IComplutensian Polyglot—Esona Sixhobo Sibalulekileyo Sokuguqulela Embalini

MALUNGA nowe-1455, kwabakho utshintsho kwindlela yokupapasha iBhayibhile. UJohannes Gutenberg wasebenzisa umatshini wokushicilela ukuze avelise iBhayibhile yokuqala ngoonobumba abanokutshintshwa. Ekugqibeleni, yaqhawulwa imiqobo eyayibangela ukuba iBhayibhile ifumaneke kuphela kwimibhalo yesandla. Kwada kwenzeka ukuba kuveliswe imibhalo emininzi yeBhayibhile ngexabiso elifikelelekayo. Kwakungazi kuba kudala, iBhayibhile ibe yeyona ncwadi isasazwe ngokubanzi ehlabathini lonke.

IBhayibhile kaGutenberg yayiyeyesiLatini. Kodwa abaphengululi baseYurophu bakhawuleza baqonda ukuba bafuna umbhalo weBhayibhile othembekileyo ngeelwimi zawo zantlandlolo—ngesiHebhere nesiGrike. ICawa yamaKatolika yayigqala iVulgate yesiLatini njengekuphela kwenguqulelo eyamkelekileyo yeBhayibhile, kodwa kwakusekho eminye imiqobo emibini nemikhulu. Ngenkulungwane ye-16 babebaninzi abantu abangasaziyo isiLatini. Ukongezelela, ngaphezu kweminyaka eliwaka, umbhalo weVulgate waba neempazamo ezininzi ezicacileyo ezazisenziwa ngabakhupheli.

Abaguquleli nabaphengululi babefuna iBhayibhile yeelwimi zantlandlolo, kwakunye nenguqulelo ehlaziyiweyo yesiLatini. Ngowe-1502, ukhadinali Jiménez de Cisneros, ongumcebisi wezobupolitika nowezakwalizwi kaIsabella I waseSpeyin, wagqiba kwelokuba anelise intswelo yabo ngokupapasha incwadi enye. Esi sixhobo sibalulekileyo kwimbali yokuguqulela sabizwa ngokuba yiComplutensian Polyglot. UCisneros wayezimisele ukuyenza iPolyglot, okanye iBhayibhile eguqulelwe ngeelwimi eziliqela ibe neyona nguqulelo isemagqabini yesiHebhere, isiGrike nesiLatini, kwakunye nezicatshulwa ezithile zesiAramiki. Ukushicilela kwakusakhasa noko ngelo xesha, ngoko le mveliso yayiza kwenza utshintsho oluphawulekayo ekuphuculweni kokushicilela.

UCisneros wawuqalisa lo msebenzi wakhe mkhulu kunene ngokuthenga imibhalo-ngqangi yamandulo emininzi yesiHebhere, uninzi lwayo olwalufumaneka eSpeyin. Waphinda waqokelela imibhalo-ngqangi eyahlukahlukeneyo yesiGrike neyesiLatini. Yona yayiza kuba sisiseko sombhalo wePolyglot. UCisneros wacela iqela labaphengululi awalifumana kwiYunivesithi yaseAlcalá de Henares, eyayisandul’ ukuvulwa eSpeyin ukuba limhlanganisele lo mbhalo. Phakathi kwabaphengululi awabacelayo kwakukho uErasmus waseRotterdam, kodwa le ngcali yolwimi idumileyo yasala eso sicelo.

Aba baphengululi bathabatha iminyaka elishumi ukudibanisa lo mbhalo ubalulekileyo, kwaza ukushicilelwa kwawo kwathabatha eminye iminyaka emine. Kwabakho namanye amagingxigingxi, ekubeni oomatshini bokushicilela baseSpeyin babengenabo oonobumba besiHebhere, abesiGrike, okanye abesiAramiki. Ngenxa yoko, uCisneros waqesha umatshini omkhulu, oyiArnaldo Guillermo Brocario ukuze avelise oonobumba bezi lwimi. Ekugqibeleni, aba matshini baqalisa ukushicilela ngowe-1514. Imiqulu emithandathu yagqitywa ngoJulayi 10, 1517, kwiinyanga nje ezine ngaphambi kokufa kwale khadinali. Kwapapashwa imibhalo yayo epheleleyo emalunga namakhulu amathandathu, kanye ngexesha ukuNcinwa Kwamakholwa eSpeyin kwakuqhubeka ngamandla.a

Ukulungelelaniswa Kwale Nguqulelo

Phepha ngalinye lePolyglot linobuncwane benkcazelo. Kwimiqulu emine eneZibhalo zesiHebhere, umbhalo weVulgate wawusembindini wephepha ngalinye; umbhalo wesiHebhere useludinini; kanti wona owesiGrike, onenguqulelo yeinterlinear ngesiLatini, wawuphakathi. Eludinini, kwakukho amagama athatyathelwe kuwo amaninzi esiHebhere. Yaye emazantsi amaphepha angqamene nePentatiki, abahleli bongezelela iTargum of Onkelos (iincwadi zokuqala ezintlanu zeBhayibhile ezishwankathelwe ngesiAramiki) kwakunye nenguqulelo yesiLatini.

