IDolobha LaseMexico—Ingabe Liyisithabathaba Esikhulayo?

Ngumlobeli wePhaphama! eMexico

‘‘IDOLOBHA laseMexico liyisithabathaba . . . ngokumangalisayo esisasebenza,” kusho umklami wezakhiwo waseMexico uTeodoro González de León. Umagazini iNational Geographic ulibiza ngokuthi “Umdondoshiya Othusayo.” KuCarmen, owazalwa lapho eminyakeni engaba ngu-30 edlule, “iyidolobha eliphithizelayo labantu abathobekile abayaziyo indlela yokujabula neyokujabulela izinto eziwubala ekuphileni​—⁠kuhlanganise nokudla kwabo kwaseMexico abakuthandayo, njengama-enchilada, amatamale, izinkwa nesobho.”

IDolobha laseMexico, elinabantu abangaba izigidi ezingu-15, manje lingelinye lamadolobha amakhulukazi emhlabeni kodwa belilokhu liyidolobhakazi elichumayo amakhulu amaningi eminyaka.a Lasungulwa ngo-1325 njengeTenochtitlán futhi laba inhloko-dolobha yoMbuso waseAztec. Abantu baseAztec baqala ukwakha lelidolobha lapho behlala esiqhingini esiphakathi kweLake Texcoco. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, bagcwalisa inhlabathi echibini ukuze kunwetshwe idolobha, kodwa laliyidolobha lemisele futhi ngokuvamile lizungezwe amanzi. Lapho abaseSpain befika ngo-1519, bamangazwa ubukhazikhazi, ubuhle, nokuhlelwa kwedolobha elinabantu abacishe babe ngu-200 000 kuya ku-​300 000.

Idolobha Lezinto Ezihlukene

IDolobha laseMexico, njengamadolobha amakhulu amaningi, linosizi lobumpofu nobugebengu, kodwa kwezinye izici eziningi, liyakhanga. Ukukhula kwalo okumangalisayo kuye kwalenza lafanelwa isiphawulo esithi “eliyaluzelayo”; nokho, ngokuphambene, phakathi nedolobha kunelinye lamapaki amakhulu emhlabeni, iChapultepec Park, elihlanganisa amahektare angu-647,5. Linamahlashana, amachibi amaningana, izitolo zokudla, iminyuziyamu; futhi izenzakalo zokuzijabulisa ezinhlobonhlobo zenzelwa khona. Umbukiso waminyaka yonke womdanso we“Swan Lake” kaTchaikovsky endaweni engokwemvelo ogwini lwechibi uyisiko elihle. Ngalabo abangaphumeleli ukushiya idolobha ngempela-sonto, ipaki liba indawo yabo yokuzilibazisa nokuzijabulisa.

Nakuba lingancintisani neNew York noma iChicago, iDolobha laseMexico linamarascacielos alo, noma izitezi ezinde. UMbhoshongo waseLatin America, oyisakhiwo esinezitezi ezingu-44 owaphela ngo-1956, uyisibonelo somklamo owakhelwe ukumelana nokuzamazama komhlaba. Wakhiwe ezinsikeni eziqondile ezingu-361 ezihloselwe ukuvikela isakhiwo ekuzamazameni komhlaba. Esesitolo sawo sokudla, esakhiwe esitezi sama-40 nesama-41, umuntu angalibona idolobha, ikakhulukazi ebusuku lapho izibani zalo eziningi zibenyezela esimweni esifana nevelvet emnyama. Isakhiwo eside kunazo zonke edolobheni, iSikhungo Sezohwebo Somhlaba Wonke saseMexico, asikapheli. Sinezitezi ezingu-54 futhi sizoba namahhovisi ohwebo ezizweni zonke kanye nezinye izidingo.

IDolobha laseMexico selikhule futhi lasabalala kangangokuthi iSikhumulo Sezindiza Sezizwe Zonke iBenito Juárez, esake saba ngaphandle kwedolobha, manje sesiphakathi kwalo. Singesinye sezikhumulo ezimatasa kakhulu emhlabeni, sisingatha cishe abantu abayisigidi ngenyanga.

EDolobheni laseMexico ukwehlukana kukhulu. Izindlu zezicebi ezinkulu nezinethezekile, amahhotela akhethekile nabizayo, izakhiwo ezikhangayo, nezitolo zokuthenga zincikene nobumpofu bemijondolo engabukeki. Nokho, ngokungafani namaningi amanye amadolobha amakhulu emhlabeni, imigwaqo iphithizela abantu nasebusuku impela.

Izinkinga Zedolobha Elikhulu

IDolobha laseMexico, njengembambela enwebeka njalo, manje lihlanganisa amakhilomitha-skwele angaphezu kuka-⁠1 000 futhi lihlanganisa yonke indawo okuthiwa iSifunda Sikahulumeni Ophethe kanye nengxenye yeZwe eliphethwe uhulumeni waseMexico. Amadolobhana amaningi namaphethelo amadolobha, ayezimele ngaphambili, manje aye aba sezandleni zedolobha.

Ngokulindelekile, idolobha elikhulu kangaka libhekana nezinkinga ezinkulu. Eyinhloko eyokuchichima kwenani labantu, kanye nezinkinga eziwumphumela zokungcola, ukuntuleka kwezindlu, nokuntuleka okungathi sína kwemithombo edingekile yokuphila, kanye nobugebengu obukhula njalo. Izinhlelo zasikhathi sonke zemfundo ziye zasetshenziswa ekuzameni ukunciphisa izinga lokuzala ezweni, kodwa imikhaya emikhulu iyifa elingokwesiko eMexico futhi ibhekwa njengobufakazi bamandla obudoda kowesilisa kanye nokuba namandla okuzala kowesifazane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abantu abaningi basemaphandleni bathuthela edolobheni, befuna ukuphila okungcono. Nakuba ukuzamazama komhlaba ngo-1985 kwaphoqelela izinkulungwane ukuba zishiye idolobha, abantu bayanda. Abantu bathuthela lapho kunomsebenzi khona nethemba elingcono lokusinda.

