IGrisi NeRoma Ziphembelela AmaYuda
UKWANDA koBukumkani bamaGrike kwaqala kwiintaba zaseMakedoni. Apho kuzo, ebutsheni beminyaka yakhe yama-20 ubudala, uAleksandire wayefuna ukuhlasela amazwe asempuma. Ngowama-334 B.C.E., wakhokelela umkhosi wakhe ngaphesheya kweHellespont (iDardanelles), ephakathi kweYurophu neAsia. ‘Njengehlosi’ elitshabalalisayo, amaGrike awayekhokelwa nguAleksandire ayesoyisa kwezo ndawo ayehlasela kuzo. (Dan 7:6) UAleksandire walwa namaPersi kufutshane naseTroy, kumathafa oMlambo iGranicus, waza wawoyisa ngokupheleleyo eIssus.
AmaGrike ahlasela iSiriya neFenike, aza oyisa iTire emva kokuyingqinga kangangeenyanga ezisixhenxe. (Hez 26:4, 12) Engafuni ukuhlasela iYerusalem, uAleksandire wahlasela iGaza. (Zek 9:5) Akufika eYiputa, waseka iAleksandriya, eyaba liziko lemfundo. Waphinda wanqumla kwiLizwe Lesithembiso, waza wahlasela amaPersi eGaugamela, kufutshane namabhodlo aseNineve.
UAleksandire wehlela ngasemazantsi ukuze ahlasele iBhabhiloni, iShushan (iSusa) nePersepolis—amaziko olawulo asePersi. Ukusuka apho wakhawuleza wahlasela ummandla wasePersi, de waya kufikelela kuMlambo i-Indus osePakistan. Kwiminyaka nje esibhozo, uAleksandire wayesele ehlasele imimandla emininzi eyayikho ngelo xesha. Kodwa ngowama-323 B.C.E., xa wayeneminyaka engama-32 ubudala, wabulawa sisifo seengcongconi eBhabhiloni.—Dan 8:8.
AmaGrike ayenempembelelo gqitha kwiLizwe Lesithembiso. Amanye awayengamagqala omkhosi ka-Aleksandire ahlala kuloo mmandla. Ngenkulungwane yokuqala kwakusele kukho izixeko ezininzi zamaGrike apho (ezazibizwa ngokuba yiDekapoli). (Mat 4:25; Mar 7:31) IZibhalo zesiHebhere zabakho nangesiGrike. IsiKoine (isiGrike esiqhelekileyo) sasilolona lwimi luphambili olwalusetyenziswa ekusasazeni iimfundiso zobuKristu.
UBukumkani BamaRoma
Yintoni eyayisenzeka entshona? IRoma—eyayikade ibunjwa liqela leedolophana ngakuMlambo iTiber—yabalasela ngakumbi. Ekugqibeleni, umkhosi onamandla waseRoma kwakunye nokumanyana koburhulumente bayo kwayenza yakwazi ukoyisa imimandla eyayilawulwa ziinjengele ezine zika-Aleksandire. Ngowama-30 B.C.E., lalisele lizicacele igunya loBukumkani bamaRoma, nto leyo eyayiyimbonakaliso yokuqala ‘yerhamncwa eloyikekayo’ lombono kaDaniyeli.—Dan 7:7.
UBukumkani bamaRoma babususela eBritani ukuya kuma ngoMntla Afrika, bususela nakuLwandlekazi lweAtlantiki ukuya kutsho kwiPersian Gulf. Ngenxa yokuba obo bukumkani babungqonge ulwandle lweMeditera, amaRoma alubiza ngokuba yiMare Nostrum (Ulwandle Lwethu).
Nayo iRoma yaba nempembelelo kumaYuda, awayehlala kummandla ophantsi koBukumkani bamaRoma. (Mat 8:5-13; IZe 10:1, 2) UYesu wabhaptizwa waza wafa ngexesha loMlawuli uTibheriyo. Abanye abalawuli bamaRoma bawatshutshisa ngokungenalusini amaKristu kodwa abazange bakwazi ukuluphelisa unqulo lokwenyaniso. Emva kweenkulungwane ezili-13, icala elingasemantla lobo bukumkani lathatyathwa zizizwe zaseJamani laza icala elingasempuma lafunyanwa ngabahlaseli abavela kweminye imimandla.
