“Izinambuzane Zolwandle” Eziluncuthu Mazangwa

Iqela labathengi elifileyo yindlala lihleli kwivenkile yokutyela kwiSixeko saseNew York. Siphethe izixhobo zokutya, siqhekeza iqokobhe eliqinileyo lesi sinambuzane sikhulu liza kusitya. Lingathi aliziboni ezo ngqande zamehlo zithe nta esityeni, eli qela likhangele phambili kuloo nyama imnandi kunene. Zinambuzane zini ezi zityiwa apha? “Zizinambuzane zolwandle”—ezaziwa ngokuba ziikolofishi okanye iikreyifishi.

KWAKUTHENI ukuze iikreyifishi kuthiwe zizinambuzane zolwandle? Kungenxa yokuba xa abalobi bezibona zihamba kwiinqanawa zabo babezifanisa nezinambuzane.

Kodwa ikho nenye into ezifana ngayo nezinambuzane. Kwiminyaka yee-1700, iikreyifishi zazigubungela unxweme lomntla-mpuma weUnited States ngokungathi libubu lezinambuzane. Ezi zinambuzane zolwandle zazibanjwa zize zonekwe emasimini kusenziwa isichumiso. Zazisetyenziswa njengesithiyelo seentlanzi. Kwakusondliwa ngazo amabanjwa. Ngaloo mihla, iikreyifishi zazixhaphake kangangokuba elinye iqela lezicaka kuloo mmandla lagwetyelwa yinkundla ngokukhupha umyalelo wokuba lingaphinde lityiswe iikreyifishi ngaphezu kwezihlandlo ezithathu ngeveki!

Ngokwahlukileyo, kubantu ababehlala kude nolwandle ikreyifishi yayisisidlo esinqabileyo. Kwakutheni? Kaloku, emva kokuba ifile ikreyifishi iyakhawuleza ukubola yaye ayinakuthintelwa yityuwa okanye kukuqwayitwa. Noko ke, phakathi kweyee-1800 zaqaliswa ukunkonkxa zatsho zaxhanyulwa ngabantu abaninzi. Ukongezelela koko, ukwenziwa kweendlela zikaloliwe kwabangela ukuba zithunyelwe kulo lonke elaseUnited States. Ngenxa yoko, zatsho zathengwa ngakumbi. Sekunjalo, ukuthutha iikreyifishi ezifreshi kwakubiza imali eninzi, ngoko ke, zazixhanyulwa zizinhanha kuphela.

Namhlanje abalobi babamba iintlobo zazo ezahlukahlukeneyo kumanxweme ehlabathi. EzaseMerika zifumaneka kuLwandlekazi LweAtlantiki ukusuka eNewfoundland ukusa kuMntla Carolina. Eyona ndawo lizifumana kuyo lonke ihlabathi yiMaine, ekumntla-mpuma weUnited States. Apho kuphuma eziphekiweyo nezisaphilayo zithunyelwe ehlabathini lonke. Kukhe kuthunyelwe iikhilogram ezimalunga nama-36 000 zekreyifishi ngenqwelo-moya enye.

Abarhwebi badla ngokuvelisa izixa ezikhulu zokutya abaza kukuthumela ehlabathini lonke ibe oko kubazisela ingeniso engayiwayo. Kodwa oku akwenzeki kwishishini leekreyifishi. Ubukhulu becala, abalobi bazo idla ngokuba ngabantu abaziqeshileyo balapho. Abazikhulisi ngokwabo ngokwakha iindawo ezinoomatshini kunoko baziyela elwandle apho zihlala khona—kuLwandlekazi lweAtlantiki.

Indlela Ezibanjwa Ngayo

Zilotywa njani iikreyifishi? Ukuze sifumane impendulo yalo mbuzo, uVukani! uye wathetha noJack, ongowesizukulwana sesine kwintsapho eloba iikreyifishi kwiBar Harbor, eMaine. UJack waqalisa ukuloba eseneminyaka eli-17 ubudala, yaye usasebenza kwizibuko elinye nelo ukhokho wakhe wayesebenza kulo. Inkosikazi yakhe, uAnnette nayo ikweli shishini. Ithi: “Ndatshatela ekulobeni. Kangangeminyaka emibini ndandifundiswa kwiphenyane likaJack, ndaza kamva ndathenga elam.”

