Kungani IAfrika Ingakwazi Ukuzondla?

“NGATSHALA . . . kodwa lalingani,” kuchaza uldris, umlimi waseTopiya. Zonke izimbewu zakhe zabola emhlabathini, okwamphoqelela ukuba ashiye ipulazi lakhe ayoqalisa impilo entsha ekamu losizo. Wanezela, “Ngesinye isikhathi, nganginezinkabi ezine zokulima futhi, lapho siswele ukudla, ngadayisa ezimbili kuzo futhi ngahlaba ezinye ezimbili ukuze sithole inyama. . . . Kwabe ngiliqedile ikusasa lami.”—Kuvela encwadini iEthiopia: The Challenge of Hunger.

Njengoldris, abalimi abaningi baseAfrika bakuthola kunzima ukukhiqiza ukudla okwanele. Izwe elake lakwazi ukuzondla, manje selincike ekudleni okuningi okuvela emazweni angaphandle. Kungani lokhu kwenzeka? Kungani ikati lilala eziko kubantu abaningi baseAfrika?

Isomiso

IAfrika inezomiso ezesabekayo. Amazwe asemngceleni woGwadule iSahara asengozini ngokukhethekile. Kusukela ngo-1960 izimvula kulesifunda ziye zehla kulokho umagazini iCeres okubiza ngokuthi “isomiso esiqhubekayo saseSahel.” Nokho, abalimi abaningi bayaqhubeka bephila.

Ngo-1983-84, namazwe amahlanu aseSahel akhiqiza ukotini owaqopha umlando nakuba ayehlaselwe yisomiso. Izingubo ozigqokile manje kungenzeka zenziwa ngalowokotini. Nakuba ukotini ubiza uma uthunyelwa emazweni aphesheya, kukhona inali elikhokhwayo. Ngo-1984 amazwe aseSahel kwadingeka athumele amathani emetric aqopha umlando ayizigidi eziyi-1,6 zokusanhlamvu. “Iqiniso lokuthi ukotini uyakwazi ukulinywa kodwa okusanhlamvu kungalindwa alibangelwa imvula kodwa ikakhulu liphathelene nohulumeni nezinhlangano zosizo,” kusho uLloyd Timberlake encwadini yakhe iAfrica in Crisis.

Ngaphandle kokotini, iAfrika ithumela kwamanye amazwe angaphandle itiye, ikhofi, ushukela, ukhokho, amantongomane, izimbali, inyama, uwoyela wezihlahla zesundu, amapulangwe, neminye imikhiqizo eminingi elinywayo. “IAfrika,” kusho umagazini waseU.S. The Nation, “iwumthombo ocebile noqhubekayo wezivuno ezisetshenziswa nsuku zonke emazweni athuthukile.” Phakathi nendlala yamuva, izakhamuzi zaseBrithani zashaqeka lapho zizwa ukuthi zazidla izithelo nemifino yaseTopiya. Khonake, ngokusobala, akusona isomiso kuphela esibangela ukuba iAfrika ingakwazi ukuzondla.

Ukwanda Kwenani Labantu

Abanye abantu baseAfrika bayenqaba ukulinganisela ubukhulu bemikhaya yabo. Kubo, ukuba nezingane eziningi kubhekwa njengophawu lodumo. Khonake akumangalisi, ukuthi iAfrika inesilinganiso esiphakeme kakhulu sokwanda kwabantu ezweni. Ngokusobala, lokhu kwenza inkinga yendlala ibe ngengathi sina. Abanye balinganisela ukuthi inani labantu manje seliyizigidi ezingama-553. Ngonyaka ka-2000, ngokwezimo zamanje, kungaba nabantu abengeziwe bokondliwa abayizigidi ezingama-324!

Ingabe lokhu kusho ukuthi iAfrika incane kakhulu ukuba ilime ukudla okwanele? Akunjalo. Izindawo ezifaneleka kakhulu azilinywa. INdiya, enenani labantu elikhulu nesiqeshana sezwe, ikhiqiza okusanhlamvu okungaphezu kokudingekayo. “IChina,” kunezela iThe Star, iphephandaba laseNingizimu Afrika, “inabantu abayizigidi eziyi-1 000, kodwa unyaka nonyaka, ikhiqiza ukudla okuyinsada. . . . Sicabanga ukuthi iAfrika ikhungethwe indlala ngenxa yezeluleko ezingaqondile.”

