Ingabe Ikhona Indawo Eyanele Yabantu Nezilwane?

KUNGANI izilwane zasendle zincipha ezingxenyeni eziningi kangaka ze-Afrika? (Bheka ibhokisi, ekhasini elingaphesheya.) Abanye basola ukukhula okusheshayo kwenani labantu balelizwekazi.

Yiqiniso, ezinye izingxenye ze-Afrika, ikakhulukazi eziseduze namadolobha, zinabantu abaningi ngokweqile. Futhi, izifunda zasemaphandleni ziqothulwa imfuyo yabalimi abaningi besigaba esiphansi. Ngokwesibonelo, cabanga ngezifunda ezinabantu abaningi zaseVenda, eGazankulu, naKangwane, ezisemikhawulweni yeKruger National Park. Lezizabelo zabansundu zenziwa zaba ingxenye yesimiso sobandlululo sangaphambili saseNingizimu Afrika futhi zinamanani abantu asukela ku-70 kuya ku-100 kulelo nalelo khilomitha-skwele. Ukuhamba phakathi kwalezizifunda uyojabulela iholide eKruger National Park kungaphazamisa. “Imiphakathi ehlala kulemikhawulo . . . impofu, abaningi abasebenzi futhi bayalamba,” kuchaza iphephandaba laseNingizimu Afrika i-Sowetan. “Izilwane,” kuphawula elinye iphephandaba lendawo, i-Natal Witness, “ziphila ngokunethezeka ngalé kothango.”

Ngokwemibiko yamuva nje, izikhulu zeKruger Park zihlela ukwenza okwengeziwe ukuze zisize abantu abasemikhawulweni yalesiqiwi. Kodwa yini ebingenzeka uma lonke uthango lukhishwa futhi abazingeli, abelusi, nabafuduki bevunyelwa ukuba bangene ngokukhululeka? Abalondolozi bemvelo besaba ukuthi ekugcineni izilwane zasendle eziningi zingaqothulwa, njengoba kuye kwenzeka kwamanye amazwe.

Iziqiwi ezinganyelwe kahle zinendima ebalulekile ekulondolozweni kwezilwane zasendle, ikakhulukazi ezifundeni ezinabantu abaningi. Iziqiwi futhi zingenisa imali eningi evela ezivakashini zakwamanye amazwe. (Bheka ibhokisi, ekhasini 5.) “Lezizindawo,” kuphetha intatheli ensundu uMusa Zondi, esihlokweni se-Sowetan okubhekiselwe kuso ngenhla, “zinikeza futhi abantu abayizinkulungwane amathuba omsebenzi—ikakhulukazi labo abahlala eduze naleziziqiwi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, leli yifa lethu. Asinakubashiyela abantwana bethu isipho esingcono ngaphezu kwalezizindawo.”

Abantu Abaningi Ngokweqile—Yibona Kuphela Abawusongo?

Ukwanda ngokushesha kwenani labantu akulona kuphela usongo ezilwaneni zasendle zase-Afrika. Ngokwesibonelo, cabanga ngamazwe amane amakhulu ase-Afrika ahlanganyela imingcele efanayo: iNamibia, iBotswana, i-Angola, neZambia. Lamazwe athatha indawo enkulu engaphezu kwe-India, nokho anenani elihlangene labantu abangu-6 kuphela kulelo nalelo khilomitha-skwele. Lokho akukukhulu lapho kuqhathaniswa nenani labantu lamazwe anjengeJalimane, enabangu-222 kulelo nalelo khilomitha-skwele; iBrithani, enabangu-236 kulelo nalelo khilomitha-skwele; i-India, enabangu-275 kulelo nalelo khilomitha-skwele! Eqinisweni, inani labantu base-Afrika jikelele, elingu-22 kulelo nalelo khilomitha-skwele, lingaphansi kakhulu esilinganisweni somhlaba wonke esingu-40.

“Inani labantu e-Afrika landa ngokushesha,” kuvuma uRichard Bell waseZambia encwadini ethi Conservation in Africa, “kodwa ingqikithi yenani labantu isalokhu iphansi ngokuqhathaniswa ngaphandle kwasezindaweni ezithile ezinabantu abaningi.”

Izifo, izomiso eziqothulayo, imikhankaso yokuzingela ngokungemthetho eyenziwa yizizwe zonke, izimpi zangaphakathi, nokunganakwa kwabantu besigaba esiphansi basemaphandleni konke kunengxenye ekuncipheni kwezilwane zasendle zase-Afrika.

