Imfazwe Ayisafani Nakuqala
IMFAZWE ibisoloko imasikizi kwamhla mnene. Ngamaxesha emfazwe bekusifa amajoni baze abantu basale begcuma. Kodwa kwiminyaka yakutshanje, iye yatshintsha indlela yokulwa. Njani?
Iimfazwe zanamhlanje ubukhulu becala, ziimfazwe zamakhaya—ungquzulwano lwamaqela elizwe elinye angaboni ngasonye. Yaye iimfazwe zamakhaya zidla ngokuthabatha ixesha elide, zishiye abantu bexhwalekile yaye ilizwe zilidlavuza kanobom kunokuba kunjalo ngemfazwe ephakathi kwamazwe awahlukahlukeneyo. Umbhali-mbali waseSpeyin uJulián Casanova uthi: “Iimfazwe zamakhaya zinenkohlakalo, nophalazo-gazi olushiya amawaka abantu efile, edlwengulwe, enyanzelwa ukuba afuduke, yaye kwiimeko ezimbi gqitha kubulawa uhlanga.” Enyanisweni, xa izenzo zenkohlakalo zisenziwa ngabamelwane, loo manxeba anokuthabath’ ixesha ukuphola.
Oko kwaphela iMfazwe Yomlomo, zimbalwa iimfazwe apho kuye kwalwa ilizwe lisilwa nelinye. IStockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), ithi, “ngaphandle kweemfazwe ezintathu, zonke ezinye iimfazwe ezinkulu eziye zaliwa ukususela ngowe-1990-2000 bekusilwa abantu belizwe elinye.”
Yinyaniso ukuba, ungquzulwano lwamakhaya lusenokungaboyikisi kangako abantu yaye lusenokungasiwa so ngamajelo eendaba zamazwe ngamazwe, kodwa intlungu nomonakalo obangelwa lulo ubuhlungu ngendlela efanayo. Zizigidi zabantu eziye zafa kukruthakruthwano oluphakathi kwabantu belizwe elinye. Enyanisweni, kule minyaka ingama-20 idluleyo, phantse zizigidi ezi-5 zabantu abaphulukene nobomi babo kumazwe nje amathathu ekugquba kuwo imfazwe—iAfghanistan, iDemocratic Republic of Congo, neSudan. Kumazwe akwiBalkan, umlo ohlasimlis’ umzimba wobuhlanga uye wabulala abantu abaphantse babe ngama-250 000 yaye imfazwe engapheliyo yabanqolobi eKholombiya iye yashiya ibulele abantu abali-100 000.
Abakho abanye abantu abachatshazelwa yimfazwe yamakhaya njengabantwana. Ngokutsho kweUnited Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, kule minyaka ilishumi idluleyo, bangaphezu kwezigidi ezibini abantwana abaye bafa kolu ngquzulwano. Abanye abazizigidi ezithandathu basala beziingxwelerha. Liyanda inani labantwana abaye baqeqeshelwa ukuba babe ngamajoni. Elinye ijoni elingumntwana lithi: “Bandiqeqesha. Bandinika umpu. Ndasebenzisa iziyobisi. Ndabulala abantu. Ndabulala intlaninge yabo. Yayiyimfazwe nje . . . Ndandithobela imiyalelo. Ndandisazi ukuba kwakungalunganga oko. Yayingengomnqweno wam.”
Abantwana abaninzi abakumazwe ekugquba imfazwe yamakhaya bakhula bengalwazi uxolo. Bakhulela kumazwe ezatshatyalaliswayo izikolo kuwo apho uthethathethwano lwenziwa ngokuqhumisa irhuluwa. UDunja oneminyaka eli-14 ubudala uthi: “Baninzi abantu abaye babulawa . . . Ukuntyiloza kweentaka akwaziwa, ekuphela kwentsholo ekhoyo sisikhalo sabantwana bekhalela ukufa koonina okanye ooyise, oodade babo okanye abantakwabo.”
Yintoni Intsusa Mabandla?