Izeluleko Ezingaqondile?

Iseluleko kungenye yezinto iAfrika engazivuli. “Uma abantu abalambile bebengawadla amazwi,” kusho umkhulumeli wethelevishini yeBBC, “iAfrika ibingalulama.” Abanye abantu abavela kwamanye amazwe abayizi-80-000 bayalunikeza lolusizo. “Ukweluleka iAfrika,” kusho uTimberlake, “kuye kwaba umsebenzi oyinhloko, ezimbonini zokweluleka zaseYurophu naseNyakatho-Melika ezibiza uR400 000 ngonyaka ngesikhathi sikachwepheshe ngamunye.”

Labochwepheshe bathuthukisa izindlela zokulima ezibizayo ezidinga izimbewu ezikhiqiza kakhulu, amakhemikhali, nemishini esindayo. Lokhu kuye kwaba yibhizinisi elizuzisayo ngabadayisi basemazweni aphesheya kodwa kwaletha inzuzo encane kubantu basemaphandleni abampofu baseAfrika. Amapulazi akhiqiza izivuno ezithunyelwa emazweni angaphandle anakekelwa kuqala bese kamuva kuba amapulazi akhiqiza ukudla okudayiswa emadolobheni acebile aseAfrika. Eziningi zalezindlela ziye zabonakala zingasebenzi, futhi ezinye ziye zabhuntsha. Isimo sezulu saseAfrika, kuchaza umagazini iNewsweek, “asiziphathi kahle izimbewu ezikhiqiza kakhulu ezisetshenziswa ngokunenzuzo kakhulu eAsia.” Futhi, inhlabathi yaseAfrika iyashesha ukonakala, futhi ngezinye izikhathi izivuno zonakaliswa izindlela ezintsha zokulima.

Usizo Lokuthuthukisa?

Ohulumeni basemazweni aphesheya nezinhlangano ezinikeza usizo zithuthukisa ezinye izindlela ezibizayo. Nazo, ngokufanayo “zizuzisa izinkampane kanye nochwepheshe nezomnotho zazo siqu,” kusho iphephabhuku lezokuthuthukisa iPeople. Lezindlela ziyakhanga ngoba zenza amazwe aseAfrika abukeke ethuthukile, futhi zisekelwa ngezimali zokubolekisa ezinkulu. Lokhu kusiza abanye ohulumeni baseAfrika ukuba benelise izakhamuzi zasemadolobheni ezicebile abadinga kakhulu ukusekela kwazo ukuze bangasuki egunyeni lokubusa. Khonake, amahhotela kanokusho, amayunivesithi, izikhumulo zezindiza, imigwaqo ephakeme, izimoto, nezinto zokunethezeka zibonakala emadolobheni aseAfrika kuyilapho izindawo zasemaphandleni zinganakwa. Abantu abampofu basemaphandleni eAfrika banegama ababiza ngalo omakhelwane babo abacebile basemadolobheni. ESwahili bababiza ngokuthi oWabenzi, okusho ukuthi “isizwe seMercedes Benz.”

Abaningi bayasingabaza isisusa sesihe sokunikeza lolusizo lwezokuthuthukisa. “Akukhona nje ukuthi banesihe,” kusho abalobi bencwadi iFamine: A Man Made Disaster?, “amazwe alunikezayo ayazuza. . . . Amathuba okuba nethonya nokuzuza ngokwezomnotho atholwa kokubili amazwe aseNtshonalanga nawaseMpumalanga ngokunikeza usizo abiza inani eliphansi.” Usizo lwezokuthuthukisa luye lwabangela isikweleti esishaqisayo eAfrika esinguR390 000 000 000.

UPeter Gill encwadini yakhe iA Year in the Death of Africa uthi: “Amashumi amabili eminyaka bokuthuthukiswa’ ngo-1984 abeka iAfrika onqenqemeni.” Usizo lwezokuthuthukisa, ngokukaGill, ‘beliwubuzenzisi.’ Labo abaludinga ngempela, abalimi abampofu baseAfrika, baye banikezwa okuncane kakhulu. “Nokho,” kuchaza iphephabhuku iThe Ecologist, “abalimi abampofu bangamaphesenti angama-75 kuya kwangama-80 enani labantu emazweni amaningi aseAfrika,” kanjalo “kunakwe kubo ngomkhiqizo wokudla eAfrika.”

