Ukuzifunela Ikhaya

“Nokuba liyintoni na, ikhaya likhaya.”—UJohn Howard Payne.

KWAQALA kwabakho imfazwe, imfazwe engazange iphele. Kwalandela imbalela, nayo engazange inike siqabu. Kuthe kusenjalo, kwagaleleka indlala. Yaye abantu benza ekuphela kwento ababenokuyenza—bashiya amakhaya abo baza baphuma iphulo baya kufuna amanzi, ukutya nomsebenzi.

Bafika begxalathelana bengamawaka emideni. Kodwa kwiminyaka yakutshanje sele kwamkelwe iimbacu ezisisigidi, yaye ilizwe eliselumelwaneni alinako ukwamkela iimbacu ezingakumbi. Amapolisa omda aphethe iintonga zamapolisa aqinisekisa ukuba akukho mntu udlulayo.

Igosa elijongene nabantu abafudukayo lasekuhlaleni lazitsho zavakala izizathu zokuyeka ukwamkela iimbacu ezanda ngokukhawuleza. “Azihlawuli rhafu. Zonakalisa iindlela. Zigawula imithi. Zigqiba amanzi. Ngenene, kwanele ngoku.”a

Izinto ezinje ezihlasimlis’ umzimba ziya zisiba yinto eqhelekileyo. Abantu abafudukileyo bafumanisa ukuba kuya kusiba nzima ukufumana indawo enokuba likhaya. Ingxelo yakutshanje yeAmnesty International ithi: “Njengoko inani labantu abafuna ikhusi lisanda, kunjalo nangenani lamazwe amadolw’ anzima ukukhusela aba bantu.”

Abo banethamsanqa lokuya kufika kwinkampu yeembacu banokutsho ukuba bakhuselekile, kodwa ezi nkampu zikude lee ekubeni ngamakhaya. Yaye iimeko zinokuba mbi kakhulu enkampini.

Ubomi Kwiinkampu Zeembacu

Enye imbacu yaseAfrika yakhalaza ngelithi: “Ungadutyulwa ufe [ekhaya], kodwa apha [kwinkampu yeembacu] abantwana bakho bafa yindlala.” Njengoko lo bawo uxhalabileyo wafumanisayo, iinkampu ezininzi azinako ukutya namanzi aneleyo yaye alukho ucoceko neendawo zokufihla intloko ezifanelekileyo. Izizathu ezibangela oku zicacile. Amazwe asakhasayo, adla ngokuzifumana sele ezaliswe ngamawaka eembacu, yaye kusenokwenzeka ukuba loo mazwe akakwazi kwanokondla iinzalelwane zamazwe awo. Akakwazi ukunceda abantu abaninzi abathontelana ngokukhawuleza kumazwe awo. Yaye amazwe ahambele phambili kwezoqoqosho, aneengxaki zawo, anokuba mathidala ukuxhasa iimbacu ezininzi ezikwamanye amazwe.

Xa abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezibini babaleka kwelinye ilizwe laseAfrika ngowe-1994, akuzange kubekho amanzi aneleyo nezindlu zangasese ezifanelekileyo kwiinkampu zeembacu ezakhiwe ngokukhawuleza. Ngenxa yoko, xa kwaqalisa isifo sorhudo kwafa amawaka ngaphambi kokuba silawulwe. Ukwenza izinto zibe mbi nangakumbi, amaqela axhobileyo awayephakathi kweembacu zasekuhlaleni alawula ukuhanjiswa kwezinto zoncedo. Le ngxaki yayingaqali. Ingxelo yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo ithi: “Ubukho babantu abaxhobileyo phakathi kweembacu kuzenza zibe sengozini ngakumbi. Kuzibeka esichengeni sokuphathwa ngqwabalala, ukuqweqwediswa nokunyanzelwa ukuba ziye kulwa zingathandi.”

