IBhayibhile YaseBukhosini—Imbalasane Kubaphengululi

EKUQALENI kwenkulungwane ye-16 inqanawa ethile yanduluka eSpeyin isiya kusingasiqithi waseItali. Yayithwele umthwalo oxabiseke gqitha—intaphane yemibhalo yeComplutensian Polyglot Bible (umbhalo weBhayibhile oqulethe iilwimi ezininzi) eyashicilelwa ngowe-1514 nowe-1517. Ngesiquphe yavelelwa sisaqhwithi. Oomatiloshe bayo bawa bevuka bezama ukuyisindisa, kodwa ezo nzame zabo zafa namthanyana. Loo nqanawa yazika naloo mthwalo uxabiso lingathethekiyo.

Loo ntlekele yakhokelela ekubeni kufunwe uhlelo olutsha lwePolyglot Bible. Ngelingeni kwavela inkunkqele yomshicileli uChristophe Plantin eyavumayo ukuthwala olo xanduva. Kwakufuneka intywenka yemali ukuze akwazi ukwenza lo msebenzi ubalaseleyo, ngoko wacela ukumkani waseSpeyin, uPhilip II, ukuba afak’ isandla. Ngaphambi kokuba avume lo kumkani, wadlan’ indlebe nabaphengululi baseSpeyin abahlukeneyo, phakathi kwabo singakhankanya umphengululi owaziwayo weBhayibhile uBenito Arias Montano. Wathi kuKumkani uPhilip: “Ukongezelela kwinto yokuba isenzelwa uThixo iza kunceda neCawa yamaRoma Katolika, le nguqulelo iza kuzukisa uBukhosi bakho ize iphakamise negama lakho.”

Uhlelo oluhlaziyiweyo lwale Bhayibhile lwaluza kuba negalelo elikhulu kwinkcubeko, ngoko uPhilip wagqiba ekubeni awuxhase ngezandla ezingenamikhinkqi loo msebenzi kaPlantin. Wabeka umsebenzi omkhulu emagxeni ka-Arias Montano emmisela njengomhleli waloo Bhayibhile yabizwa ngokuba yiBhayibhile yaseBukhosini okanye iAntwerp Polyglot.a

UPhilip wayenomdla gqitha kule Bhayibhile kangangokuba wayefuna ukuthunyelelwa iphepha ngalinye eligqityiweyo ukuze alihlole. UPlantin wayengafuni kulityaziswe umsebenzi wakhe ngokumana kuchithw’ ixesha, kuthunyelwa iphepha ngalinye eSpeyin ukuze liye kulungiswa amakhwiniba. UPhilip wafumana nje loo maphepha okuqala ukushicilelwa. Ngelo xesha yayinguMontano oqhubeka nomsebenzi wokulungisa amakhwiniba encediswa ngabanye oonjingalwazi abathathu baseLouvain nentombi kaPlantin ekwishumi elivisayo.

Umthandi WeLizwi LikaThixo

UArias Montano wafika wonwaba phakathi kwabaphengululi baseAntwerp. Ingqondo yakhe ephangaleleyo yamenza wathandwa nguPlantin, yaye ubuhlobo nokusebenzisana kakuhle kwabo kwaqhubeka de kwasekufeni. UMontano wabalasela kungekhona ngokuba ngumphengululi ophum’ izandla nje kodwa nangokuthanda kwakhe iLizwi likaThixo.b Eselityendyana lomfana, wayelangazelela ukugqiba izifundo zakhe khon’ ukuze abe nexesha elaneleyo lokufundisisa iZibhalo.

UArias Montano wayekholelwa ukuba inguqulelo yeBhayibhile imele ifane twatse naleyo yolwimi lwantlandlolo ithatyathwe kulo, ukuqinisekisa ukuba umfundi ufunda iLizwi likaThixo ngobunjalo balo. UMontano wayelandela emanyathelweni kaErasmus, owabongoza abaphengululi ukuba “baguqulele kanye oko kwakubhalwe kwiilwimi zamandulo ngoKristu.” Kangangeenkulungwane abantu babengayiqondi kakuhle eyona ntsingiselo yeZibhalo zeelwimi zantlandlolo kuba kwakunzima ukuba baqonde iinguqulelo zesiLatin.

Ukuguqulelwa Kwale Bhayibhile

Ukuze aguqulele iBhayibhile yaseBukhosini, uArias Montano wafumana yonke imibhalo-ngqangi eyayisetyenziswa ekuqaleni nguAlfonso de Zamora xa wayeza kushicilela iComplutensian Polyglot.c

Xa kwakulungiselelwa le Bhayibhile yaseBukhosini ekuqaleni, kwakucingwa ukuba iza kuba luhlelo lwesibini lweComplutensian Polyglot, kodwa yaba ngapha koko kwakulindelwe. Imibhalo yesiHebhere nemibhalo yesiGrike yeSeptuagint yathatyathwa kwiComplutensian Bible; emva koko kongezwa imibhalo emitsha kunye nesihlomelo esikhulu. Uhlelo olutsha lwePolyglot lwaphetha selunemiqulu esibhozo. Ukushicilelwa kwayo kwathabatha iminyaka emihlanu, ukususela ngowe-1568 ukusa ngowe-1572—elo yaba lixesha elifutshane ngokwenene xa ucinga ngobukhulu baloo msebenzi. Ekugqibeleni kwashicilelwa imibhalo eli-1 213.

