Imisongo YoLwandle Olufileyo—Ubutyebi Obungenakulinganiswa Nanto

EMAZANTSI eWadi Qumran, kwicala elikumntla-ntshona woLwandle Olufileyo, kukho amabhodlo athile amandulo. Ekubeni ebesoloko egqalwa njengonxuwa-dala wenqaba yamaRoma, bekunganikelwa ngqalelo ingako kuwo ngabembi bezinto zakudala. Noko ke, ukufunyanwa komSongo woLwandle Olufileyo kaIsaya ngowe-1947, kwashukumisela ukuba eli nxuwa liphinde liqwalaselwe.

Kungekudala abaphengululi bazichaza ezi zakhiwo njengezo zazizezebutho elithile elingokonqulo lamaYuda. Ngokukhawuleza kwabakho inkolelo yokuba aba bantu babefihle imisongo ethile kwimiqolomba eyayiphakathi kwamawa awayekufutshane. Kodwa okwafunyaniswa kamva kwabonakala kubangela amathandabuzo ngoko.

Okwafunyanwayo Okungenakulinganiswa Nanto

AmaBedou ayeyiphaphele indlela eyayixabiseke ngayo imibhalo-ngqangi awayesele eyifumene. Ngoko, ngowe-1952, xa indoda ethile eyayisele ikhulile yabalisa ukuba xa yayiselula yaleqa isakhwatsha esasenzakele de saya kutshona emngxunyeni owawungaphambili eliweni, apho yafumana izitya zodongwe nesibane samandulo seoli, kwaqaliswa uphando olutsha.

Le ndoda esele ikhulile yayisawazi umlomo walo mqolomba ophakathi kweemfanta ezinzulu zamawa angumqengqelezi. Yayingumqolomba owenziwe ngumntu, ngoku owaziwa njengoMqolomba 4. Apho amaBedou afumana iziqwenga zemibhalo-ngqangi ezimalunga nomgama ongangemitha ngaphantsi komgangatho owawukho ngoko. Akukho nasinye kwezi ziqwenga esasigcinwe kwingqayi, ngoko inkoliso yazo yayonakele kakhulu, imdaka yaye ithambe gqitha. Ekuhambeni kwexesha kwafunyanwa ezinye iziqwenga ezazinokuba ngama-40 000, ezaziyila imibhalo-ngqangi emalunga nama-400. Zonke iincwadi zeZibhalo zesiHebhere, ngaphandle kwekaEstere, zaziphakathi kwemibhalo-ngqangi elikhulu yeBhayibhile. Umbandela omninzi owafunyanwa kuMqolomba 4 awukapapashwa.

Omnye wemibhalo-ngqangi ebaluleke ngakumbi yayingulowo weencwadi zikaSamuweli, ezazikhutshelwe kumsongo omnye. Umbhalo wawo wesiHebhere, owawubhalwe kwimihlathi engama-47 ekunokwenzeka ukuba ngaphambili yayingama-57, ufana gqitha nalowo wawusetyenziswa ngabaguquleli benguqulelo yeSeptuagint yesiGrike. Kukwakho neziqwenga zeSeptuagint zesiGrike ezisusela kwiLevitikus neNumeri ezabhalwa emva phayaa kwinkulungwane yokuqala Ngaphambi kweXesha Eliqhelekileyo. Umbhalo-ngqangi weLevitikus usebenzisa igama elithi IAO, kwigama lesiHebhere elithi יהוה, igama elingcwele likaThixo endaweni yegama lesiGrike elithi Kyʹri·os, “Nkosi.”a

Kwisiqwenga sencwadi yeDuteronomi, umbhalo wesiHebhere uquka inxalenye yesahluko 32, indinyana 43, efunyanwa kwiSeptuagint nekucatshulwe kuyo kumaHebhere 1:6: “Maziqubude kuye zonke izithunywa zikaThixo.” Kusisihlandlo sokuqala ukuba esi sivakalisi sifunyanwe kuwo nawuphi na umbhalo-ngqangi wesiHebhere, esityhila umbhalo ngokucacileyo oxhasa inguqulelo yesiGrike. Ngaloo ndlela abaphengululi baye bafumana ukuqonda okutsha ngombhalo weSeptuagint, ocatshulwa ngokufuthi kwiZibhalo zamaKristu zesiGrike.

Umsongo we-Eksodus wabhalwa ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane yesithathu Ngaphambi kweXesha Eliqhelekileyo, wona okaSamuweli wabhalwa kanye kwiminyaka yokugqibela yaloo nkulungwane ibe umsongo kaYeremiya wabhalwa phakathi kowama-225 nowe-175 B.C.E. Umbandela omninzi owabhalwa ukususela kwinkulungwane yesithathu ukuya kweyokuqala Ngaphambi kweXesha Eliqhelekileyo uye wafunyaniswa ubonisa iinguqulelo kuhlobo lokubhala noonobumba abasetyenziswa ngabantu ngabanye kuluhlu loonobumba abalandelelanayo besiHebhere nabesiAram, nto leyo exabiseke kakhulu ekufumaniseni ixesha lokubhalwa kwemibhalo-ngqangi.

