Iminyaka Engama-50 Yemigudu Elilize
“THINA MALUNGU EZIZWE EZIMANYENEYO SIZIMISELE ukusindisa izizukulwana ezilandelayo ekuthwaxweni yimfazwe, ebangele intlungu engathethekiyo kuluntu izihlandlo ezibini ebudeni bokuphila kwethu, nokuvuselela ukholo kumalungelo abantu asisiseko, kwisidima nokuxabiseka komntu, namalungelo alinganayo amadoda nawabafazi naweentlanga ezinkulu nezincinane, . . .”—Intshayelelo yomgaqo-siseko weZizwe Ezimanyeneyo.
NGO-OKTOBHA 24, 1995, iZizwe Ezimanyeneyo zigqiba iminyaka engama-50. Onke aMazwe ali-185 angamalungu ngoku abopheleleke kwimigaqo nakusukelo lwantlandlolo lwale ntlangano oluchazwe kuloo mgaqo-siseko: ukulondoloza uxolo nonqabiseko ehlabathini lonke; ukuphelisa ubundlobongela obusongela uxolo lwehlabathi; ukukhuthaza ubuhlobo phakathi kwezizwe; ukukhusela iinkululeko ezisisiseko zabantu bonke ngaphandle kocalu-calulo olusekelwe kubuhlanga, isini, ulwimi, okanye unqulo; nokuphumelela ekukhuthazeni intsebenziswano yehlabathi lonke ekucombululeni iingxaki zoqoqosho, zentlalo nezolimo.
Kangangeminyaka engama-50 intlangano yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo iye yenza imigudu ephawulekayo yokuzisa uxolo nonqabiseko ehlabathini. Lisenokuba liyinene elokuba, iye yayithintela imfazwe yehlabathi yesithathu, yaye ukutshatyalaliswa kwenkitha yabantu ngeebhombu zenyukliya akuphindanga kwabakho. IZizwe Ezimanyeneyo ziye zalungiselela izigidi zabantwana ukutya namayeza. Ziye zanegalelo ekuphuculeni umgangatho wezempilo kumazwe amaninzi, phakathi kwezinye izinto, zilungiselela amanzi okusela asempilweni nokugonyelwa izifo eziyingozi. Izigidi zeembacu ziye zancedwa ngezinto ezisisiseko ebomini.
Ngenxa yezinto eziphumezileyo, intlangano yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo ivuzwe ngeBhaso Loxolo likaNobel izihlandlo ezihlanu. Sekunjalo, isibakala esibuhlungu sesokuba asikalifumani ihlabathi elingenazimfazwe.
Uxolo Nonqabiseko—Usukelo Olungafikelelekiyo
Emva kweminyaka engama-50 yokuzama, uxolo nonqabiseko luselusukelo olungafikelelekiyo. Kwintetho ebeyinikela kutshanje kwiNgqungquthela yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo, umongameli waseUnited States uvakalise ukukhathazeka kwakhe ngokuthi “le nkulungwane izele ngamathemba namathuba nempumelelo ibikwasisizukulwana sentshabalalo nokuphelelwa lithemba okugqithileyo.”
Ngasekupheleni kowe-1994, iThe New York Times yathi: “Kukho iimfazwe okanye amadabi aqhubekayo amalunga ne-150 ekubulawa amawaka abantu kuwo—iingxelo zithi kufa abantu abangabandakanyekanga emfazweni abaninzi kunamajoni—yaye amakhulu amawaka aba ziimbacu.” IUnited Nations Department of Public Information yathi ukususela ngowe-1945 kuye kwafa abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-20 ngenxa yeemfazwe. Unozakuzaku welaseUnited States kwiZizwe Ezimanyeneyo, uMadeleine Albright, wathi “amadabi akwimimandla ethile ngoku aliwa ngenkohlakalo ngakumbi.” Ukungakhathalelwa kwamalungelo abantu nocalu-calulo zisoloko zisezindabeni mihla le. Amazwe amaninzi abonakala enyamezelana kunokuba abe nobuhlobo.
UMhlekazi uDavid Hannay, unozakuzaku welaseBritani kwiZizwe Ezimanyeneyo, wavuma ukuba “ukuza kuthi ga kwiminyaka yee-1980, iZizwe Ezimanyeneyo ziphantse zasilela phezu kwako nje ukuba bezizama ngokunyanisekileyo.” Usosiba-jikelele weZizwe Ezimanyeneyo, uBoutros Boutros-Ghali, wenza isimbonono ngenxa yokwanda kokungakhathalelani nokudikwa phakathi kwaMazwe angamalungu azo xa kufuneka ebandakanyeke kumaphulo okulondoloza uxolo. Waqukumbela ngelithi kwinkoliso yamalungu, “iZizwe Ezimanyeneyo azikho kwindawo yokuqala.”
Impembelelo Yamajelo Eendaba
Nakuba iZizwe Ezimanyeneyo zisenokubonakala zinamandla, ngokufuthi imigudu yazo iye iphazanyiswe zezobupolitika nangamajelo eendaba. IZizwe Ezimanyeneyo azibi namandla xa zingaxhaswa ngamazwe angamalungu azo. Kodwa ukuba abantu ngokubanzi abavumi, inkoliso yamazwe angamalungu eZizwe Ezimanyeneyo akasayi kuzixhasa iZizwe Ezimanyeneyo. Ngokomzekelo, ngokutsho kweThe Wall Street Journal, “ukusilela kwayo ngokulihlazo eSomalia naseBosnia kwenze abemi abaninzi baseMerika beyiseka lelokuba le ntlangano ayidlali ngemali nje kuphela, kodwa eneneni iyingozi.” Esi simo sengqondo sabantu ngokubanzi siye sabangela ukuba abanye abameli bezobupolitika baseMerika bacele ukuba imali ekhutshwa yiUnited States ukuxhasa iZizwe Ezimanyeneyo incitshiswe.
