Ngaba IYurophu Iya Kumanyana Ngokwenene?

UKUBA ukufumanisa kunzima ukukholelwa ukuba iYurophu izimisele ngokwenene kolu manyano lwayo, kuphela nje into ekufuneka uyenze kukuwela imida yayo engaphakathi. Ngoku abantu bahambahamba ngokukhululekileyo ngaphakathi kwi-European Union (EU). Sele iphantse yathi shwaka into yokuba bachithe ixesha belinde emideni. Kakade ke, oko kuyabachulumancisa abahambi—kodwa asingabo bodwa abaxhamlayo. Ngoku abemi abakumazwe e-EU banokufunda lula, basebenze baze bazenzele amashishini naphi na ngaphakathi kwe-EU. Oku kuye kwakhokelela kwinkqubela yezoqoqosho kwiindawo ezihlwempuzekileyo ezikolo Manyano.

Ngokuqinisekileyo ukudlula ngokulula emideni lolona tshintsho lukhulu. Noko ke, ngaba simele sigqibe ekubeni iYurophu sele imanyene yaye akukho miqobo kwindlela yayo yomanyano? Ngokuchaseneyo noko, kukho imiqobo ebonakalayo ngaphambili, yaye eminye yayo ityhafisa ngeyona ndlela. Kodwa ngaphambi kokuba sixubushe ngayo, masikhe sikhangele kwelinye lawona manyathelo makhulu okwenza olu manyano asele enziwe ukuza kuthi ga ngoku. Ngaloo ndlela sinokusiqonda kakuhle isizathu sokuba abantu babe nethemba elikhulu ngolu manyano.

Amanyathelo Okumanyana Ngemali

Ukunyamekela imida kunokuba ziindleko ezinkulu. Inkqubo eqhelekileyo yala mazwe ali-15 angamalungu e-EU yakha yadla loo mazwe imali emalunga nezigidi ezingamawaka ali-12 zee-euro ngonyaka. Akumangalisi ke ngoko ukuba, le meko intsha kwimida yaseYurophu iye yalukhulisa ngamandla uqoqosho lwalapho. Xa ucinga ngabemi abazizigidi ezingama-370 abakwiEU behamba ngokukhululekileyo ukusuka kwelinye ilizwe besiya kwelinye ngaphandle kokutshintsha kwenkqubo yorhwebo, kuyacaca ukuba uqoqosho lwalapho luza kuphucuka ngokuphawulekayo. Ibangelwe yintoni loo nkqubela?

Emva phayaa ngoFebruwari 1992, iinkokeli zaseburhulumenteni zathabatha inyathelo elikhulu elisa kolu manyano ngokutyobela iTreaty on European Union, okanye iMaastricht Treaty. Eso sivumelwano saba sisiseko sokumiselwa korhwebo olumanyeneyo apho eYurophu, ibhanki yelizwe kwanemali efanayo. Ukanti, kusekho elinye inyathelo elibalulekileyo elifanele lithatyathwe: ukupheliswa kotshintshiselwano ngemali. Ngapha koko, ukutshintshiselana ngemali kwexesha elizayo kunokuyiguqula intengiselwano ekhoyo ngoku.

Lo mqobo kwindlela esa kumanyano washenxiswa ngokumisela iEconomic and Monetary Union (EMU) nokuvelisa ieuro njengemali efanayo. Ngoku ziphelile iindleko zokutshintshiselana ngemali, yaye akusekho mfuneko yokuba amashishini azikhusele kwiingozi zokutshintshiselana ngemali. Ngenxa yoko iba ncinane inkcitho yamashishini yaye kubakho urhwebo olungakumbi lwamazwe ngamazwe. Ngenxa yoko, oku kusenokukhokelela ekuveleni kwemisebenzi engakumbi nokusetyenziswa kwamandla ngakumbi—nto leyo eya kuba yingenelo kuye wonk’ ubani.

Ukusekwa kwe-European Central Bank ngowe-1998 kwaphawula elinye inyathelo elibalulekileyo lokwenziwa kwemali efanayo. Le bhanki izimeleyo, imi kwisixeko saseJamani eFrankfurt, yiyo eyongamela imali yoorhulumente abanenxaxheba kuyo. Izabalazela ukugcina amaxabiso ezinto ephantsi kuloo ndawo ibizwa ngokuba ngummandla we-euro, uquka amazwe ali-11,a nokugcina amaxabiso okutshintshiselana ngemali ezinzile phakathi kwe-euro, idola neyen.

