Ukubuka Okwezwe
UMTHETHO OMUSHA WEGAZI
NgoJanuary 1, 1990, iCalifornia yaba idolobha lokuqala eUnited States ukuba limise umthetho ofuna ukuba odokotela bezokwelapha nodokotela abahlinzayo batshele iziguli zabo ngezingozi zokumpontshelwa igazi “noma yinini lapho kunokwenzeka ukuba kudingeke igazi ngenxa yenqubo yokuhlinza.” Ngokomthetho omusha, isiguli kumelwe sitshelwe futhi ngencwadi ebhaliwe kokubili ngezingozi nezinzuzo zokusebenzisa ezinye izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zokwelapha kunokufakwa igazi lomunye umuntu ngokumpontshelwa. Odokotela bezokwelapha nodokotela abahlinzayo kumelwe baphawule erekhodini lesiguli lokwelashwa ukuthi isiguli satshelwa kanjalo. Nokho, lezinyathelo azisebenzi lapho kukhona lokho okuthiwa “ukuphuthuma okusongela ukuphila.” Njengoba lesisinyathelo sibizwa ngokuthi iPaul Gann Blood Safety Act, siqanjwe ngegama lomlweli ohlonishwayo wezinguquko zentela owabulawa ingculaza ayeyithole ngenxa yokumpontshelwa ngegazi. Ngokomlando omfushane wokuphila kwakhe owawuhambisana nesimemezelo sokufa kwakhe kumagazini iTime, “uGann wayekholelwa ukuthi umuntu owayedlulisela [ingculaza] komunye azi ‘kwakufanele athweswe icala lokubulala.’”
INGABE ABAHLENGIKAZI BANALO ILUNGELO LOKUZIKHETHELA?
Lapho abameleli bokukhishwa kwezisu bethi bonke abesifazane kumelwe babe nelungelo lokukhetha ukusikhipha isisu, abahlengikazi abaningi eCanada banomuzwa wokuthi bona bancishiwe ilungelo labo lokuzikhethela—inkululeko yokwenqaba ukusiza odokotela ngokukhipha izisu. NgokweGlobe and Mail yaseToronto, eCanada, abahlengikazi abaningi kulelozwe bacelwa ukuba basayine izitatimende ezisho ukuthi izinkolelo zabo ezingokwenkolo nezomuntu siqu ngeke zibavimbele ukuba benze noma yimiphi imisebenzi abangase bayabelwe. Uma benqaba ukusiza ekukhipheni izisu, “kumelwe bafune omunye umsebenzi,” ngokusho komkhulumeli weNhlangano Yesibhedlela SaseOntario. Amanye amazwe analo ilungiselelo lokucabangela unembeza womhlengikazi. ICollege of Nursing isikisele ukuxoxa nabo njalo abahlengikazi abasiza ngokukhipha izisu, njengoba abahlengikazi bengase banqume ukushiya umsebenzi ngemva kokubona ukukhishwa kwesisu okokuqala.
INDAWO EYINKIMBINKIMBI
Ukutholakala kwezinto ezinkulu emkhathini kungase kuphoqelele izazi zesayensi ukuba zilungise izimfundiso zazo. Enye yezinto ezinjalo, okubhekiselwa kuyo ‘njengodonga olukhulu,’ ichazwa njengomkhathi omkhulu, oyisicaba wemithala esakazekela eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyinkulungwane zebanga elihanjwa ukukhanya ngonyaka. Okunye kubizwa ngokuthi “umdonsi omkhulu” ngenxa yokuthi kudonsela kukho imithala eminingi kakhulu, kuhlanganise nowethu. INew York Times iphawula ukuthi izinto ezinjalo, “ezingeyona nje imithala noma inxanxathela yayo, kodwa ‘ezingamazwekazi emithala,’” ziqinisekisa izimfundiso zokuthi “izinto eziyisisekelo endaweni yonke zinkulu kakhulu futhi ziyinkimbinkimbi ngaphezu kwalokho izazi zezinkanyezi ezake zakucabanga.” Esinye isazi sezinto ezisemkhathini satshela iTimes ukuthi izazi eziningi zazinethemba lokuthi umdonsi omkhulu wayezohamba. Ngani? Sathi, “Asiqondi nje ukuthi into enkulu kangaka ingakheka kanjani.”