Yintoni ephembelela iimfazwe zamakhaya ezinje ukukhohlakala? Abona thunywashe yintiyo yobuhlanga nobuzwe, iyantlukwano yonqulo, ukungabikho kokusesikweni nezidubedube zezopolitiko. Enye into kukubawa—ukunyolukela igunya nemali. Iinkokeli zezopolitiko, ezisoloko ziqhutywa kukubawa, ziphembelela intiyo evusa umlo. Ingxelo eyapapashwa yiSIPRI ithi abantu abaninzi ababandakanyeka kungquzulwano lwezigalo “bashukunyiswa kukunyoluka.” Le ngxelo yongezelela isithi: “Zininzi izenzo ezibangelwa kukunyoluka, njengokushishina ngeedayimani kweenkokeli zomkhosi nezopolitiko nokuphanga kwabaselula ngemipu kwiidolophana.”
Ukufumaneka lula kwezixhobo eziyingozi ngemali encinane kwenza kwande ukubulawa kwabantu. Abantu abangama-500 000 abafayo ngonyaka—ubukhulu becala amabhinqa nabantwana—babulawa ngemipu emincinane. Kwelinye ilizwe laseAfrika, umbayimbayi wohlobo lweAK-47 unokuthengwa ngemali yexabiso lenkuku. Okubuhlungu kukuba, kwezinye iindawo aba mbayimbayi baya besanda oku kweenkuku. Kuqikelelwa ukuba ehlabathini lonke ngoku bangama-500 ezigidi abantu abanemipu emincinane—umntu om-1 kwabali-12.
Ngaba inkohlakalo yeemfazwe zamakhaya yeyona nto iya kwaziwa ngayo le nkulungwane yama-21? Ngaba zinokupheliswa iimfazwe zamakhaya? Ngaba abantu baya kuze bayeke ukubulalana? Inqaku elilandelayo liza kuphendula le mibuzo.
[Ibhokisi ekwiphepha 4]
Umonakalo Obangelwa Ziimfazwe Zamakhaya
Kwiimfazwe zamakhaya akusetyenziswa zixhobo zobugcisa bale mihla, kodwa kufa abantu abaninzi, ama-90 ekhulwini kubo ngabantu abangalwiyo kunokuba ibe ngamajoni. UGraça Machel, oyiSecretary-General’s Expert on the Impact of Armed Conflicts on Children kwiUnited Nations uthi: “Kuyacaca ukuba abantwana baya besiba ngamaxhoba emfazwe ngakumbi, yaye oko akwenzeki ngempazamo.”
Ukudlwengula sekuyeyona ndlela yokulwa isetyenziswa ngamajoni. Kweminye imimandla egquba imfazwe, abavukeli badlwengula onke amantombazana aselula abadibana nawo. Injongo yabo badlwenguli kukwenza bonke abantu boyike okanye baqhawule ulwalamano lweentsapho.
Emva kwemfazwe kulandela indlala nezifo. Xa kuliwa imfazwe yamakhaya kuba nzima ukulima nokuvuna, xa zithe zakho ziba mbalwa iindawo zamayeza yaye luba luncinane noncedo oluvela kwamanye amazwe. Olunye uhlolisiso oluphathelele imfazwe yamakhaya yaseAfrika lwabonisa ukuba bangama-20 ekhulwini abantu ababulawa zizifo baze babengama-78 ekhulwini ababulawa yindlala. Babini kuphela ekhulwini abantu ababulawa ngumlo.
Ngokomlinganiselo, rhoqo kwimizuzu engama-22 kukho umntu ophulukana nomlenze okanye ofayo ngokunyathela isigcayiseli. Kuqikelelwa ukuba zizigidi ezingama-60 ukusa kwezingama-70 izigcayiseli ezityalwe kumazwe angaphezu kwama-60.
Abantu banyanzelwa ukuba basabe kumakhaya abo. Ehlabathini lonke, kukho iimbacu nabantu abangoongqikana abangama-50 ezigidi isiqingatha sabo ngabantwana.
[Inkcazelo Ngomfanekiso okwiphepha 2]
COVER: Boy: Photo by Chris Hondros/Getty Images
[Inkcazelo Ngomfanekiso okwiphepha 3]
Photo by Chris Hondros/Getty Images