Ngoxa iComplutensian Polyglot yowe-1517 yaba ngumsebenzi “wobugcisa bokushicilela,” yona iAntwerp Polyglot entsha yayigqwesa lo nguqulelo yangaphambili ngenxa yobugcisa eguqulelwe ngabo nokucaca komongo wayo. Yaba yenye imbalasane kwimbali yokushicilela yaye okona kubaluleke nangakumbi kukuba, yayisulungeke kangangokuba kwasetyenziswa yona ukuguqulela ezinye iinguqulelo zeBhayibhile.

Ukuhlaselwa Kwayo Ziintshaba ZeLizwi LikaThixo

Njengoko kwakulindelekile, akuzange kube ntsuku zatywala yachaswa ziintshaba. Nangona ukuguqulelwa kwale Antwerp Polyglot kwakwamkelwe nguPopu, wabe nomguquleli wayo uArias Montano engumphengululi ophum’ izandla, iNkundla Yokuncina Amakholwa yamgxibha kanobom. Abachasi bakaMontano bema ngelithi umsebenzi wakhe ubonisa ukuba inguqulelo yesiLatin ehlaziyiweyo kaSantes Pagninus yeyona nguqulelo ichanileyo yesiHebhere nesiGrike santlandlolo kunenguqulelo yeVulgate, eyaguqulelwa kwiinkulungwane ngaphambili. Bamtyhola nangokusebenzisa kwakhe iilwimi zantlandlolo ukuze avelise inguqulelo echanileyo yeBhayibhile—nto leyo ababeyigqala njengowexuko.

Le Nkundla yade yathi “iKumkani ayizenzelanga gama ngokuxhasa lo msebenzi.” Bamgxeka kabukhali uMontano ngokungayigqali kwakhe iVulgate. Phezu kwazo nje ezi zityholo babemtyabeka ngazo, abazange bafumane bungqina baneleyo nxamnye noMontano okanye iPolyglot Bible yakhe. Ekugqibeleni, le Bhayibhile yaseBukhosini yathandwa gqitha, zaza iiyunivesithi ezahlukahlukeneyo zasebenzisa yona ukuguqulela ezinye iiBhayibhile.

Isixhobo Esiluncedo Ekuguquleleni

Nangona iAntwerp Polyglot yayingenzelwanga uwonke wonke, ngokukhawuleza yaba luncedo gqitha kubaguquleli beBhayibhile. Njengenguqulelo engaphambi kwayo, iComplutensian Polyglot, nayo yaba negalelo ekusulungekisweni kweZibhalo ezazisele zikho. Yanceda nabaguquleli batsho baziqonda kakuhle iilwimi zantlandlolo. Yaba luncedo ekuguqulelweni kweBhayibhile kwiilwimi eziliqela zaseYurophu. Ngokomzekelo, iThe Cambridge History of the Bible inikela ingxelo yokuba abaguquleli beKing James Version yodumo okanye iAuthorized Version, yowe-1611 basebenzisa iAntwerp Polyglot ukuze bakwazi ukuguqulela iilwimi zantlandlolo. IBhayibhile yaseBukhosini yasetyenziswa nakwiinguqulelo ezimbini zePolyglot Bible ezapapashwa ngenkulungwane ye-17.—Bona ibhokisi ethi “Imibhalo YeBhayibhile Equlethe Iilwimi Ezininzi.”

Elinye igalelo eyaba nalo iAntwerp Polyglot, kukuba abaphengululi baseYurophu batsho bakwazi ukufumana inguqulelo yesiAramiki saseSiriya yeZibhalo zesiGrike okwesihlandlo sokuqala. Lo mibhalo yesiAramiki saseSiriya yayifakwe ecaleni kwaleyo yesiLatin. Yayiba luncedo gqitha le nguqulelo, kuba isiAramiki saseSiriya sasiyenye yeenguqulelo ezindala zeZibhalo ZamaKristu ZesiGrike. Ekubeni isusela kwinkulungwane yesihlanu yeXesha Eliqhelekileyo, inguqulelo yesiAramiki saseSiriya yayiguqulelwe ngokusuka kwimibhalo-ngqangi esusela emva kwinkulungwane yesibini yeXesha Eliqhelekileyo. Ngokutsho kweThe International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, “inguqulelo [yesiAramiki saseSiriya] iPeshitta yayixatyiswa kangangokuba yamkelwa ngokubanzi into yokuba inokusetyenziswa xa kuhlalutywa. Yenye yeyona mithombo midala nebalulekileyo equlethe inkcazelo ngezinto zamandulo.”