Impikiswano yemibuso emikhulu phakathi kwezwe elaliyiSoviet Union neNtshonalanga yaphumela ezingxabanweni kulo lonke elase-Afrika, izinhlangothi zombili zithululela kulelizwekazi izikhali eziyinkimbinkimbi. Ngokuvamile, ezinye zezikhali ezizishintshayo ziye zasetshenziswa ekubulaleni izilwane zasendle ukuze kondliwe amabutho abulawa indlala futhi kutholakale nezikhali ezengeziwe ngokudayisa amazinyo endlovu, izimpondo zikabhejane, neminye imihlobiso nemikhiqizo yezilwane. Ukubhujiswa okusheshayo kwezilwane zasendle akuphelanga lapho kuphela iMpi Yomshoshaphansi. Izikhali zisalokhu zikhona e-Afrika. Ngokuphathelene nenye yezimpi zangaphakathi zase-Afrika, e-Angola, iphephabhuku elithi Africa South liyabika: “Ukuzingela ngokungemthetho, kakade okwase kwandile phakathi nempi, kuye kwadlondlobala kusukela kwaphela ukulwa ngoba bekulokhu kungekho ukulawulwa kwamasosha ayehlakaziwe.” Futhi leyompi iye yavuselelwa kusukela lapho.

Abaningi abazingela ngokungemthetho babeka ukuphila kwabo engozini ngenxa yamanani amakhulu emali ahilelekile. “Uphondo olulodwa [lukabhejane] lungabiza cishe u-R70 000,” kubika iphephandaba lase-Afrika, i-Star. Isazi sokulondolozwa kwemvelo, uDkt. Esmond Martin, savakashela izwe lase-Asia ngo-1988 futhi sathola ukuthi intengo yophondo lukabhejane yase yenyukile phakathi neminyaka emithathu isuka ku-R4 520 iya ku-R13 750 ngekhilogramu.

Ubani Oyogadla Kuqala?

Kuye kwathathwa izinyathelo ezingathi sína ukuze kudonselwe ukunakekela osongweni olubangelwa ukudingeka kwamazinyo endlovu nophondo lukabhejane. Ngo-July 1989, izigidi zezibukeli ze-TV emhlabeni wonke zabona inqwaba yamathani angu-12 amazinyo endlovu, anentengo elinganiselwa phakathi kwezigidi ezingu-9 kuya kwezingu-18 zamaRandi, okhelwa ngomlilo umongameli waseKenya, uDaniel arap Moi. Umqondisi wezilwane zasendle waseKenya, uDkt. Richard Leakey, wabuzwa ukuthi kwakungathethelelwa kanjani ukusaphaza okunjalo okusobala. “Besingeke sikwazi ukwenza abantu baseMelika, eCanada noma eJapane ukuba bayeke ukuthenga amazinyo endlovu uma besisawathengisa,” ephendula. Ngempela, izinyathelo ezinjalo zashaqisa abantu abaningi kangangokuba babambisana nokuvinjelwa kokuhwebelana ngamazinyo endlovu ezizweni zonke. Ukudingeka kwemikhiqizo yamazinyo endlovu kwehla kakhulu.

Ngokuphathelene nobhejane, isimo sehlukile. Nakuba umongameli waseKenya okhela ngomlilo izimpondo zikabhejane ezibiza izigidi zamaRandi ngo-1990, ukudingeka kwazo kuyaqhubeka. (Bheka ibhokisi elithi “Isizathu Esenza Uphondo Lukabhejane Luthandwe Kangaka,” ekhasini 9.) Ukuze avikele amanani anciphayo obhejane, amanye amazwe aye aguqukela ekunqumeni izimpondo zalezizilwane. Ngezinye izikhathi kuba ukuncintisana okungenalo ithemba kokuthi ubani oyogadla kuqala, isazi sokulondolozwa kwemvelo ngomcibisholo othena amandla noma umuntu ozingela ngokungemthetho ngesikhali esizishintshayo esibulalayo.

Indlela Entsha Yokulondoloza Imvelo

Sekuyisikhathi eside abazingeli baseNtshonalanga nezazi zokulondolozwa kwemvelo bewazisa amakhono abantu abahlala emaphandleni okulandelela umkhondo wezilwane. Ngempela, abantu abaningi base-Afrika banolwazi oluphawulekayo ngezilwane zasendle. “Oluningi lwalolulwazi,” kuchaza uLloyd Timberlake encwadini yakhe ethi Africa in Crisis, “ludluliselwa ngomlomo, futhi luyasongelwa njengoba abantu base-Afrika beshiya emaphandleni beya emadolobheni . . . Ngaleyondlela izwe lisengozini yokulahlekelwa yilokho . . . isazi semvelaphi nenhlalo yabantu uLeslie Brownrigg esiye sakubiza ngokuthi ‘amakhulu eminyaka okucwaninga okwenziwe abantu abaningi.’”