Ngoko ke, xa kufikelelwa kwiingxaki zemali, kuninzi gqitha okuye kwenziwa kwilinge lokumanyana. Noko ke, iingxaki zemali zibonisa ukuba kusekho ukungamanyani okukhulu kula mazwe aseYurophu.

Iingxaki Ezingakumbi Zemali

Amazwe ahlwempuzekileyo akwiEU anezinto azikhalazelayo. Avakalelwa kukuba loo malungu angamazwe atyebileyo akabohluli ngokwaneleyo ubutyebi anabo. Akukho nalinye kuloo mazwe elikhanyelayo ukuba kufuneka kunikwe oogxa balo baseYurophu abahlwempuzekileyo inkxaso engakumbi yemali. Ukanti, amazwe atyebileyo avakalelwa kukuba anezizathu ezifanelekileyo zokungakwenzi oko.

Ngokomzekelo masikhe sithethe ngeJamani. Ukuzimisela kwelo lizwe ukuba lelona lihlawulela ukumanyaniswa kweYurophu kuye kwadodobala ngokucacileyo ekubeni ngoku iye yanoxanduva lwemali olungaphaya kwamandla ayo. Ixabiso lokumanya iMpuma neNtshona Jamani lilodwa liye laba sesona sityhwentyhwe sikhulu—phantse izigidi ezingamakhulu amathandathu zamawaka ngonyaka. Mali leyo elingana nekota yoqingqo-mali lwelo lizwe! Olu phuhliso luye lwabangela ukuba ityala lelizwe laseJamani linyuke de liye kufikelela kwinqanaba lokuba iJamani yenze imigudu emikhulu ukuze ikwazi ukufikelela iimfuno ze-EMU.

Amalungu Amatsha Acela Ukubandakanywa KwiEU.

Ngethutyana nje elingephi, abo baxhasa ukusetyenziswa kwemali efanayo banethemba lokuba amazwe akwiEU angekabikho kwiEMU aya kuyoyisa imiqobo ephambi kwawo ngaphambi konyaka wama-2002, nalapho kuya kube sele kusetyenziswa iingqekembe nemali engamaphepha ye-euro endaweni yemali yaseYurophu yanamhlanje. Ukuba iBritani, iDenmark neSweden zingohlukana nokuba mathidala kwazo, nabantu abakuloo mazwe bangabona iiponti, ikroner nekronor zithatyathelw’ indawo yieuro.

Okwangoku, kusekho amanye amazwe amathandathu aseYurophu acela ukubandakanywa kwiEU. Lawo yiCyprus, iEstonia, iHungary, iPoland, iRiphabliki yeCzech neSlovenia. Kusekho amanye amazwe amahlanu angakumbi asalinde elawo ixesha, wona yiBulgaria, iLatvia, iLithuania, iRomania neSlovakia. Ukungena kwawo akuyi kubiza nje imalana encinane. Kuqikelelwa ukuba phakathi kweminyaka yama-2000 nowama-2006, kuza kufuneka iEU ilungiselele izigidi ezingamawaka angama-80 zee-euro ukuze incede loo mazwe matsha aseMpuma Yurophu.

Noko ke, imali ekufuneka abe nayo loo mazwe matsha ukuze akwazi ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zokungena kwiEU ingaphezulu ngokuphindwe kaninzi kunaleyo aza kuyifumana kuncedo lwe-EU. Ngokomzekelo, iHungary kuza kufuneka ichithe imali engangezigidi zamawaka ali-12 zee-euro ukuze iphucule iindlela zayo nezo zikaloliwe. Yona iRiphabliki yeCzech kuya kufuneka ichithe imali engaphezu kwezigidi ezingamawaka ama-3,4 zee-euro ekucoceni nje kuphela amanzi ayo, yaye iPoland yona kufuneka ichithe izigidi zamawaka ezi-3 zee-euro ukuze icoce isalfure engcolisa umoya. Nakuba kunjalo, loo mazwe enza ezo zicelo avakalelwa kukuba iingenelo ziya kuba ngaphezu kwezo ndleko. Ngenxa yento enye, urhwebo lwabo namazwe akwiEU luya kwanda. Ukanti, lawo enza izicelo kusenokufuneka alinde kangangexesha. Ngokwembono abanayo abantu ngoku, loo mazwe angamalungu amatsha afanele amkelwe kuphela emva kokuba iEU iye yazicombulula kakuhle iingxaki zayo zemali.