Uqhwithela lwaselwandle nogculelo lweNkundla Yokuncina Amakholwa yaseSpeyin ezo zinto azizange zikwazi ukuthintela le nguqulelo yeComplutensian Polyglot iphuculiweyo neyandisiweyo ukuba ifumaneke ngowe-1572 sele ibizwa ngokuba yiBhayibhile yaseBukhosini. Imbali yePolyglot Bible yaseAntwerp ngomnye umzekelo wemigudu eye yenziwa ngamadoda anyanisekileyo ukuze akhusele iLizwi likaThixo.

Enoba ayesazi okanye engazi, ukuzijul’ ijacu kwala madoda kwangqina ubunyaniso bamazwi esiprofeto sikaIsaya. Phantsi kwiminyaka engamawaka amathathu eyadlulayo, wathi: “Ingca eluhlaza yomile, intyatyambo ibunile; kodwa ke lona ilizwi loThixo wethu, liya kuhlala ukusa kwixesha elingenammiselo.”—Isaya 40:8.

[Imibhalo esemazantsi]

[Amagama acatshulweyo akwiphepha 13]

“Kodwa ke lona ilizwi loThixo wethu, liya kuhlala ukusa kwixesha elingenammiselo”

[Ibhokisi/Imifanekiso ekwiphepha 12]

IMIBHALO YEBHAYIBHILE EQULETHE IILWIMI EZININZI

Umphengululi waseSpeyin uFederico Pérez Castro uhlomla athi: “IPolyglot Bible yinguqulelo yeBhayibhile equlethe iilwimi ezahlukeneyo iyodwa. Noko ke, ngokuqhelekileyo eli binzana libhekisela kwiiBhayibhile eziguqulelwe ngeelwimi zantlandlolo. Xa lisetyenziswa ngale ndlela, oko kuthetha ukuba zimbalwa gqitha ezi ntlobo zeBhayibhile.”

1. IThe Complutensian Polyglot (1514-17), yaxhaswa ngemali nguKhadinali Cisneros, yashicilelwa eAlcalá de Henares, eSpeyin. Imiqulu yayo emithandathu yaguqulelwa ngeelwimi ezine: isiHebhere, isiGrike, isiAramiki nesiLatin. Yanceda abaguquleli benkulungwane ye-16 bakwazi ukuguqulela ngokusuka kwiZibhalo zesiHebhere nesiAramiki santlandlolo.

2. Ngenxa yeAntwerp Polyglot (1568-72), eyahlelwa nguBenito Arias Montano, inguqulelo iComplutensian yatsho yaquka iPeshitta yolwimi lwesiAramiki saseSiriya YeZibhalo ZamaKristu ZesiGrike neTargum kaJonathan yesiAramiki. Izibhalo zesiHebhere, ezazinamachaphaza amela izikhamisi nezibonisa indlela yokuphimisela amagama, zahlaziywa ngokusuka kumbhalo wesiHebhere kaJacob ben Hayyim. Ngenxa yoko abaguquleli beBhayibhile basebenzisa yona xa beguqulela iZibhalo zesiHebhere.

3. IParis Polyglot (1629-45) yaxhaswa ngemali ligqwetha laseFransi uGuy Michel le Jay. Yaguqulelwa ngokusuka kwiAntwerp Polyglot, nangona yona iquka nezibhalo zesiSamariya nesiArabhu.

4. IThe London Polyglot (1655-57), eyahlelwa nguBrian Walton, nayo yaguqulelwa ngokusuka kwiAntwerp Polyglot. Olu lona uhlelo lwaluquka iinguqulelo zantlandlolo zeBhayibhile yesiTiyopiya nesiPersi, nangona ezi nguqulelo zingazange ziyenze icace ngakumbi iBhayibhile.

[Inkcazelo]

Banner and Antwerp Polyglots (two underneath): Biblioteca Histórica. Universidad Complutense de Madrid; Antwerp Polyglot (on top): By courtesy of Museum Plantin-Moretus/Stedelijk Prentenkabinet Antwerpen; London Polyglot: From the book The Walton Polyglot Bible, Vol. III, 1655-1657

[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 9]

UKumkani uPhilip II, waseSpeyin

[Inkcazelo]

Philip II: Biblioteca Nacional, Madrid

[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 10]

UArias Montano

[Inkcazelo]

Montano: Biblioteca Histórica. Universidad Complutense de Madrid

[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 10]

Oomatshini bokushicilela bokuqala eAntwerp, eBelgium

[Inkcazelo]

Press: By courtesy of Museum Plantin-Moretus/Stedelijk Prentenkabinet Antwerpen

[Imifanekiso ekwiphepha 11]

Ngasekhohlo: UChristophe Plantin nomxholo wephepha leAntwerp Polyglot

[Inkcazelo]

Title page and Plantin: By courtesy of Museum Plantin-Moretus/Stedelijk Prentenkabinet Antwerpen

[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 11]

Ngasentla: IEksodus isahluko 15 ngeelwimi ezine

[Inkcazelo Ngomfanekiso okwiphepha 9]

Title page and Plantin: By courtesy of Museum Plantin-Moretus/Stedelijk Prentenkabinet Antwerpen

[Inkcazelo Ngomfanekiso okwiphepha 13]

Biblioteca Histórica. Universidad Complutense de Madrid