Usizo Lwezokudla?

Ukudla okuyinsada kuye kwaba umthwalo onzima emazweni acebile. Izindleko zokukulondoloza ziphakeme. Esihlokweni esithi “Izwe Linensada Yokusanhlamvu,” umagazini waseU.S. Foreign Affairs wezwakalisa ukudabuka: “Lona unyaka oyingqayizivele nodabukisayo uma kukhulunywa ngokusanhlamvu. Amathelevishini ethu abukisa imifanekiso yezingane ezibulawa yindlala zaseAfrika, kodwa okusanhlamvu okugciniwe ezweni kungaphezulu kakhulu kwamathani emetric ayizigidi eziyi-175—umkhiqizo oqopha umlando.”

Okusanhlamvu okuyinsada kwezinga eliphansi akuvamile ukubasuthisa abantu abalambile baseAfrika. Ngezinye izikhathi kugcina ezandleni zabadayisi abanobugovu, noma ohulumeni abakwemukelayo bakudayisa ngemali ephakeme ukuze ibasize bagcine izimali zabo abazigcinile zisesilinganisweni esihle. Ukulahla okusanhlamvu okungadingeki e Afrika kuye futhi kwabathena amandla abalimi basemaphandleni. “Umlimi wangaphakathi angancintisani kanjani nokudla kwamahhala okuvela emazweni angaphandle?” kubuza abalobi bencwadi iFamine: A ManMade Disaster?

Ukudla okungokomdabu okulinywa eAfrika, okunjengemillet nesorghum, kuya kuphelelwa udumo ngokushesha okukhulu. Nokho yikhona okukwazi ukumelana nezomiso kangcono kakhulu kunezinye izinhlobo zokusanhlamvu. Izakhamuzi zasemadolobheni zithanda ukolo nelayisi—okusanhlamvu okunzima kakhulu ukukulima esimweni sezulu esingesihle saseAfrika. Abanye abeluleki bathuthukisa uthando lokudla kwasemazweni aphesheya futhi ngaleyondlela bandisa ukuncika kweAfrika ekudleni okuvela emazweni angaphandle.

Ukunganakwa Kwabalimi Abampofu

Abalimi abanjengoldris, umTopiya okukhulunywe ngaye ngenhla, badinga izimbewu kanye nezinto zokulima ezingenayo imicikilisho. Usizo lwezokudla lulodwa alusizi kangako. Kunjengoba isaga sasechina sisho: “Nika umuntu inhlanzi, futhi uyobe umondlile ngalolosuku. Mfundise ukudoba, futhi uyobe umondle kukho konke ukuphila kwakhe.” Ngokuvamile, abantu abampofu baseAfrika abasizwa ukuba babe abalimi abathuthukayo, nakuba kunomehluko kwamanye amazwe aseAfrika.

Kusukela ezikhathini zakudala, izindawo ezingcono kakhulu zaseAfrika bezisetshenziselwa isivuno esidayiswa kalula emazweni angaphandle. Ngokungaphezulu, kuye kwasungulwa izindlela ezingcono zokulima ukuze kuthunyelwe ukudla emadolobheni acebile. Khonake abalimi abampofu ngokuvamile baye basuswa ezindaweni ezinhle futhi baphoqelelwa ukuba bazondle ngezindawo ezingakhiqizi kakhulu. Beshiywe ukuba bazibone ukuqeda, abantu abampofu baseAfrika baye bonakalisa izindawo ezisheshayo ukonakala ngokuzilima ngokweqile nokufuya imfuyo engaphezu kwamadlelo, nangokugawula amahlathi amaningi ngokweqile. Izindawo ezinkulu zaseAfrika ziba ugwadule.

Isimo sabo siye senziwa saba sibi kakhulu ngokugcinwa kwentengo ingaguquka Ohulumeni abaningi baseAfrika baye bagcina amanani emikhiqizo yamapulazi iphansi kakhulu, ukuze ijabulise izakhamuzi zasemadolobheni. Lenkambiso, ngokwencwadi yesayensi Nature, iye “yabangela ukwehla okukhulu kwezolimo, ukulamba kwabo kanye abantu basemadolobheni nokuncika kweAfrika engakhiqiza ukudla okuningi ekudleni okuvela emazweni angaphandle.”