Ukungavisisani, Ubuhlanga Nokungabikho Kwemisebenzi

Phezu kwayo nje yonk’ imigudu esele yenziwe kwiinzame zomanyano olukhulu, ngaphandle nangaphakathi kweYurophu kusekho inkxalabo ngeendlela zokuphuhlisa elo Lizwekazi. Kusekho nengxaki engekho lula ephathelele indlela yokusingatha ungquzulwano lobuhlanga, njengolo lweyantlukwano ekummandla weBalkan—okokuqala imfazwe yaseBosnia nongquzulwano lwaseKosovo. Amazwe angamalungu e-EU asoloko engavumelani ngendlela yokusingatha ungquzulwano olunjalo eYurophu nangaphaya kwemida yayo. Ekubeni iEU ingekuko ukumanyana koorhulumente yaye ingenankqubo ifanayo yamazwe, ukunyamekela izilangazelelo zamazwe ngamazwe kusoloko kuhamba phambili. Kucacile ukuba, ukunyanyekelwa kwezilangazelelo zamazwe ngamazwe ngowona mqobo uphambili ‘kuManyano Lwamazwe AseYurophu.’

IYurophu ikwaneny’ ingxaki enzulu—ukungabikho kwemisebenzi ngeyona ndlela. Ngokomlinganiselo, ngabantu abali-10 ekhulwini abangasebenziyo. Oku kuthetha ukuba bangaphezu kwezigidi ezili-16 abantu abangasebenziyo. Kumazwe amaninzi abaselula, abaphantse balingane nekota yabantu abakwi-EU, baye batsho phantsi kwimizamo yabo yokufuna imisebenzi. Akumangalisi ke ngoko ukuba abantu abaninzi bavakalelwe kukuba ukulwa nokungabikho kwemisebenzi okukhulu lolona celomngeni luphambili ejamelene nalo iYurophu! Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, imigudu yokuphucula ezorhwebo iye yawa phantsi.

Noko ke, kolu manyano kusekho omnye umqobo omkhulu.

Ngubani Ophetheyo?

Ulongamo lusengowona mqobo mkhulu ekuphumezeni iYurophu emanyeneyo. Amazwe angamalungu kufuneka azimisele ngokuvumayo ukuncama ulongamo lwelizwe lawo ukusa kumkhamo othile. Injongo ye-EU kukumisela ulawulo lwamazwe ngamazwe. Iphephandaba iLe Monde lithi ukuba oku akwenzeki, ukuveliswa kwe-euro kuya kuba “yimpumelelo nje engabalulekanga.” Noko ke, amanye amazwe angamalungu ayo akufumanisa kunzima ukuyamkela into yokuba ancame igunya. Ngokomzekelo, inkokeli yelinye ilizwe elililungu le-EU yagxininisa ukuba ilizwe layo “lazalelwa ukuba yinkokeli yamazwe, kungekhona umlandeli wawo.”

Kuyaqondakala ukuba, amazwe amancinane oyikisela ukuba ekuhambeni kwexesha, amazwe amakhulu angasuka abe ngqwabalala aze angafuni ukuzamkela izigqibo eziya kungqubana neminqweno yawo. Ngokomzekelo, amazwe amancinane axhalabele indlela ekuya kugqitywa ngayo ngamazwe eliya kuba kuwo ikomkhulu labameli abahlukahlukeneyo be-EU. Esi sigqibo sibalulekile kuba ukuba nabo bameli kukhulisa imisebenzi yengqesho kuloo mazwe bakuwo.

Xa kukho imiqobo edimaza njengale kolu kumanyano—ukungalingani kwezoqoqosho, imfazwe, ungabikho kwemisebenzi nobuhlanga—kusenokubonakala kulula ukuphoxeka kumbandela ongokumanyana kweYurophu. Noko ke, okona kubalulekileyo kukuba sele kwenziwe inkqubela engaphaya kokuqonda. Ubungakanani benkqubela ekusafuneka yenziwe abaziwa. Ngokuyintloko, iingxaki ezikhathaza abo bazama ukumanyanisa iYurophu, ziyafana neengxaki ezikhathaza bonke oorhulumente babantu.