[Imaphu ekwiphepha 26]
(Ukuba ufuna inkcazelo ehlahlelwe kakuhle, yiya kwimpapasho)
UBukumkani BamaGrike
Emva koAleksandire, iinjengele zakhe ezine zalawula bonke ubukumkani bakhe
▪ UCassander
▫ ULysimachus
○ UPtolemy I
• USeleucus I
A2 ▪ IGRISI
A2 ▪ IAthene
A2 ▪ IAKHAYA
A3 ○ IKirene
A3 ○ ILIBHIYA
B2 ▫ IByzantium
B3 ○ ISIPRO
B4 ○ INo-amon (IThebes)
C3 IPalmyra (ITademore)
C3 ○ IGerasa
C3 ○ IFiladelfi
C3 ○ IYerusalem
C5 ○ ISiyene
G2 • IAlexandria Margiana
Indlela Ka-Aleksandire
A2 ▪ IMAKEDONI
A2 ▪ IPella
A2 ▫ ITHRACE
B2 ▫ ITroy
B2 ▫ ISardesi
B2 ▫ IEfese
B2 ▫ IGordium
C2 ▫ IAnkara
C3 • ITarso
C3 • I-Issus
C3 • Kwa-Antiyokwe (yaseSiriya)
C3 ○ ITire
C4 ○ IGaza
B4 ○ IYIPUTA
B4 ○ IMemphis
B4 ○ IAleksandriya
A4 ○ Umyezo WaseSiwa
B4 ○ IMemfis
C4 ○ IGaza
C3 ○ ITire
C3 ○ IDamasko
C3 • IAleppo
D3 • INisibis
D3 • IGaugamela
D3 • IBhabhiloni
E3 • IShushan
E4 • IPERSI
E4 • IPersepolis
E4 • IPasargadae
E3 • IMEDI
E3 • IEkbhatana
E3 • IRhagae
E3 • IHecatompylos
F3 • IPARTI
G3 • IARIA
G3 • IAlexandria Areion
G3 • IAlexandria Prophthasia
F4 • IDRANGIANA
G4 • IARACHOSIA
G4 • IAlexandria Arachosiorum
H3 • IKabul
G3 • IDrapsaca
H3 • IAlexandria Oxiana
G3 • IDrapsaca
G3 • IBACTRIA
G3 • IBactra
G2 • IDerbent
G2 • ISOGDIANA
G2 • IMaracanda
G2 • IBukhara
G2 • IMaracanda
H2 • IAlexandria Eschate
G2 • IMaracanda
G2 • IDerbent
G3 • IBactra
G3 • IBACTRIA
G3 • IDrapsaca
H3 • IKabul
H3 • ITaxila
H5 • IINDIYA
H4 • IAleksandriya
G4 • IGEDROSIA
F4 • IPura
E4 • IPERSI
F4 • IAleksandriya
F4 • ICARMANIA
E4 • IPasargadae
E4 • IPersepolis
E3 • IShushan
D3 • IBhabhiloni
[Ezinye iindawo]
A3 IKRETE
D4 IARABIYA
[Amanzi]
B3 Ulwandle lweMeditera
C5 Ulwandle Olubomvu
E4 IPersian Gulf
G5 Ulwandle lwaseArabhiya
[Imilambo]
B4 UmNayile
D3 UmEfrate
D3 ITigris
G4 I-Indus
[Imaphu ekwiphepha 27]
(Ukuba ufuna inkcazelo ehlahlelwe kakuhle, yiya kwimpapasho)
UBukumkani BamaRoma
A1 IBRITANI
A3 ISPEYIN
B1 IJAMANI
B2 IGAUL
B2 I-ITALi
B2 IRoma
B3 ICarthage
C2 ILIRIKO
C3 IGRISI
C3 IActium
C3 IKirene
D2 IByzantium (IConstantinople)
D3 IASIA MINOR
D3 IEfese
D3 IAleppo
D3 Kwa-Antiokwe (yaseSiriya)
D3 IDamasko
D3 IGerasa (IJarash)
D3 IYerusalem
D3 IAleksandriya
D4 IYIPUTA
[Amanzi]
A2 Ulwandlekazi LweAtlantiki
C3 Ulwandle LweMeditera
D2 Ulwandle Olumnyama
D4 Ulwandle Olubomvu
[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 26]
Emva kokuphinda akhe iRabha, uPtolemy II wayibiza ngokuba yiFiladelfi. Asekho namabhodlo eholo enkulu yemidlalo yeqonga yaseRoma.
[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 27]
Isixeko iGerasa (iJarash) saseDekapoli
[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 27]
Iindlela zaseRoma ezinjengale ikufutshane neAleppo, zazinqumla eYurophu, kuMntla Afrika nakuMbindi Mpuma. AmaKristu ayehamba kwezi ndlela xa esiya kusasaza inyaniso yeBhayibhile