Esikhathini esidlule, ohulumeni bamakoloni bamisa iziqiwi zesizwe ngokukhiphela ngaphandle abantu besigaba esiphansi ababephila ngezilwane zasendle amakhulu eminyaka. Manje abanye ohulumeni base-Afrika bafuna usizo lwalabalimi basemaphandleni osekuyisikhathi eside benganakiwe. “Ezizweni eziningi zase-Afrika eseningizimu,” kubika iWorldwatch Institute, “umbuso uye wanikeza izilwane zasendle ukulawulwa okukhethekile. Imiphakathi yasemaphandleni ehlala ezindaweni eziyiziQiwi ezingu-10 kwezingu-31 zaseZambia iye yanikezwa amalungelo ezilwaneni zasendle; ukuzingela ngokungemthetho kuye kwehla kakhulu futhi ngenxa yalokho inani lezilwane zasendle libonakala lisimama.” Kuneminye imibiko yempumelelo lapho abantu besigaba esiphansi basemaphandleni beye bahileleka khona ekulondolozeni imvelo yabo, njengaphakathi kobhejane abamnyama nezindlovu zasogwadule zaseKaokoland eNamibia, eziqiwini zaKangwane eNingizimu Afrika, nakwamanye amazwe ase-Afrika.

Naphezu kwalesisimiso esithembisayo, abalondolozi bemvelo basalokhu bekhathazekile ngekusasa. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezinhle lendlela entsha iyikhambi lesikhashana kuphela. Inani lesintu elikhula ngokushesha lilokhu liwusongo isikhathi eside. “Ekhulwini leminyaka elizayo,” kuchaza i-U.S.News & World Report, “inani labantu lilindeleke ukuba lande cishe [ngezigidi eziyizinkulungwane] ezinhlanu, ikakhulukazi emazweni asathuthuka, okungethukanga nje kuqondana ukuba abe futhi iziphephelo zokugcina zezilwane zasendle kuleplanethi.”

Njengoba inani labantu lisakazekela ezifundeni ezingamahlane, kuphakama ingxabano phakathi kwabantu nezilwane. “Izinhlobo eziningi zezilwane ezinkulu zase-Afrika azikwazi ukuvumelana nezimo eziningi zokuthuthukiswa kwezindawo zasemaphandleni, ngokwesibonelo indlovu, imvubu, ubhejane, inyathi, ibhubesi nengwenya, kanye nezinye izinyamazane ezinkudlwana, izilwane ezicishe zifane nomuntu nezingulube,” kuchaza incwadi ethi Conservation in Africa.

Njengoba umuntu engabonakali enekhambi lokuphila isikhathi eside kwezilwane zasendle zase-Afrika, ubani onalo?

[Ibhokisi/Ibalazwe ekhasini 7]

“Izinyathi ziye zancipha kusuka kwezingu-55 000 kuya kwezingaphansi kuka-4 000, amaphiva kusuka kwangu-45 000 kuya kwangaphansi kuka-5 000, amadube kusuka kwangu-2 720 kuya kwacishe abe ngu-1 000 nezimvubu ziye zancipha kusuka kwezingu-1 770 kuya kwezicishe zibe ngu-260.”—Ukuqhathaniswa kokuhlola okubili kwasemoyeni okwenziwa ngo-1979 nango-1990 eMarromeu Delta yaseMozambique futhi kwabikwa ephephabhukwini elithi African Wildlife, March/April 1992.

“Ngo-1981 amadube acishe abe ngu-45 000 athutha anqamula izikhotha namahlathi [asenyakatho Botswana]. Kodwa ngo-1991 angu-7 000 kuphela aphothula loluhambo olufanayo.”—Kuthathwe kumagazini othi Getaway ekubukezeni kwawo i-video yezilwane zasendle ethi Patterns in the Grass, November 1992.

“Phakathi nokuvakashela kwethu [eTogo, eNtshonalanga Afrika] sathola inani elithakazelisayo nelingalindelekile lezindlovu eFosse aux Lions Nature Reserve . . . Ukubala kwasemoyeni okwenziwa ngo-March 1991 kwanikeza ingqikithi yezilwane ezingu-130. . . . [Kodwa esikhathini esingaphansi konyaka,] inani lezindlovu eFosse aux Lions liye lehla laba ngu-25.”—Kwabikwa ephephabhukwini elithi African Wildlife, March/April 1992.