Ngaba kunokwenzeka ukuba kubekho urhulumente onokucombulula iingxaki ezinjalo njengokruthakruthwano lobuhlanga, ungabikho kwemisebenzi okugqithiseleyo, ubuhlwempu nemfazwe? Ngaba kunokwenzeka ukuba kubekho ihlabathi apho abantu bahlala ngokumanyana kokwenyaniso? Inqaku elilandelayo liza kuxubusha ngempendulo esenokukushiya ubamb’ ongezantsi.

[Umbhalo osemazantsi]

[Ibhokisi ekwiphepha 14]

Ayifikanga Igalelekile Ieuro!

Nangona okwangoku imali eziingqekembe nengamaphepha esetyenziswa kuloo mazwe angamalungu e-European Union ingayi kuphela de kube ngowama-2002, intengiselwano engafuni mali iziinkozo sele isenziwa ngee-euro. Le ntengiselwano yemali iye yabangela umsebenzi omkhulu ezibhankini. Noko ke, xa kungoku sele kuconjululwe ukutshintshiselana ngemali (exchange rates) okuphakathi kwe-euro nemali yaloo mazwe angamalungu. Nendawo yokutshintshiselana ngemali (stock exchanges) sele ibonisa amaxabiso ngee-euro. Iivenkile namashishini amaninzi ngoku ziwabhala ngee-euro kunye nemali yelizwe elo amaxabiso ezinto.

Kufuneka uhlengahlengiso olukhulu ngeyona ndlela kolu uhlobo lorhwebo—ngokukodwa kubantu abadala abaninzi, abangayi kuphinda bakwazi ukusebenzisa ideutsche mark, ifranc, okanye ilira abaziqhelileyo. Kwanoomatshini bokuhlawula evenkileni nabo basebhankini kufuneka balungiselelwe le meko. Ukuze le nguqu ihambe ngokutyibilikayo kangangoko, kuye kwenziwa amaphulo asemthethweni okucacisela abantu ngokufika nokusetyenziswa kwe-euro.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuba injani na imiqobo esaseleyo, ayifikanga igalelekile ieuro. Enyanisweni, ukushicilelwa nokwenziwa kweengqekembe ze-euro sele kuqalisile. Yaye kungumsebenzi omkhulu. Kwanakwilizwe elincinane njengeNetherlands, elinabemi abazizigidi ezili-15, oomatshini bokushicilela nabokwenza iingqekembe baya kuthabatha iminyaka emithathu yonke ukuze bavelise iingqekembe ezizizigidi zamawaka ezi-2,8 nemali engamaphepha azizigidi zamawaka angama-380 ngoJanuwari 1, 2002. Ukuba yonke loo mali ingamaphepha ibinokufunjwa, ibiya kuphakama kangangeekhilomitha ezingama-20!

[Ibhokisi ekwiphepha 15]

“Ngaba Oku Kunokuyitshabalalisa Ieuro”?

Ekuqaleni kowe-1999 iKomishoni yaseYurophu, iqumrhu lesigqeba le-European Union (EU), lasinda cebetshu ekususweni. Loo komishoni yayibekwa izityholo zokurhwaphiliza, ubuqhetseba nokuqesha izalamane. Kwasekwa ikomiti eza kuphanda ngezo zityholo. Emva kophando lweeveki ezintandathu ubude, loo komiti yafumanisa ukuba ngokwenene kuye kwakho urhwaphilizo nokuphathwa kakubi kwemali yiloo Komishoni yaseYurophu. Noko ke, loo komiti yophando ayizange ifumane bungqina bokuba abo baloo komishoni baye bazityebisa.

Emva kokuba kupapashwe ingxelo yaloo komiti, yonke loo Komishoni yaseYurophu yarhoxa ngoMatshi 1999—isenzo esingenakuthelekiswa nanto. Oko kwaba yeyona ntlekele yakha yambi kwiEU. Iphephancwadi iTime ikubiza oko ngokuthi “Kukutshatyalaliswa Kwe-euro.” Kukuhamba kwexesha kuphela okuya kusixelela imiphumo le ntlekele eya kuba nayo kwinkqubela yokumanyana kweYurophu.

[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 13]

Sekulula ngeyona ndlela ukunqumla kwimida yaseYurophu

[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 15]

IEuropean Central Bank, eFrankfurt, eJamani, yasekwa ngowe-1998