Impi

Iphephandaba laseAfrika muva nje lathi: “Abantu baseAngola abayingxenye yesigidi baye babaleka ezindaweni zabo zokulima, bebalekela izimpi zangaphakathi.” IAngola, ngokungafani nezinye izingxenye zaseAfrika, ijabulela izimvula ezinhle. Nokho, ezinkangala ezivundile amashumi ezinkulungwane ancike ekutholeni ukudla okuphuthunyiswayo okuthunyelwa ngezindiza.

Akukhona nje okuthuke kwenzeka ukuthi amazwe aseAfrika akhungethwe kakhulu yindlala yiwona futhi ahileleke ezimpini zangaphakathi. Nakuba kuye kwaba nezimvula ezi--nhle eTopiya, eSudan, naseMozambique, impi yomphakathi kulawomazwe iyaqhubeka iphazamisa ukukhiqizwa kokudla, futhi izigidi zibulawa yindlala.

Muva nje, i-Independent Commission on International Humanitarian Issues, enamalungu angama-25 kuhlanganise nabameleli bamazwe amahlanu aseAfrika, yasho lamazwi anomfutho: “Izimpi zezikhali nobudlova, kwezinye izingxenye zaseAfrika, zenezela ukuchitheka kwegazi okungadingekile nezinhlekelele esimweni esibucayi. .. . Izikhali zokubhubhisa izona ezinakekelwa kuqala, kuyilapho abantu bedinga amakhuba nezimbewu zokulima, amanzi ahlanzekile okuphuza kanye nezimiso ezingenamicikilisho, ezibiza kancane zokuvikela impilo.”

Akuyona iAfrika kuphela okumelwe isolwe ngalokhu. Encwadini yakhe iA Year in the Death of Africa, uPeter Gill ubhekisela engxenyeni efezwa ohulumeni bangaphandle “ezimpini zaseAfrika” futhi uyabuza: “Ibaphi abenzi bezikhali abazuzayo ngokuncintisana kweAfrika ngezikhali?” Amazwe aseMpumalanga naseNtshonalanga agqugquzela izimpi zaseAfrika abese eyazuza ngazo ngokwezimali.

Okudingekayo—Isimiso Sokusiza Esingaphezu Kwesomuntu

Umbuzo othi “Kungani iAfrika ingakwazi ukuzondla?” uyimpikiswano, futhi impendulo iyimpicabadala. Isomiso, ukwanda kwenani labantu, izimiso zokusiza, ubugovu, ukunganakwa kwabalimi basemaphandleni, ukonakaliswa kwendawo, kanye nempi konke kungezinye zezimbangela, njengoba kusho iziphathimandla. Kulokhu, isomiso kuphela okungathiwa singokwemvelo; konke okunye kubangelwa umuntu.

Empeleni, isomiso saseAfrika siye sabonisa ngokukhanyayo ukwehluleka nobugovu bomuntu. Ukwehluleka komuntu ukuphatha izindaba zomhlaba ngaphandle koMdali wakhe, uJehova uNkulunkulu, kusobala kithi sonke. Kunjengoba umprofethi wasendulo asho: “Ngiyazi, Jehova, ukuthi indlela yomuntu ayikuye uqobo; akukuyo indoda ukuba ihambe, iqondise izinyathelo zayo.”—Jeremiya 10:23.

Leliqiniso elingenakuphikwa libhalwe eBhayibhelini. lBhayibheli labikezela futhi ‘ngendlala,’ yosuku lwanamuhla ehambisana nempi kanye nokwehluleka komuntu ukuphatha umhlaba. Ngokujabulisayo, konke lokhu kubonisa ukusondela kwesimiso sosizo esingaphezu kwesomuntu esiyophumelela ekuqedeni indlala hhayi nje eAfrika kuphela kodwa kuwo wonke umhlaba.—Luka 21:10, 11, 28-31; isAmbulo 6:3-8; 11:18; 21:1-5.

[Isithombe ekhasini 7]

Ngokuvamile, abantu abampofu baseAfrika abasizwa ukuba babe abalimi abathuthukayo

[Umthombo]

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