Okungalindelekanga Okwafunyanwa Kumqolomba 11

Ekugqibeleni, wonke ummandla owawungqonge iQumran waphandwa ngokucokisekileyo, ngamaBedou asekuhlaleni nangabembi bezinto zakudala. Ukanti, ngenye imini ngowe-1956, amaBedou athile aphawula amalulwane ephuma kwiintanda zamawa ngasentla koMqolomba 1. Enyuka aza afumana omnye umqolomba, owawunendawo yokungena eyayivingcekile. Kwafuneka kushenxiswe amatye awayeqengqelekile aziitoni ezimbini ubunzima ukuze uvuleke. Okwafunyanwa phakathi kwakubambisa ongezantsi—imibhalo-ngqangi emibini epheleleyo neenxalenye ezintlanu ezinkulu zeminye.

Eyona nto ibalulekileyo yafunyanwayo, yayingumsongo omhle weeNdumiso. Ukuqina kwesikhumba kubonisa ukuba ngokunokwenzeka wenziwa ngesikhumba sethole lenkomo endaweni yesikhumba sebhokhwe. Ukuhlanganiswa kwamaphepha amahlanu, amaphepha amane anokwahlukaniswa, neziqwenga ezine zenza ukuba ube nobude obungaphezu kweemitha ezine. Nangona umphezulu walo msongo uye walondolozwa, ezantsi ubonakala wonakele kakhulu. Wabhalwa kwisiqingatha sokuqala senkulungwane yokuqala yeXesha Eliqhelekileyo yaye uneenxalenye zeendumiso ezingama-41. ITetragrammaton ibhalwe kangangezihlandlo ezimalunga ne-105 ngoonobumba bamandulo besiHebhere santlandlolo, oyenza ibonakale ngokucacileyo koonobumba abasikweri besiHebhere abasetyenzisiweyo ekubhaleni umongo wale ncwadi.

Omnye umbhalo-ngqangi, oweLevitikus, ngokupheleleyo ubhalwe ngoonobumba besiHebhere samandulo, kodwa isizathu sokuba oku kube njalo asikacaciswa ngokwanelisayo. Yeyona ncwadi inde ekhoyo esebenzisa olu hlobo lokubhala, olwalusetyenziswa ngexesha amaYuda athinjelwa eBhabhiloni ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yesixhenxe Ngaphambi kweXesha Eliqhelekileyo.

Umbhalo weTargum, inkcazelo-ntetho yesiAram yencwadi kaYobhi, nawo wavela. Uphakathi kweeTargum zangaphambili ezabhalwayo. Iingxelo zeziganeko ezininzi ezikwezinye iincwadi zeBhayibhile nazo zafunyanwa kwimiqolomba eyahlukeneyo. Kwenzeka njani ukuba yonke le misongo ifihlwe kakuhle kangaka kule miqolomba?

Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngaphambilana, kusenokwenzeka ukuba yimbi yayifihlwe ngabantu baseQumran. Kodwa ngokusuka kubungqina obukhoyo, kubonakala kunokwenzeka ngakumbi ukuba emininzi yabekwa apho ngamaYuda awayesaba ukuhlaselwa kwelakwaYuda ngamaRoma ngonyaka wama-68 C.E., ngaphambi kokutshatyalaliswa kokugqibela kweYerusalem kwiminyaka emibini kamva. Intlango yakwaYuda yayilikhusi ekwakunokufihlwa kulo imibhalo-ngqangi exabisekileyo kungekuphela nje kwimiqolomba ekufutshane naseQumran kodwa nakuleyo ikwiikhilomitha ezininzi ukuya ngasentla, ngaseYeriko, nangasezantsi, kufutshane neMasada. Hayi indlela esinombulelo ngayo ngokugcinwa kwayo! Inikela ubungqina obungakumbi bokungaguquguquki kweLizwi eliphefumlelweyo likaYehova. Ngokwenyaniso, “ilizwi likaThixo wethu liya kuma ngonaphakade.”—Isaya 40:8.

[Umbhalo osemazantsi]

[Ibhokisi ekwiphepha 13]

NGABA KUSEKHO OKUNGAKUMBI OKUZA KUVELA KUNGEKUDALA?

Nangona yafunyanwa kwiminyaka engamashumi eyadlulayo, inxalenye enkulu yeziqwenga zemiSongo yoLwandle Olufileyo ayikapapashwa. IThe New York Times kaDisemba 23, 1990 yathi: “Kwanoko kuyimifanekiso efana nayo kugcinwe liqela elimanyaniswe zizilangazelelo ezifanayo labaphengululi nelicezela phayaa kwabo lisebenza nabo lize lale ukupapasha okuninzi elikugcinileyo ngalo mbandela.” Noko ke, eli phephandaba lanikela ingxelo yokuba, kutshanje kuye kwakho utshintsho kubasebenzi beli qela labahleli, nto leyo esenokuba linyathelo elisinge ekuphelisweni “kokugcinwa kwale misongo ngabantu abanezilangazelelo ezifanayo . . . , yaye ihlabathi liya kwazi okungakumbi ngexesha elingaqhelekanga embalini.”

[Inkcazelo Ngomfanekiso okwiphepha 12]

Pictorial Archive (Near Eastern History) Est.