Umqulu wesihlanu wePolyglot wawunamacandelo amabini aneZibhalo zesiGrike. Elinye lalinombhalo wesiGrike, lize elinye libe nenguqulelo yawo yesiLatini ethatyathwe kwiVulgate. Kwicandelo ngalinye kwakukho oonobumba abancinane ababenzelwe ukunceda umfundi akwazi ukungqamanisa la macandelo mabini. Umbhalo wesiGrike wePolyglot waba ngowokuqala ukuba neZibhalo zesiGrike, okanye “iTestamente Entsha,” epheleleyo kweyakha yashicilelwa, ekwathi emva kwawo kwalandela uhlelo lukaErasmus.

Abaphengululi babonisa unonophelo xa babehlola lo mqulu wesihlanu kangangokuba bafumana iimpazamo ezingama-50 kuphela emva kokuba ushicilelwe. Ngenxa yokucokisa okulolo hlobo kwaba baphengululi, abahlalutyi bezi mini baye bawuncoma lo mqulu njengosemgangathweni kunombhalo wesiGrike odumileyo kaErasmus. Oonobumba besiGrike ababhalwe kakuhle babefana noonobumba bangaphambili ababebhalwe ngesandla. Kwincwadi yakhe ethi The Printing of Greek in the Fifteenth Century, uR. Proctor uthi: “Masiyincome iSpeyin ngokuvelisa ushicilelo lwayo lokuqala, olubhalwe ngabona nobumba bahle besiGrike.”

Umqulu wesithandathu wePolyglot wawunezikhokelo ezahlukeneyo eziluncedo ekufundisiseni iBhayibhile: isichazi-magama sesiHebhere nesesiAramiki, ingcaciso yamagama esiGrike, esiHebhere, nawesiAramiki, igrama yesiHebhere, kwakunye nesalathisi sesiLatini sesichazi-magama. Akumangalisi ukuba, iComplutensian Polyglot iye yanconywa ngabantu abaninzi “njengobungqina bobugcisa bokushicilela nenzululwazi yeZibhalo.”

UCisneros wayezimisele “ukuphucula ufundisiso lwezibhalo olwalungabangeli mdla ngelo xesha,” kodwa wayengafuni ukuba iBhayibhile ifumaneke kuluntu ngokubanzi. Wayevakalelwa kukuba “iLizwi likaThixo lifanele lifihlwe ngokupheleleyo kumntu oqhelekileyo.” Kwakhona wayecinga ukuba “iZibhalo zifanele zifumaneke ngeelwimi ezintathu zantlandlolo kuphela, lwimi ezo ezavunyelwa nguThixo ukuba zibhalwe entla kwentloko yoNyana wakhe owayebethelelwe.”b Ngenxa yesi sizathu, iComplutensian Polyglot ayizange iguqulelwe ngesiSpanish.

IVulgate Neelwimi Zamandulo

Indlela eyenziwe ngayo iPolyglot yabangela ukungaboni ngasonye kubaphengululi ababeyivelisa. Umphengululi odumileyo waseSpeyin uAntonio de Nebrijac wavelela ukuhlaziywa kombhalo weVulgate owawuza kufakwa kwiBhayibhile iPolyglot. Nangona iCawa yamaKatolika yayigqala iVulgate kaJerome njengekuphela kwenguqulelo esemthethweni, uNebrija wakubona kufanelekile ukuthelekisa iVulgate le kunye nemibhalo yesiHebhere, eyesiAramiki neyesiGrike yantlandlolo. Wayefuna ukulungisa iimpazamo ezicacileyo ezazikwimibhalo yeVulgate.

Ngelokusombulula nakuphi na ukungangqamani phakathi kweVulgate neelwimi zantlandlolo, uNebrija wambongoza ngelithi uCisneros: “Khawukhe ulukhanyisele ngakumbi unqulo lwethu ngolwimi lwesiHebhere nolwesiGrike. Uwonge bonke abo baye bazibhokoxa kulo msebenzi.” Kanti waphinda wanikela eli cebiso: “Sihlandlo ngasinye kusibakho into esingayiqondiyo kwimibhalo-ngqangi yesiLatini yeTestamente Entsha, kuza kufuneka siye kwimibhalo-ngqangi yesiGrike. Sihlandlo ngasinye kukho ukungangqinelani phakathi kwemibhalo-ngqangi eyahlukahlukeneyo yesiLatini okanye phakathi kweyesiLatini neyesiGrike yeTestamente Endala, sifanele sihlole umthombo ochanileyo wesiHebhere.”

