AmaHaida—Abantu Abayingqayizivele “Baseziqhingini Ezinenkungu”
Ngumlobeli wePhaphama! eCanada
EMINYAKENI engaba amakhulu amabili edlule, abahloli bamazwe baseYurophu nabahwebi bajabula futhi bamangala ngokuhlangana kwabo okokuqala nabantu abangamaHaida, izakhamuzi eziyingqayizivele zaseziqhingini eziyiqoqo ezisanda kutholakala kude nogu olusentshonalanga yeCanada.
Lokhu kuhlangana kokuqala kwakunesizotha futhi kunobungane. Izikebhe zomsedari ezibushelelezi ezakhiwe ngezandla, ezigcwele amadoda nabesifazane, ngezinye izikhathi begqoke izingubo ezinhle zesikhumba semvu yamanzi, ziphuma ziphithizela ukuzobingelela umkhumbi ngamunye wabahwebi. Ngesinye isikhathi, ababesesikebheni baqala ukucula, futhi ngendlela ebonisa ubungane, indoda yasukuma yasakaza izimpaphe emanzini. (Izimpaphe zokhozi zaziyisibonakaliso sobungane nokwamukela.) Ngesinye isikhathi, inkosi yeza futhi yahlabelela yodwa iculo lokwamukela, njengoba amazwi angamakhulu amabili ogwini ehlanganyela eculweni.
IHaida Gwaii, noma izwe lokuzalwa lamaHaida, lakhiwa iqoqo leziqhingi ezingu-150 elimise okwenkemba, elisengxenyeni ecishe ibe ngamakhilomitha ayikhulu entshonalanga yogu leBritish Columbia yaseCanada. Manje leliqoqo leziqhingi ezinenkungu liqanjwe ngokuthi iQueen Charlotte Islands, ngokuvamile libizwa ngokuthi amaQueen Charlotte. Umsinga wasolwandle ofudumele ovela eJapane, uMsinga woLwandle LwaseJapane, wenza isimo sezulu saseziqhingini sibe sesilinganisweni. Nokho, naphezu kwezinga lokushisa elipholile, iziqhingi zingakhahlanyezwa izivunguvungu neziphepho.
Angobani AmaHaida?
Kuncane okwaziwayo ngemvelaphi yamaHaida noma ngokufika kwawo kumaQueen Charlotte, njengoba kungekho mbhalo ogciniwe womlando wawo noma amasiko owaké walondolozwa. Njengazo iziqhingi ezimbozwe inkungu, umlando wawo ufihleke ezinkungwini zesikhathi. Abanye bacabanga ukuthi amaHaida afika evela eAsia edabula eSikhaleni Solwandle iBering, kanti abanye baphikisa ngokuthi afika ngezikebhe ngoMsinga woLwandle LwaseJapane. Nokho, ukuphela kwento esinayo iqoqo lamasiko akhulunywa ngomlomo ahlanganisa iqiniso nenganekwane. Ngokwenye inganekwane, abantu abangamaHaida baphuma egobolondweni elikhulu lembaza, elavulwa igwababa, eRose Point esesihlokweni esisenyakatho-mpumalanga yesiQhingi iGraham—esikhulu kunazo zonke kumaQueen Charlotte.
Lezinganekwane eziningi nezinsumansumane zinikeza incazelo encane noma aziniki lutho ngemvelaphi yamaHaida, kodwa, ngokuthakazelisayo, izinganekwane ezinhlobonhlobo ziyakhuluma ngozamcolo omkhulu owamboza izintaba eziphakeme kakhulu, nokuthi abanye basinda kuphela ngenxa yokwakha isikebhe sezingodo esikhulu futhi salayishwa ukudla. Elinye ikhehla elingumHaida laseSkidegate lafakaza: “Abaningi kubantu bakithi bayayazi lendaba kaZamcolo, ngoba iyiqiniso. Yenzeka ngempela, eminyakeni eminingi kakhulu edlule.”
AmaHaida, eqinisekile, enamasu, futhi enamakhono amakhulu, ayesenzé isimiso esicebile nesaba yinkimbinkimbi esingokwenhlalo kudala ngaphambi kuka-1774, lapho abaseYurophu befika. Isizwe sasihlukene sabayizingxenye ezimbili eziyisisekelo, isizwe seziNkozi nesizwe samaGwababa, ezimiswa ngesikhathi sokuzalwa ngokohlu lukamama. Kulomphakathi wozalo lukamama, njalo izingane zaziba ezesizwe sakubo kamama. Abangane bomshado kwakumelwe bakhethwe kuphela esizweni esihlukile, futhi ukuthenjiswa komshado ngokuvamile kwakulungiselelwa umama lapho indodana noma indodakazi yakhe isencane kakhulu.