UJack noAnnette baziloba njani iikreyifishi? UAnnette uthi: “Sithatha isefu yokuloba, ibhokisi ebuxande yentsimbi enemingxuma emincinane, size ngaphakathi sifake ingxowa enemingxuma ezaliswe kukutya kweekreyifishi, intlanzi ekuthiwa yiherring.” Kwisefu nganye abalobi babophelela into eza kundanda ngaphezu kwamanzi eza kunceda umlobi ayazi eyakhe isefu. UAnnette uthi: “Mlobi ngamnye uphawula into yakhe endandayo ngombala owahlukileyo ukuze ayazi eyakhe.”

Emva koko, isefu iphoswa emanzini, ihle iye kuma kumgangatho wolwandle, ngoxa lo mibala yabalobi indanda ngaphezulu ukuze bazazi isefu zabo. UAnnette uthi: “Ezi sefu sizishiya apho kangangeentsuku ezimbalwa, size ke sibuye siye kuzitsala. Xa kukho iikreyifishi esizibambisileyo siyazikhupha size silinganise ubukhulu bazo.” Abalobi abanenkathalo njengoJack noAnnette bazibuyisela elwandle ezincinane; baphinde babuyisele nezo ziziimazi ukuze zizale.

Emva koko, abalobi baya kwidokisi elikufuphi ukuze bazithengise ziphila. Ngaphandle kwamaqela athile asebenzisanayo, akukho zivumelwano zisayinwayo—iba ngabalobi balapho abathengisela amashishini alapho. Njengokuba kuye kwatshiwo ngaphambi, kweli shishini leekreyifishi azikho ezikhuliswa ngabantu. UJack uthi: “Bambi abalobi banemvume yokuza neemazi ezizalayo. Ziqandusela amaqanda zize ziwakhulise okwexeshana emva koko zibuyiselwe elwandle. Le ndlela yenza zibe ninzi iikreyifishi ezisinda kwiintshaba zize zikhule.”

Ukuloba iikreyifishi akuloshishini lilula okanye elinokwenza ubani abe sisityebi. Kodwa ukuba ubuza abalobi balo, baya kukuxelela iingenelo zalo—inkululeko yokuba neshishini lakho elincinane okanye ukudlulisela phambili isithethe sasekuhlaleni nesentsapho okanye uyolo lokuhlala nokusebenza elunxwemeni. Okubaluleke ngakumbi, kukuba lenza abalobi babe nolwaneliseko lokwazi ukuba “izinambuzane zolwandle” abazibambisileyo ziza kondla abantu abafa yindlala ehlabathini lonke.

[Ibhokisi/Umfanekiso okwiphepha 12]

IINGOZI ZOKULOBA IIKREYIFISHI

Ukuloba iikreyifishi kusenokubonakala njengomsebenzi okhuselekileyo. Kodwa ke akunjalo. Ngokomzekelo, iNational Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) ithi “ukususela ngowe-1993 ukusa kowe-1997, umlinganiselo wabantu abafe kweli shishini eMaine waba ngabantu abali-14 kwabali-100 000 kwabo banemvume yokuloba, umlinganiselo ongaphezulu ngezihlandlo ezi-2.5 kulowo walo lonke ilizwe (noyi-4.8 kubasebenzi abali-100 000).”

Ngokutsho kweNIOSH, uphando lweU.S. Coast Guard lwafumanisa ukuba “abalobi beekreyifishi bahlala bebhajiswa ziintambo ezijingayo kumgangatho wephenyane zize zibawisele elwandle, baze ke barhaxwe xa bengakwazi kuzikhulula kwezo ntambo okanye bengakwazi kuphinda bakhwele enqanaweni.” Kuhlolisiso olwenziwa ngowe-1999 nangowama-2000 kubalobi beekreyifishi abali-103, phantse aba-3 kwaba-4 bathi bakhe babhajiswa zezi ntambo, nakuba ingengabo bonke abada bawela emanzini. Kuye kwanconyelwa amanyathelo athile okhuseleko ukuze abalobi babe nezixhobo zokuzikhulula okanye baphephe ukubhajiswa.

[Imifanekiso ekwiphepha 10, 11]

1. UJack utsala isefu yokuloba iikreyifishi

2. UAnnette noJack bakhupha iikreyifishi ngesikrotyana kwisefu

3. Ikreyifishi nganye ilinganiswa ngesixhobo esenzelwe zona