“UKUWOHLOKA KOKUPHILA KWENKOLO”
Ingabe inkolo ibalulekile kubantu baseItaly? Akunjalo ngokokuhlolwa kwamuva kwabantu baseItaly abangu-2 008 abasukela eminyakeni engu-14 kuya kwengu-70 ubudala. Kulabo okwakhulunywa nabo, abangamaphesenti angu-61,5 bathi abakaze bathandaze noma kwakuthukela bethandazile. Abangamaphesenti angu-0,5 kuphela ababeya kumpristi beyofuna iseluleko. Abangamaphesenti angu-8 kuphela babenomuzwa wokuthi ukholo luyadingeka ukuze kuthuthukiswe ubudlelwane babantu. Ngokwephephendaba laseItaly i-Il Corriere della Sera, “amaphesenti angu-45 [abantu baseItaly] athi ayakholwa, kodwa awaqiniseki ukuthi yini ayikholelwayo.” Futhi i-Il Giornale ithi lezozinkolelo ezincane abantu baseItaly abanazo “bamane bazithatha ngobuvila nje esikhathini esidlule kunokukhetha into abayaziyo.” IStampa yathi lesimo “siwukuwohloka kokuphila kwenkolo” eItaly. Yini esithathe indawo yezinkolo ezihlukanisayo? I-Il Corriere della Sera iyaphendula: “Okwamanje, endaweni yazo kukhona isikhala.”
INGCULAZA ENDIYA
Ekuqaleni kuka-1990, kwabikwa ukuthi kwakunabantu abangu-41 kuphela ababephethwe ingculaza esisezingeni lokuvuthwa eNdiya; kodwa lelozwe lingase libe elokuqala eAsia ukuba lihlaselwe umqedazwe omkhulu wengculaza, ngokweToronto Star. Uhulumeni waseNdiya ulinganisela ukuthi izifebe ezingu-10,000 kwezingu-100,000 eBombay kakade sezinegciwane elibulalayo. Leloqembu lilodwa lingase likwazi ukuthelela amadoda angu-20,000 ngonyaka owodwa. Izifebe eziningi ziyenqaba ukuyeka lomsebenzi ngisho nangemva kokuba sezazi ukuthi zinegciwane, zithi azinayo enye indlela yokuziphilisa. Amakhulu abathengisi begazi baseNdiya okuwumsebenzi wabo nabo banegciwane lengculaza; kodwa noma kunjalo abaningi bayaqhubeka bethengisa ngegazi labo ukuze baziphilise. Njengoba igciwane lisakazekela kulo lonke izwe, esinye isikhulu sezokwelapha eBombay sifushanisa lomfanekiso okulelodolobha ngalendlela: “Lena ibhomu ecushiwe yewashi.”
IMIGWAQO EHAMBA NGAPHANSI EHLUKANISIWE
Isimiso esisha semigwaqo ehamba ngaphansi eCairo, e-Egypt, siye satuswa kabanzi ngokuhlanzeka kwaso, ukusebenza kahle, nokulondeka. Nokho abesifazane baseCairo, baye bakhetha ukusithuthukisa. Inqola eyodwa yesitimela ngasinye iye yabekelwa eceleni ukuba isetshenziswe abagibeli besifazane kuphela. Lomthetho omusha wasekelwa uThuraya Labna, ilungu elimele amalungelo abesifazane lephalamende yaseEgypt, owathi abesifazane baseEgypt babedinga indlela elondekile yokusebenzisa izinto zokuhamba zomphakathi ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuhlukunyezwa ngokobulili okuvame kakhulu eCairo. Nakuba lelisu liye ladonsa ukugxekwa okuthile (ngokwesibonelo, inqola yabesifazane iye yadelelwa ngokubizwa ngokuthi ‘indlu yabafazi besithembu ehamba ngamasondo), kubikwa ukuthi liye lazuza okuthile ngokuqondene nomgomo walo wokuvikela abesifazane.
ABAMPOFU KUNABO BONKE ABAMPOFU
NgoFebruary 1990, abameleli abavela emazweni angu-42 ampofu kunawo wonke emhlabeni bahlangana eBangladesh isikhathi esingangempelasonto ukuze basungule izindlela ezintsha zokuqinisekisa amazwe acebe kakhulu emhlabeni ukuthi abantu abayizigidi ezingu-500 banesidingo esiphuthumayo sosizo. Umhlangano ofanayo wawungo-1981, kodwa akukho nowodwa wemigomo yawo emikhulu eyafinyelelwa. Eqinisweni, iNew York Times ibika ukuthi “iminyaka yawo-1980 iye yaletha indlala eyengeziwe ewohlozayo, ukwehla kwenani labaya esikoleni, ukuwohloka ngokwengeziwe kwempilo namazinga aphansi okuphila.” Umholo womuntu ngamunye kulamazwe angu-42 ungamarandi angu-R520 kuphela ngonyaka. Angamashumi amabili nesishiyagalombili alamazwe aseAfrika, ayisishiyagalolunye aseAsia, amane asemazweni eziqhingi zolwandle iPacific neIndian bese kuthi elilodwa libe soLwandle iCaribbean yaseMelika.