Izinsika Eziyizimpawu—Lokho Ezikushoyo
Izibonakaliso zomkhaya noma zesizwe, kusetshenziswa izidalwa zemvelo noma zasenganekwaneni njengezimpawu, kwakuyizinto ababezibonakalisa ngazo futhi beziqhenya ngazo. Izibonakaliso zesizwe seziNkozi zazihlanganisa izinkozi ezibazwe ngobungcweti noma ezihlotshisiwe, izinyoni zasolwandle, amabhiva, noshaka abancane abalumayo, kanti izibonakaliso zesizwe samaGwababa zazihlanganisa izimbuzimawa, imikhomo emikhulu, amabhele, nothinto. Lezizibonakaliso zazingeyona nje imihlobiso kodwa zazibonisa uzalo lomkhaya, umcebo, nesikhundla, kanye namalungelo, amaculo, nemilando yesizwe.
Nakuba izinsika ezibaziwe zazingakhulekelwa, eminye imifanekiso yezibonakaliso yayinokubaluleka okungokwasenganekwaneni noma okungokomoya, ibonisa okhokho abangebona abemvelo benamandla angokomlingo okuziphendula babe izilwane futhi baphinde babuyele esimweni sabo. Esikhathini esingaphansi kweminyaka eyikhulu, cishe kusukela ngo-1840, ukubazwa nokugxunyekwa kwezinsika kwaba nedumela elikhulu. Manje lezizinsika ezinkulu zomsedari, ziphaphathekiswe futhi zacwebezeliswa isimo sezulu zaba mpunga ngokusasiliva, ziyabola futhi ziyawohloka kancane kancane. Ezinye zalezinsika zazingamamitha angu-18 ukuphakama futhi zinobubanzi obungamamitha angu-1,2.
Kusukela enkathini yasentwasahlobo kuya ekwindla, ukuphila kwamaHaida kwakuba matasatasa ngenxa yokuqoqwa nokulondolozwa kokudla. Elwandle kwakutholakala insada yezinhlanzi, izimbaza, amaqanda ohlobo oluthile lwenhlanzi, nokhula lwasolwandle. Ayebamba izimvu zamanzi ukuze athole amafutha akuzo, ewathengisa ukuze athole amafutha enhlanzi esezilwandle zaseNyakatho angatholakali emanzini eziqhingi zawo. Amafutha alenhlanzi aseyigugu kuze kube namuhla, njengoba enezela ubumnandi kuzo zonke izinhlobo zokudla. Amaqanda enyoni, izithelo zasendle eziyizinhlamvu, izimpande ezisemhlabathini, nenyama yezilwane zasendle kwakwenezela ukwehlukahluka ekudleni.
AmaHaida ayengaziwa njengabalimi, nakuba lapho amazambane elethwa evela ezweni elingaphandle, awavuna ngempumelelo futhi abuye awathengisela izizwe ezisezweni elingaphandle. Phakathi nezinyanga zasebusika, kwakuba nemikhosi yokuphana izipho, imibuthano yenjabulo, lapho imikhaya ngokuvamile yayigqoka izingubo zomkhosi ezenziwe ngezikhumba ezinhle zezimvu zamanzi. Imikhosi yawo yayiba yizikhathi zokwabelana nokuphana izipho, indlela yokusabalalisa umcebo noma yokuthola isikhundla emphakathini. Lezi kwakuyizinsuku zokutamasa, ukusina, ukucula, nokuxoxa izinganekwane.
Izinsalela zamadolobhana amaHaida, ezisabalele neziqhingi zonke, zifakazela inani labantu elikhudlwana elake lahlala kumaQueen Charlotte. Ekuqaleni kwawo-1800, kwakunezakhamuzi ezingaba ngu-7 000 kuleziqhingi. Kodwa ngokufika komuntu omhlophe, kwafika izifo zakhe notshwala bakhe, okwaholela ekusetshenzisweni kabi kotshwala okusakazekile. Amadolobha ashiywa njengoba amaHaida ayezama ukubalekela inhlupho kapokisi ebhubhisayo. Ngo-1885 ayesenciphe kakhulu aba ngabantu abangu-800 kuphela.