Nabantu basekuhlaleni banokubandezeleka ngenxa yobukho beembacu ezininzi ezithwaxwa yindlala. Kummandla weGreat Lakes zaseAfrika, bambi abasemagunyeni bakhalaza ngelithi: “[Iimbacu] ziqongqothe oovimba bethu bokutya, zatshabalalisa amasimi, iinkomo kunye neepaki zethu zemvelo, zabangela kwakho indlala nokwanda kwezifo ezibulalayo . . . zifumana uncedo lokutya ngoxa thina singacholi naphantsi.”

Sekunjalo, eyona ngxaki inokuba buhlungu nangakumbi kukuba iinkampu zeembacu zokwexeshana ezininzi zide zibe ziindawo zokuhlala ezisisigxina. Ngokomzekelo, kwelinye ilizwe kuMbindi Mpuma, iimbacu ezimalunga nama-200 000 zixinanisene kwinkampu eyenzelwe ikota yelo nani. Ebindekile, omnye wazo wathi: “Akukho ndawo yimbi sinokuya kuyo.” Ezi mbacu ziye zabandezeleka kangangethuba elide azifumani misebenzi kumazwe ezikuwo, yaye kucingelwa ukuba ezingama-95 ekhulwini azisebenzi okanye zenza umsebenzi wesingxungxo. Elinye igosa laseburhulumenteni kwinkampu yeembacu lathi: “Ngenene andazi ukuba ziphila njani.”

Kodwa ukuba iimeko zimbi kangako kwiinkampu zeembacu, zinokuba zimbi nangakumbi kubantu abafudukileyo abangakwaziyo ukushiya ilizwe labo.

Intlungu Yokufuduka

Ngokutsho kwegosa leUnited Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, “ubunzulu nobukhulu bale ngxaki, ebangelwa kukubandezeleka kwabantu, negalelo layo kuxolo nonqabiseko lwehlabathi liphela, buye benza ukufudukela kwenye indawo kwakwilizwe lakho kwaba yeyona nto ixhalabise ihlabathi.” Ngenxa yezizathu eziliqela, aba bantu bangenamakhaya badla ngokuba sengozini nangaphezu kweembacu.

Awukho umbutho wehlabathi onyamekela abantu abafudukileyo, yaye amajelo eendaba akadli ngokunikela ingqalelo engako kwizikhalazo zabo. Oorhulumente babo, abaxakeke yimfazwe yohlobo oluthile, basenokuba abafuni okanye abakwazi ukubakhusela. Ngokufuthi iintsapho zidla ngokwahlukana xa zisaba kwindawo eyingozi. Njengoko kudla ngokunyanzeleka ukuba bahambe ngeenyawo, bambi abantu abafudukayo badla ngokufela endleleni kolo hambo luya kwindawo enqabisekileyo.

Uninzi lwaba bantu bafudukileyo ludla ngokufuna ikhusi ezixekweni, apho luphila ubomi bentshontsho ematyotyombeni okanye kwizakhiwo ezingasetyenziswayo. Abanye bahlanganisana kwiinkampu zokwexeshana, ezidla ngokuhlaselwa ngabantu abaxhobileyo. Ngokufuthi, badla ngokuba ngabona bantu bafayo ngaphezu kwalo naliphi na ibutho labantu kwelo lizwe.

Maxa wambi isikhuni sibuya nomkhwezeli kwanakubantu abazama ukunceda aba bantu bafudukileyo. IThe State of the World’s Refugees 2000 ithi: “Ebudeni bale minyaka ilishumi idluleyo kwinkulungwane yama-20, imibutho enikela uncedo esebenza kumazwe athwaxwa yimfazwe iye yasindisa ubomi babantu abangamawaka yaye yenze konke okusemandleni ukunciphisa ukubandezeleka kwabantu. Noko ke, enye into ebe sisifundo esibalulekileyo kule minyaka ilishumi idluleyo ibe kukuba, emfazweni, uncedo lunokusetyenziswa kakubi ngamaqela alwayo, yaye lunokuba nemiphumo emibi ngokuthi lomeleze izikhundla zabasemagunyeni abanetyala lokungahloneli amalungelo abantu. Kwakhona, izinto zokunceda ezinikelwa yimibutho yoncedo zinokusetyenziselwa ukuxhasa imfazwe, zize ziyenze iqhubeke ixesha elide.”

