi nalo elikwabizwa kwangelo gama, nelifaniswa esiprofetweni nengonyama enamaphiko. (Dan 7:4) Esi sixeko sasidume kakhulu ngobutyebi, urhwebo, nokwanda konqulo lwaso nokuvumisa ngeenkwenkwezi. Ubukumkani baso babukumathafa afumileyo akumazantsi eMesopotamiya, phakathi komlambo iTigrisi nomEfrate. Esi sixeko sasimi phezu komEfrate, yaye iindonga zaso zasenza sabonakala singenakoyiswa.
AmaBhabhiloni akha iindlela zezorhwebo ezazinqumla kwintlango enamatye yakumntla Arabhiya. Ngesinye isihlandlo, uKumkani uNabonidus wakha wahlala kwaTema, eshiya uBheleshatsare ukuba alawule eBhabhiloni.
IBhabhiloni yayihlasela izihlandlo ezithathu iKanan. Emva kokuba uNebhukadenetsare oyise amaYiputa eKarkemishe ngowama-625 B.C.E., amaBhabhiloni ehlela emazantsi eHamati, apho kwakhona afika awoyisa amaYiputa awayezama ukusaba. Ukusuka apho amaBhabhiloni ehla egudle intlambo yaseYiputa, aza endleleni atshabalalisa iAshkelon. (2Ku 24:7; Yer 47:5-7) Ebudeni bolu hlaselo, amaYuda awela ezandleni zeBhabhiloni.—2Ku 24:1.
UKumkani uYehoyakim wakwaYuda wavukela ngowama-618 B.C.E. Ngoko iBhabhiloni yathumela imikhosi yayo ebunjwa ziintlanga ezikufuphi nelakwaYuda ukuba ihlasele, ibe yayihlasela yaza yayoyisa iYerusalem. Kungabanga thuba lide emva koko, uKumkani uZedekiya wadibanisa imikhosi kunye neYiputa, nto leyo eyenza ukuba amaBhabhiloni awathiy’ egazini amaYuda. Ngoko aphinda ahlasela aza atshabalalisa izixeko zakwaYuda. (Yer 34:7) Ekugqibeleni, uNebhukadenetsare wawukhokelela eYerusalem umkhosi wakhe, waza wayoyisa ngowama-607 B.C.E.—2Kr 36:17-21; Yer 39:10.
[Ibhokisi ekwiphepha 23]
IINCWADI ZEBHAYIBHILE EZINEZIGANEKO ZELO XESHA:
UHoseya
UIsaya
UMika
IMizekeliso (inxalenye)
UZefaniya
UNahum
UHabhakuki
IZililo
UObhadiya
UHezekile
Eyoku-1 neyesi-2 yooKumkani
UYeremiya
[Imaphu ekwiphepha 23]
(Ukuba ufuna inkcazelo ehlahlelwe kakuhle, yiya kwimpapasho)
Ubukhosi BamaBhabhiloni/NamaAsiriya
UBukumkani Bama-Asiriya
B4 IMemphis (INofu)
B4 Tsowan
B5 IYIPUTA
C2 ISPRO (KITIM)
C3 ISidon
C3 ITire
C3 IMegido
C3 ISamariya
C4 IYerusalem
C4 IAshkelon
C4 ILakishe
D2 IHaran
D2 IKarkemishe
D2 IArpadi
D2 IHamati
D3 Ribhela
D3 ISIRIYA
D3 IDamasko
E2 IGozan
E2 IMESOPOTAMIYA
F2 IMINI
F2 IASIRIYA
F2 IKhorsabad
F2 INineve
F2 IKala
F2 IAshure
F3 IBHABHILONI
F3 IBhabhiloni
F4 IKHALEDI
F4 IErek
F4 IUre
G3 IShushan
G4 IELAM
UBukumkani BamaBhabhiloni
C3 ISidon
C3 ITire
C3 IMegido
C3 ISamariya
C4 IYerusalem
C4 IAshkelon
C4 ILakishe
D2 IHaran
D2 IKarkemishe
D2 IArpadi
D2 IHamati
D3 Ribhela
D3 ISIRIYA
D3 IDamasko
D5 ITema
E2 IGozan
E2 IMESOPOTAMIYA
E4 IARABHIYA
F2 IMINI
F2 IASIRIYA
F2 IKhorsabad
F2 INineve
F2 IKala
F2 IAshure
F3 IBHABHILONI
F3 IBhabhiloni
F4 IKHALEDI
F4 IErek
F4 IUre
G3 IShushan
G4 IELAM
[Ezinye iindawo]
G2 IMEDI
Iindlela Ezinkulu (Yiya kwimpapasho)
[Amanzi]
B3 ULwandle LweMediterranean (Ulwandle Olukhulu)
C5 Ulwandle Olubomvu
H1 Ulwandle LweCaspian
H5 IPersian Gulf
[Imilambo]
B5 UmNayileNile
E2 UmEfrate
F3 ITigrisi
[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 22]
Induli yaseLakishe
[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 22]
Umfanekiso ofinyeziweyo weMegido yamandulo
[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 23]
Umfanekiso wemiyezo ejingayo yaseBhabhiloni