Wathini uCisneros? Kwingabula-zigcawu yakhe ekule Bhayibhile yePolyglot, uCisneros walwenza lwacaca uluvo lwakhe. “Siye safaka inguqulelo yesiLatini kaJerome obekekileyo phakathi kweNdlu Yesikhungu [umbhalo wesiHebhere] neCawa yaseMpuma [umbhalo wesiGrike], kanye ngendlela awayexhonywe ngayo amasela, ephahle uYesu, omela iCawa yaseRoma okanye eyesiLatini.” Ngenxa yoko, uCisneros akazange amvumele uNebrija ukuba alungise iVulgate yesiLatini ngokuvisisana nombhalo weelwimi zantlandlolo. Ekugqibeleni, uNebrija wagqiba kwelokuba arhoxe kulo msebenzi kunokuba azidibanise nenguqulelo eqhwalelayo.

IComma Johanneum

Nangona iBhayibhile yePolyglot yaseAlcalá de Henares yabonisa inkqubela ekuvelisweni kombhalo ophuculweyo ngeelwimi zantlandlolo zeBhayibhile, maxa wambi iinkolelo zesithethe zazisiba namandla ngakumbi kunemfundo. IVulgate yayithenjwa gqitha kangangokuba abahleli babedla ngokufuna ukulungisa umbhalo wesiGrike “weTestamente Entsha” ukuze baqinisekise ukuba ungqinelana nowesiLatini kunokuba balungise owesiLatini. Omnye umzekelo woku ngumbhalo odumileyo ongachananga obizwa ngokuba yicomma Johanneum.d Kuyo yonke imibhalo-ngqangi yokuqala yesiGrike alikho eli binzana, nto leyo engqina ukuba wafakelwa kwiinkulungwane eziliqela emva kokuba uYohane ebhale ileta yakhe; yaye alizange libekho nakweyona mibhalo-ngqangi midala yesiLatini yeVulgate. Ngoko uErasmus wawakhupha la mazwi afakelelweyo ‘kwiTestamente yakhe Entsha’ yesiGrike.

Abahleli bePolyglot baba mathidala ukuyisusa le ndinyana ibiyinxalenye yombhalo wantlandlolo weVulgate kangangeenkulungwane. Ngenxa yoko, bawagcina la mazwi angachananga kwinguqulelo yesiLatini baza bawafakela nakweyesiGrike ukuze ezi ndinyana zimbini zivisisane.

Isiseko Seenguqulelo Ezintsha ZeBhayibhile

Ukubaluleka kweComplutensian Polyglot akuxhomekekanga nje kwisibakala sokuba yayiluhlelo lokuqala oluneZibhalo ezipheleleyo zesiGrike nezeSeptuagint. Kanye njengokuba “iTestamente Entsha” yesiGrike kaErasmus yaba nguMbhalo Owamkelekileyo weZibhalo zesiGrike (isiseko seenguqulelo ezininzi zezinye iilwimi), umbhalo wesiHebhere wePolyglot waba sisiseko seZibhalo zesiHebhere nezesiAramiki.e NoWilliam Tyndale wasebenzisa kwale Polyglot njengombhalo osisiseko wesiHebhere xa wayeguqulela iBhayibhile esiNgesini.

Ngenxa yoko, umsebenzi wokuphengulula weqela elavelisa iComplutensian Polyglot waba negalelo elibonakalayo kwinkqubela yokuphengululwa kweZibhalo. Yapapashwa xa kanye abantu kulo lonke elaseYurophu babesiba nomdla ngakumbi eBhayibhileni, nto leyo eyabangela ukuba iguqulelwe ngeelwimi eziqhelekileyo. IPolyglot yaba negalelo ekuphuculweni nasekulondolozweni kombhalo wesiGrike nowesiHebhere. Konke oku kuvisisana nenjongo kaThixo yokuba ‘ilizwi likaYehova elisulungekileyo,’ ‘ilizwi loThixo wethu, lihlale ukusa kwixesha elingenammiselo.’—INdumiso 18:30; Isaya 40:8; 1 Petros 1:25.

[Imibhalo esemazantsi]

[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 29]

UKhadinali Jiménez de Cisneros

[Inkcazelo]

Biblioteca Histórica. Universidad Complutense de Madrid

[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 30]

UAntonio de Nebrija

[Inkcazelo]

Biblioteca Histórica. Universidad Complutense de Madrid

[Inkcazelo Ngomfanekiso okwiphepha 28]

Biblioteca Histórica. Universidad Complutense de Madrid