Iphulo Lokufuna Ukuphila Ubomi Obubhetele

Ngaphandle kweembacu nabantu abafudukela kwenye indawo kwakwilizwe labo, liyanda inani leembacu zezoqoqosho. Zininzi izizathu ezibangela oku. Umsantsa phakathi kwamazwe ehlabathi ahambele phambili kwezoqoqosho namazwe ahlwempuzekileyo uyakhula, yaye yonk’ imihla iinkqubo zikamabonwakude zibonisa ubomi obutofotofo bamazwe athile kubantu abangamahlwempu abakwamanye amazwe ehlabathi. Ukukhenketha kwamanye amazwe sele kulula ngoku, yaye kuya kusiba lula gqitha ukudlula kwimida. Iimfazwe zamakhaya nocalucalulo lobuhlanga nolonqulo zinegalelo elikhulu ekwenzeni abantu bafudukele kumazwe ahambele phambili kwezoqoqosho.

Kodwa ngoxa abanye abantu abafudukayo—ingakumbi abo sele benezalamane ezikumazwe ekufumaneka imisebenzi kuwo—befuduka ngempumelelo, abanye bagqibela ngokonakalisa ubomi babo. Abo badibana nezaphuli-mthetho baba sengozini. (Bona iibhokisi ezihambisana neli nqaku.) Intsapho iya kuba yenza ngobulumko xa ihlolisisa ezi ngozi ngaphambi kokufuduka ngenxa yemeko yezoqoqosho.

Ngowe-1996 iphenyane elidala labhukuqa kuLwandle lweMeditera, kwaza kwarhaxwa abantu abangama-280. La maxhoba ayefuduka evela eIndiya, ePakistan naseSri Lanka ahlawula malunga nee-R50 000 ukusa kwii-R70 000 ngohambo lokuya eYurophu. Ngaphambi kokuba iphenyane libhukuqe, babesele benyamezele indlala, unxano nokuxhatshazwa kangangeeveki eziliqela. ‘Uhambo lwabo lokuya kubomi obutofotofo’ lwagqibela ngokuba yintlekele.

Ngokufuthi imbacu nganye, umntu ofudukileyo okanye umntu ofudukele kwelinye ilizwe okwexeshana angakubalisela elakhe ibali elibuhlungu. Nokuba sisiphi isizathu esibangele ukuba aba bantu bashiye amakhaya abo—nokuba yimfazwe, intshutshiso okanye ubuhlwempu—ukubandezeleka kwabo kuphakamisa le mibuzo: Ngaba le ngxaki iya kuze iconjululwe? Okanye ngaba inani leembacu liza kuqhubeka lisanda?

[Umbhalo osemazantsi]

[Ibhokisi/Umfanekiso okwiphepha 8]

Intlungu Yabantu Abafuduke Okwexeshana

Ngaphandle kweembacu nabantu abafudukileyo, kukho “abantu abafuduke okwexeshana” abamalunga nezigidi ezili-15 ukusa kwizigidi ezingama-30 ehlabathini lonke. Uninzi lwabo ngabantu abanethemba lokuba ukufudukela kumazwe afumileyo kuya kugxotha ikati eziko—mhlawumbi nocalucalulo nentshutshiso.