[Ibalazwe]

(Ukuze ubone ukuthi indaba ihlelwe kanjani, bheka encwadini)

Iziqiwi zase-Afrika zinendima ebalulekile ekulondolozeni izinhlobo eziningi zezilwane

AFRICA

MOROCCO

WESTERN SAHARA

MAURITANIA

ALGERIA

MALI

TUNISIA

LIBYA

NIGER

NIGERIA

EGYPT

CHAD

SUDAN

DJIBOUTI

ETHIOPIA

CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC

CAMEROON

CONGO

Cabinda (Angola)

GABON

ZAIRE

UGANDA

KENYA

SOMALIA

TANZANIA

ANGOLA

ZAMBIA

MALAWI

NAMIBIA

ZIMBABWE

MOZAMBIQUE

BOTSWANA

MADAGASCAR

SOUTH AFRICA

SENEGAL

GAMBIA

GUINEA-BISSAU

GUINEA

BURKINA FASO

BENIN

SIERRA LEONE

LIBERIA

CÔTE D’IVOIRE

GHANA

TOGO

EQUATORIAL GUINEA

RWANDA

BURUNDI

SWAZILAND

LESOTHO

iFosse aux Lions

Isiqiwi

Isiqiwi iMasai Mara

Serengeti National Park

Marromeu Delta

Kruger National Park

Mediterranean Sea

Red Sea

Indian Ocean

Izindawo Ezicashunwe Esihlokweni

Iziqiwi Ezinkulu

[Ibhokisi/Izithombe ekhasini 9]

Isizathu Esenza Uphondo Lukabhejane Luthandwe Kangaka

“THREE LEGS Brand Rhinoceros Horn Anti-Fever Water.” Lelo igama lomuthi odumile othengiswa eMalaysia, ngokwabalobi bencwadi ethi Rhino, uDaryl noSharna Balfour. Isigqebhezana esikulomuthi onedumela sinalesigijimi: “Lomuthi ulungiselelwe ngokucophelela kusetshenziswa uPhondo Lukabhejane lwekhethelo neMilaliso Elwa Nemikhuhlane, futhi ngaphansi kokuqondisa koChwepheshe ngokuqondile. Lomuthi omangalisayo usebenza njengomlingo ekwelapheni ngokushesha labo abaphethwe: Umalaleveva, Izinga Lokushisa Eliphakeme, Umkhuhlane ohlasela Inhliziyo Nezandla Nemilenze, Inzululwane Ebangelwa Isimo Sezulu, Ukuphazamiseka Kwengqondo, Izinyo Elibuhlungu, njll.”—Omalukeke sizenzele.

Izinkolelo ezinjalo zisakazekile emazweni ase-Asia. Uphondo lukabhejane oluhlanganiswe namanzi noma oluyimpuphu lutholakala kalula emadolobheni amaningi ase-Asia. Benamathemba okudambisa ukuthandwa kwawo, abakwaBalfour bathi: “Ukuphuza umuthi wophondo lukabhejane kunokubaluleka kokwelapha okufanayo nokuhlafuna izinzipho zeminwe yakho.”

EYemen, uphondo lukabhejane luthengwa ngenxa yesinye isizathu—njengento yokwakha izibambo zenkemba. Amathani angaphezu kuka-22 athengwa yilelizwe phakathi neshumi leminyaka lawo-70, futhi kunzima ukuthola into ekahle engaluthathela isikhundla. “Abantu baseYemen,” kuchaza abakwaBalfour, “baye bathola ukuthi akukho okuhle njengophondo lukabhejane ngokuhlala isikhathi eside kanye nokubukeka. . . . Lapho [izibambo zenkemba] ziba zindala kuba yilapho zibukeka kahle khona, ziba nokukhanya okukhanya ngalé okufana nombala ophuzi.”

[Amagrafu/Izithombe ekhasini 8]

(Ukuze ubone ukuthi indaba ihlelwe kanjani, bheka encwadini)

2 720

1 000

1979 Inani lamadube 1990

55 000

3 696

1979 Inani lezinyathi 1990

1 770

260

1979 Inani lezimvubu 1990

45 000

4 480

1979 Inani lamaphiva 1990

Ukuqhathaniswa kwamuva nje kwamanani ezilwane zasendle ango-1979 nango-1990 eMarromeu Delta

[Umthombo]

Bottom left: Safari-Zoo of Ramat-Gan, Tel Aviv