Ingabe “Isithabathaba” Singaphefumula?

Ukungcoliswa komoya eDolobheni laseMexico kuye kwaba bucayi eminyakeni eyishumi edlule. Ngawo-1960, kwakunesifunda edolobheni esasibizwa ngokuthi “isifunda esikhanya kakhulu.” Manje asikho isifunda eDolobheni laseMexico esikhanyayo. Kuye kwezwakala izixwayiso ezindabeni. “Ukungcola komoya esigodini saseMexico sekufinyelele emazingeni ayingozi,” kusho elinye iphephabhuku lezesayensi. Umagazini iTime wathi: “Izimoto eziyizigidi ezintathu namabhasi kadiesel angu-⁠7 000, okuningi kwakho okudala futhi okungalungiswa, kukhiphela ukungcola emoyeni. Kungokufanayo nangezimboni ezicishe zibe ngu-130 000 eziseduze ezimelela ngaphezu kuka-50% wezemisebenzi eMexico. Ingqikithi yansuku zonke yokungcoliswa komoya ngamakhemikhali ifinyelela emathanini angu-11 000. Ukuphefumula nje kuphela kulinganiselwa ukuthi kufana nokubhema amaphakethe amabili kagwayi ngosuku.”

Isimo siya siba sibi kakhulu. Iphephandaba iUniversal kaOctober 12, 1989, lacaphuna umqondisi weAutonomous Institute of Ecological Investigation ethi: “Isilinganiso sokungcola eDolobheni laseMexico siyethusa, njengoba umuntu ngamunye edolobheni ethola isilinganiso samagremu angu-580 ezinto eziyingozi.” Unyaka ngamunye, izigidi ezingaphezu kwezine zamathani okungcola zikhishelwa edolobheni.

Muva nje, kuye kwathathwa izinyathelo eziphuthumayo zokulwa nokungcola. Kwaqaliswa uhlelo lokuvimbela isibalo esithile sezimoto usuku ngalunye ukuba zingahambi edolobheni, ngoba, ngokombiko kahulumeni, “izinqola zokuthutha zikhipha amathani angu-⁠9 778,3 okungcola usuku ngalunye,” amathani angu-⁠7 430 akhishwa izimoto zabantu siqu. Abantu baye bacelwa ukuba banciphise ngokuzithandela ukusebenzisa izimoto zabo ngokugibela ndawonye emotweni eyodwa lapho beya emsebenzini noma kwenye indawo, kodwa lokhu akuzange kuphumelele. Yini eyenziwa uhulumeni wedolobha?

Manje, ngohlelo “losuku olulodwa ngaphandle kwemoto,” zonke izimoto zabantu ngabanye ziyavinjelwa ngokushintshana usuku olulodwa ngesonto, kuye ngenombolo yokugcina yekhadi lokubhaliswa kwayo noma umbala wayo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi usuku ngalunye izimoto ezingamaphesenti angu-20 kweziyizigidi ezintathu zabantu ngabanye azisetshenziswa. Ekuqaleni loluhlelo lwaluzosetshenziswa ebusika kuphela ukuze kuzanywe ukuvimbela ukukhuphuka kwezinga lokushisa kodwa manje iziphathimandla zizama ukulusebenzisa njalo. Kulabo abangalaleli, kunezinhlawulo ezinzima kanye nezindlela ezinzima ezidingekayo ukuze kukhululwe imoto eboshiwe. Lezi zindlela zikaDraco ziye zenza abashayeli abaningi ukuba basekele loluhlelo.

Esinye isinyathelo esithathwayo siwukuthuthukiswa kwezinga likaphethiloli, kuncishiswa isilinganiso somthofi. Futhi manje kudingeka ukuba izimoto zihlolwe njalo ngendlela ezikhipha ngayo ukungcola. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imithetho emisha idinga ukuba izimboni zibe nezindlela zokunciphisa ukungcola. Ezinye izimboni ziye zavalwa ngenxa yokungayilaleli lemfuneko. Lezi zinyathelo ziye zayehlisa kancane inkinga yokungcola, kodwa ayikaxazululeki. Njengawo wonke umhlaba, iMexico idinga ikhambi lendawo yonke ezinkingeni zalo.

Ngokushesha ngolunye usuku, ngaphansi kokubusa kukahulumeni kaNkulunkulu wasezulwini, isintu siyosebenzisa imithombo yaso ngokuhlakanipha, futhi bonke abantu bayojabulela, hhayi amadolobha aminyene, kodwa indawo ekhululekile enakho konke okudingekile ekuphileni okujabulisayo. Okwamanje, akukho okungenziwa ngaphandle kokubekezelela izixuku nokungaphatheki kahle eDolobheni laseMexico, ngesikhathi esifanayo umuntu ejabulela izinto eziningi elizinikezayo​—⁠kuhlanganise nabantu abahlukahlukene baseMexico abangenisa izihambi.​—⁠IsAmbulo 11:​18; 21:​1-⁠4.

[Umbhalo waphansi]

[Izithombe ekhasini 26]

Amabhilidi aphakeme nezimoto eDolobheni laseMexico