AmaQhawe AseNyakatho-ntshonalanga YePacific
Njengoba izwe lawo lokuzalwa lizungezwe ngamanzi, njalo amaHaida ayeba sekhaya uma eselwandle, ikakhulukazi ezikebheni zawo ezinhle. Phela, ezinye zalezi zikebhe zazizinkulu kakhulu kangangokuthi zazizinde ngisho nakunemikhumbi yabahloli bamazwe bakuqala baseYurophu! Lezizikebhe zazinobude obusukela emamitheni angu-23, zikwazi ukulayisha abantu abangu-40 nomthwalo onesisindo esingamathani amabili, kuya ezikebheni ezincanyana ezingamamitha angu-8 ezisetshenziswa nsuku zonke eduze nogu. Kulezikebhe ezinkudlwana, amaHaida ayephanga futhi ehweba engancintisani namuntu amakhulu eminyaka, ukusuka eAlaska enyakatho ukuya ePuget Sound eningizimu. Ayefaka uvalo nokwesaba phakathi kwezizwe zokuzalwa zasezweni, futhi aye aqanjwa ngokuthi amaQhawe asenyakatho-ntshonalanga yePacific.
Nakuba manje amaHaida enemikhumbi yesimanje, enakho konke, izikebhe zakuqala ezibomvu zomsedari azikakhohlakali. Ezimbalwa zisakhiwa ukuze zibe ngezezikhathi ezikhethekile, njengoMbukiso Womhlaba WaseCanada, iExpo 86, owawenzelwe eVancouver, eBritish Columbia. Ukhuni oluthambile lwemithi emikhulu yomsedari obomvu lwalufaneleka ekwakheni izikebhe. Isimo sokhuni sasiqondile, kulula ukusebenza ngaso, futhi sivimbela ukubola.
Ikusasa Liphetheni?
Manje amaHaida asengamadolobha amabili, iOld Masset neSkidegate, futhi abaningi bayazibuza ngekusasa lawo namasiko awo kanye ‘neziqhingi zawo ezinhle ezinenkungu.’ Ngokuqinisekile ukusetshenziswa kabi kotshwala nezifo kuye kwashiya isibazi esesabekayo. Ukuyenga kwempilo yasedolobheni kuye kwabangela ukuthutheleka kwesizukulwane esisha emadolobheni asezweni elingaphandle ePrince Rupert naseVancouver. Ukugawulwa kwemithi ngezezimboni, nakuba kunikeza imisebenzi eminingi yasesiqhingini, kuye kwavusa ukungabaza nokukhathazeka phakathi kwalabo ababona iziqhingi zabo ezithandekayo zonakaliswa.
Izinkolo zeLobukholwa ziye zaba elinye ithonya elibi endleleni yokuphila yamaHaida. Abavangeli bamasonto, benentshiseko yokuguqula nokulawula, abalicabangelanga isiko elimisiwe nelidala kakhulu. “Abazange bazame ukuqonda umuntu ongumHaida—izindlela zakhe zokuzikhulumela, izimiso zakhe zokucabanga, nezindinganiso zakhe,” kusho enye ingcaphuno engokomlando. Ngokulandelana, imikhosi yokuphana izipho, ukusina, izinsika eziyizimpawu, namashaman (izinyanga ezelaphayo) zavinjelwa ngabavangeli benkolo. Ngesikhathi sobhapathizo, kwakuphoqelelwa ukushintsha amagama. Amagama athandwayo, anencazelo, ayekwa ngokuphelele futhi athathelwa indawo iziBongo zesiNgisi ezinjengoSmith, Jones, noGladstone. Amagama amasha alandela isimiso sozalo lukababa kunesimiso sozalo lukamama esasisetshenziswa ngamaHaida. Abavangeli benkolo basusa amagugu awo amadala kodwa abazange bafake amagugu angokomBhalo esikhundleni sawo.