Ekubeni amathuba okufuduka ngokusemthethweni aye ancipha kule minyaka yakutshanje, kuye kwaqalisa indlela entsha nengekho mthethweni yokufuduka. Eneneni, ukurhweba ngabantu abafuduka ngokungekho mthethweni lishishini elinengeniso kwizaphuli-mthetho ezinamava ehlabathini liphela. Abanye abaphandi bathi lenza ingeniso engamawaka ezigidi azii-R104 ngonyaka, yaye ngokufuthi izaphuli-mthetho zikhuselekile. UPino Arlacchi, usekela-sosiba weZizwe Ezimanyeneyo walibiza eli shishini ‘njengelona shishini lolwaphulo-mthetho likhula ngokukhawuleza ehlabathini lonke.’

Abantu abafuduke okwexeshana abakhuselwa ngumthetho, yaye amaphepha-mvume abo enziwa ngomgunyathi ngabantu abarhweba ngabo ngokungekho mthethweni. Abantu abafudukileyo abalolo hlobo banokufumaneka kwiivenkile nakwimizi-mveliso apho basebenza iiyure ezininzi baze bahlawulwe imali encinane, banokuqeshwa kumakhaya abantu, banokuba kwishishini lokuloba okanye babe kwezolimo. Bambi baba ngoonongogo ekugqibeleni. Xa benokubanjwa ngabasemagunyeni, basenokubuyiselwa kumazwe abo, bengenayo nesenti. Ukuba abafuni ukusebenza phantsi kweemeko ezingentle, basenokubethwa okanye baxhatshazwe ngokwesini mhlawumbi iintsapho zabo emva ekhaya zide zigrogriswe ngogonyamelo.

Ngokufuthi amaqela ezaphuli-mthetho athembisa abantu abafuna ukufuduka imisebenzi ehlawula umvuzo ophakamileyo. Ngenxa yoko, intsapho ethwaxwa bubuhlwempu inokubambisa ngezinto zayo zonke ukuze ithumele ilungu lentsapho elinye eYurophu okanye eUnited States. Ukuba umntu ofudukayo akakwazi ukuzihlawula ngokwakhe iindleko, kulindeleke ukuba ahlawule elo tyala ngokusebenza, tyala elo elinokuba zii-R346 000. ‘Ubomi obutsha’ athenjiswe bona buguquka bube bubukhoboka.

[Umfanekiso]

Iimbacu ezingekho mthethweni eSpeyin

[Ibhokisi/Umfanekiso okwiphepha 9]

Ukuphulukana Nobunyulu

Intsapho yakuloSiri yayihlala kwiinduli ezikuMzantsi-mpuma weAsia, apho abazali bakhe babenyamekela amasimi abo erayisi. Ngenye imini elinye ibhinqa laxelela abazali bakhe ukuba linokufunela uSiri umsebenzi ohlawula imali eninzi esixekweni. Imali ezii-R17 000 yayininzi kakhulu kubalimi basezintabeni yaye kwakuza kuba nzima ukuba balandule. Noko ke, kungabanga thuba lide emva koko uSiri wazibona sele ekumzi woonongogo. Abaninimzi bamxelela ukuba umele ahlawule ii-R70 000 ukuze akhululeke. Ngelo xesha uSiri wayeneminyaka eli-15 ubudala.

USiri wayengenako ukuhlawula elo tyala. Wayedla ngokubethwa aze axhatshazwe ngokwesini ukuze asebenzisane nabo. Lo gama nje wayesetyenziswa, wayengasoze akhululwe. Inyaniso ebuhlungu ikukuba oonongogo abanjalo bayakhululwa ekugqibeleni—kodwa kuphela ukuze babuyele kumakhaya abo baze babulawe nguGawulayo.

Liyanda ishishini elinjalo nakweminye imimandla yehlabathi. Ingxelo yowe-1999 eyayinomxholo othi International Trafficking in Women to the United States yaqikelela ukuba kuthengiswa amabhinqa nabantwana abanokuba ngama-700 000 ukusa kwizi-2 000 000 nyaka ngamnye, yaye uninzi lwenziwa oonongogo. Bambi bayaqhathwa, ngoxa abanye beqweqwediswa; kodwa phantse bonke banyanzelwa ukuba benze lo msebenzi bengathandi. Omnye oselula waseMpuma Yurophu owasindiswa kwiqela loonongogo wathetha oku ngabantu abamqweqwedisayo: “Andizange ndiyicinge ukuba inokwenzeka into enje. Aba bantu zizilwanyana.”