Iintlangano zeendaba azithingazi xa kufuneka zizihlabe amadlala iZizwe Ezimanyeneyo. Amabinzana anjengathi “ayifanelekanga kwaphela,” “ingumthwalo,” “iyinkcitha-xesha,” yaye “ayinamandla” ebesetyenziswa ngokuphandle xa kuchazwa iinkalo ezithile zemisebenzi yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo. Kutshanje, iThe Washington Post National Weekly Edition iye yathi “iZizwe Ezimanyeneyo ziseliqumrhu lamagosa aseburhulumenteni elicothayo nelizama ukufikelela kwisantya seli hlabathi.”
Elinye iphephandaba lacaphula uSosiba-Jikelele uBoutros Boutros-Ghali echaza indlela ekumkhathaza ngayo ukubulawa kwabantu eRwanda. Wathi: “Akusilelanga iZizwe Ezimanyeneyo kuphela; kusilele abemi behlabathi lonke. Yaye sonke sibekek’ ityala ngoku kusilela.” Ngowe-1993 enye inkqubo edumileyo yeendaba ezikhethekileyo kumabonwakude yathi iZizwe Ezimanyeneyo “zisilele ukuthintela esona sisongelo soxolo sikhulu—ukusasazeka kwezixhobo zenyukliya.” Le nkqubo kamabonwakude yathetha ngeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo “ubukhulu becala ebezithetha zize zingenzi kula mashumi eminyaka.”
Oku kuphoxeka kwandileyo kuyawatyhafisa amagosa eZizwe Ezimanyeneyo yaye kuwenza akhathazeke ngakumbi. Sekunjalo, nangona amathemba ephela, abaninzi babonakala benethemba kwakhona yaye bathemba ukuba iZizwe Ezimanyeneyo ziza kuqala ngokutsha, ekubeni zigqibe iminyaka engama-50 zikho. Nangona ekuvuma ukusilela kweZizwe Ezimanyeneyo, uNozakuzaku uAlbright wathetha into abahlala beyicinga abaninzi xa wathi: “Kufuneka siyeke ukuthetha ngesikwenzileyo kwixesha elidlulileyo, yaye kufuneka sithethe ngesiya kukwenza kwikamva.”
Ewe, lisingise phi eli hlabathi? Ngaba liya kuze libekho ihlabathi elingenazimfazwe? Ukuba liya kuze libekho, yiyiphi indima eya kuphunyezwa ziZizwe Ezimanyeneyo kulo? Ngaphezu kwako konke, ukuba uyamoyika uThixo, ufanele ube nalo mbuzo, ‘Yiyiphi indima eya kuphunyezwa nguThixo kulo?’
[Ibhokisi ekwiphepha 4]
IMIGUDU ENGAPHUMELELANGA
Uxolo nonqabiseko alunakubakho logama nje kusekho imfazwe, ubuhlwempu, ulwaphulo-mthetho nokunganyaniseki. Kutshanje iZizwe Ezimanyeneyo zikhuphe le ngxelo ilandelayo.
Iimfazwe: “Kwiimfazwe ezingama-82 phakathi kowe-1989 nowe-1992, ezingama-79 beziliwa ngabemi belizwe elinye, inkoliso yazo ngenxa yobuhlanga; iingxwelerha ezingama-90 ekhulwini bezingabandakanyekanga emfazweni.”—United Nations Department of Public Information (UNDPI)
Izixhobo: “I-ICRC [International Committee of the Red Cross] iqikelela ukuba abenzi beziqhushumbisi abangaphezu kwama-95 kumazwe angama-48 benza izigcayiseli zabavukeli eziphakathi kwezigidi ezi-5 nezili-10 nyaka ngamnye.”—United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)
“EAfrika, kukho izigcayiseli ezimalunga nezigidi ezingama-30 ezisasazeke kumazwe ali-18.”—UNHCR
Ubuhlwempu: “Ehlabathini lonke, umntu omnye kwabahlanu—abangaphezu kwewaka lesigidi bebonke—ulihlwempu, yaye kuqikelelwa ukuba abaphakathi kwezigidi ezili-13 nezili-18 bayafa nyaka ngamnye ngenxa yezinto ezinokuthanani nobuhlwempu.”—UNDPI
Ulwaphulo-mthetho: “Ehlabathini lonke ulwaphulo-mthetho lwande ngesi-5 ekhulwini nyaka ngamnye ngokwesilinganiso ukususela ngeminyaka yee-1980; eUnited States kuphela, nyaka ngamnye kwenziwa izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezizizigidi ezingama-35.”—UNDPI
Ukunganyaniseki: “Ukunganyaniseki kwabantu ngokubanzi kuyinto yomhla nezolo. Kwamanye amazwe kuqikelelwa ukuba imali ebiwa ngobuqhetseba inokulingana ne-10 ekhulwini layo yonke imveliso yonyaka yelo lizwe.”—UNDPI