Nokho, eminyakeni yamuva kakhulu, amaHaida aye abusiswa ngokufika kohlobo oluhlukile lwabavangeli ogwini lwawo—oFakazi BakaJehova. Isigijimi sabo siye saheha izimfanelo ezinhle zamaHaida, futhi siwanikeza ithemba loqobo lekusasa. Njengoba labavangeli abangamaKristu beqhubeka behamba indlu ngendlu kuzo zonke iziqhingi, ngezinye izikhathi besebenzisa izikebhe zokudoba namabhanoyi asehlathini ukuze bafinyelele imiphakathi ekude kusukela eCape St. James kuya esiQhingini iLangara, bathatheka ngobuhle obungangcolisiwe beziQhingi zaseQueen Charlotte nokufudumala nomusa wabantu.
Njengalabo bahloli bamazwe beminyaka engamakhulu amabili edlule, oFakazi BakaJehova baye bathola abangane beqiniso phakathi kwamaHaida, njengoba ngentshiseko beye bahambisa izindaba ezinhle zoMbuso kaNkulunkulu omisiwe ekhayeni ngalinye eziqhingini. Futhi imikhaya eminingi yamaHaida iye yasabela, iphawula iqiniso eliseZwini likaNkulunkulu, iBhayibheli. Ngokutadisha iBhayibheli noFakazi BakaJehova, iye yaba nokwazisa ubuhlobo beqiniso phakathi komuntu noNkulunkulu, umuntu nomuntu, nomuntu nesilwane.
Aye alazi igama ‘lomuntu ophakeme,’ hhayi nje ‘njengaMandla Amazulu Akhazimulayo,’ kodwa njengoJehova uNkulunkulu. Aye aba nokwazisa ubuzalwane besintu, ukuthi bonke abantu bayalingana phambi kukaJehova ngoKristu Jesu. (IzEnzo 10:34, 35) Futhi yebo, izilwane, izinyoni, nezinhlanzi konke kuyimiphefumulo, njengoba nje nomuntu ewumphefumulo. Awanayo imiphefumulo engafi noma amandla angaphezu kwawemvelo awatshelwa ngabaxoxi bezinganekwane bakudala abangamaHaida.—Levitikusi 24:17, 18; UmShumayeli 3:18-21; Hezekeli 18:4, 20.
Izinhlobo eziyishumi ezihlukene zemikhomo zizondla ngamanzi agcwele izilwanyana nezitshalo ezincane. Izimvu zamanzi ezinkulu zikaSteller zigcwala ezindundumeni zamatshe ezivelé phezu kwamanzi. Izinyoni zasolwandle eziyingxenye yesigidi zihlala emaweni ayizinkelekethe kanye noklebe abangavamile, izinkozi, namagwababa. Izinhlanzi zazo zonke izinhlobo ziswebezela emanzini asogwini, emifuleni emincane, nasemachibini amakhulu. Amabhele amnyama, angenakulinganiswa ngobukhulu kunoma awakuphi emhlabeni, azulazula emahlathini okwendlaleke kuwo utshanyana obuluhlaza anemithi eneminyaka eyinkulungwane, kuhlanganisa nomuthi omkhulu okuthiwa iSitka spruce, umsedari obomvu, nohlobo lwesihlahla esinobuthi.
Abalondolozi bemvelo bakhathazekile ngokuthi lobubuhle obungonakalisiwe nendawo ezungezile ecebile yakumaCharlotte izofana nezinye izindawo eziye zaba izingwadule ngenxa yokwengamela okubi komuntu. Nokho, amaHaida aye amukela izithembiso zoMuntu oPhakeme, uJehova uNkulunkulu, abheke phambili esikhathini esizayo ngethemba, njengoba izithembiso zakhe zingahluleki. (Joshuwa 23:14) KuMdali wethu oMuhle kuvela isithembiso sokuthi umhlaba wonke uzoba ipharadesi ngaphansi kokwengamela kokulunga koMbuso kaNkulunkulu. Khona-ke ubuhle obuhlala njalo ‘beziqhingi ezinenkungu’ ngeke buphinde busongelwe.—2 Petru 3:13.
[Izithombe ekhasini 25]
Kwesokudla: Umbukwane weziqhingi ezinenkungu
Buqamama kwesokudla: Izinsika eziyizimpawu zaseDolobhaneni iNinstints, esiQhingini saseAnthony
Ngezansi: Izimvu zamanzi ezinkulu zikaSteller eCape St. James
[Izithombe ekhasini 27]
Kwesobunxele: IHholo LoMbuso eDolobheni laseQueen Charlotte
Ngenhla: Uhlobo lwezihlahla olunezimbali ezinhle ziqhakazile