Amaxhoba athile anelishwa aye athatyathwa kwiinkampu zeembacu, aza athenjiswa imisebenzi nemali eninzi eYurophu naseUnited States. Ukufuna ubomi obubhetele kukhokelele amabhinqa amaninzi kubukhoboka obungokwesini.

[Ibhokisi/Imifanekiso ekwiphepha 10]

Bala Iindleko Ngaphambi Kokuba Ufuduke Ngenxa Yezoqoqosho

Ngenxa yobukho bamaqela amaninzi ezaphuli-mthetho arhweba ngabantu abafudukayo nobunzima bokufudukela ngokusemthethweni kumazwe ahambele phambili kwezoqoqosho, abayeni nootata bafanele ngenyameko bahlolisise le mibuzo ilandelayo ngaphambi kokwenza isigqibo.

1. Ngaba ngokwenene imeko yethu yezoqoqosho imbi kakhulu kangangokuba elinye ilungu lentsapho okanye intsapho yonke imele ifudukele apho kukho imivuzo ephakamileyo?

2. Luza kubiza malini olo hambo, yaye liza kuhlawulwa njani elo tyala?

3. Ngaba intsapho imele yahlukaniswe ngenxa yeengenelo zezoqoqosho ezinokungazaliseki? Abantu abaninzi abafuduke ngokungekho mthethweni bafumanise ukuba kunzima ukufumana umsebenzi osisigxina kumazwe ahambele phambili kwezoqoqosho.

4. Ngaba ndifanele ndiwakholelwe amabali endiwavayo emivuzo ephakamileyo neengenelo zasekuhlaleni? IBhayibhile ithi “nabani na ongenamava ukholwa ngamazwi onke, kodwa onobuqili uyawaqwalasela amanyathelo akhe.”—IMizekeliso 14:15.

5. Sisiphi isiqinisekiso endinaso sokuba asiyi kuba sizibeka esichengeni sokulawulwa yimibutho yezaphuli-mthetho?

6. Ukuba olo hambo lulungiselelwe liqela lezaphuli-mthetho, ngaba ndiyaqonda ukuba umfazi wam—okanye intombi yam—unokunyanzelwa ukuba asebenze njengonongogo?

7. Ngaba ndiyaqonda ukuba xa ndingena kwelinye ilizwe njengomntu ofuduke ngokungekho mthethweni kunokwenzeka ukuba ndingawufumani umsebenzi osisigxina yaye ndinokubuyiselwa kwilizwe lam, ndiphulukane nayo yonke imali endiyichithe kolo hambo?

8. Ngaba ndizimisele ukufuduka ngokungekho mthethweni okanye ukubhenela kwiindlela ezingekho mthethweni ukuze ndifumane imvume yokuhlala kwilizwe elifumileyo?—Mateyu 22:21; Hebhere 13:18.

[Umzobo/Imaphu ekwiphepha 8, 9]

(Ukuba ufuna inkcazelo ehlahlelwe kakuhle, yiya kwimpapasho)

Iindlela Zemfuduko Zeembacu Nabasebenzi Bamanye Amazwe

Ezona ndawo zineembacu nabantu abafudukileyo abaninzi

→ Iindlela zemfuduko eziphambili zabasebenzi bamanye amazwe

[Inkcazelo]

Imithombo: The State of the World’s Refugees; The Global Migration Crisis; kunye neWorld Refugee Survey 1999.

Mountain High Maps® Copyright © 1997 Digital Wisdom, Inc.

[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 7]

Imbacu ilinde ukufumana indawo yokuhlala

[Inkcazelo]

UN PHOTO 186226/M. Grafman