UTSHWALA NABESIFAZANE
Sekuyisikhathi eside kuphawulwa ukuthi utshwala bunegalelo elikhudlwana kwabesifazane kunokuba bunjalo kwabesilisa. Enye incazelo ethandwayo ibiwukuthi abesilisa banesisindo esikhulu, ngakho bangakwazi ukufaka utshwala obuningi. Kodwa manje izazi zesayensi zaseItaly naseMelika ziye zathola ukuthi umzimba wowesifazane ukhiqiza ienzyme engaphansi ngamaphesenti angu-30 ebizwa ngokuthi idehydrogenase kunaleyo ekhiqizwa umzimba wowesilisa. Ngesikhathi utshwala busesesiswini, ienzyme igaya obunye babo ngaphambi kokuba bungene emithanjeni yegazi futhi buye engqondweni, esibindini, nakwezinye izitho. Imilutha yotshwala yabesilisa iyaqhubeka ikhiqiza cishe ingxenye yamaenzyme ayo avamile, kuyilapho imilutha yesifazane ingakhiqizi lutho kwanhlobo.
INKINGA YOKUPHUZA
“Ukugcina amanzi okuphuza ehlanzekile kuyinkinga kulo lonke elaseEurope nangalé kwayo,” kubika iGerman Tribune. Ngokwephephandaba laseJalimane iDeutsches Allgemeines Sonntagsblatt, iNhlangano yaseJalimane Yamabhodi Kagesi Nawamanzi ilinganisela ukuthi ezinhlanganweni zamanzi ezingu 6,300 eFederal Republic yaseJalimane, ephakathi kwamaphesenti angu-10 kuya kwangu-20 ziyehluleka ukuhlangabezana nendinganiso yaseEurope yamanzi okuphuza. Uhulumeni uvumela ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane ezingu-1 400, ezinezakhi zamakhemikhali ezingu-240. Kuze kube manje, izimpawu okungenani zezakhi ezinjalo ezingu-40 ziye zatholakala emanzini okuphuza akulelizwe, emanzini alo angaphansi komhlaba, futhi ngisho nangokwengeziwe, emanzini akhona emvula. Ngaphandle kwalokho, amanzi okuphuza aseJalimane asakhathazwa imiphumela ethatha isikhathi eside yeMpi Yezwe II. Kwelinye idolobha elincane, inxiwa lokwakuyifekthri yezikhali, kwadingeka ukuba kuvalwe imithombo eyisithupha; yayinezinsalela zomkhiqizo weTNT.
OKUBI KAKHULU KUNOKUKHULUPHALA KAKHULU
Kuyinto eyaziwayo ngokuvamile ukuthi ukuyeka ukubhema kungase kube nengxenye ekubangeleni ukukhuluphala kakhulu nokuthi ukukhuluphala kuyingozi empilweni. Kodwa lawomaqiniso amabili awawusekeli umbono wabathile ababhemayo wokuthi kunempilo kangconywana ukuqhubeka ubhema futhi uhlale unomzimba omncane kunokuyeka ukubhema bese ukhuluphala. Ngokwe-Economist yaseBrithani, isazi sokuqoqwa kwezibalo namaqiniso nesesikhumba siye sahlaziya ukwaziswa okutholakale ekuhlolweni okujulile kwamadoda aseBrithani angu 7,000. Abacwaningi baphetha ngokuthi nakuba ukukhuluphala kakhulu kuyingozi ngempela, ukubhema ogwayi abangu-20 ngosuku kuyingozi ngisho nangokwengeziwe. IEconomist ithi: “Ngisho nokukhuluphala okubi kwatholakala kungcono kunokubhema (hhayi ngenxa yokuthi ukukhuluphala okubi akukubi kangako, kodwa ngenxa yokuthi ukubhema kubi ngempela).”
ISIFO SEKHULU LAMA-20 LEMINYAKA
Ukungcola kwanamuhla kuye kwabangela isifo esisha esingajwayelekile. Njengoba kubhekiselwa kuso njengesifo esibangelwa indawo yokuhlala, ukungezwani komuntu nendawo ahlala kuyo, noma isifo sekhulu lama-20 leminyaka, kubikwa ukuthi siphethe abantu abangu-30,000 eOntario, eCanada, iyodwa. Abaphethwe yiso bazwela kakhulu kumakhemikhali amaningi enziwe umuntu nezinto ezingcolisa umoya, ezisukela entuthwini kagwayi kuya kuyinki osekhasini elibhaliwe. Ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, abagulayo baba yizinkubela ezihlala ekhaya, bephefumula ngezifonyo zeoxygen. IToronto Star iphawula ukuthi abanye ochwepheshe bakholelwa ukuthi ukugula kwalaba abayingcosana “kuyisixwayiso sokuthi kunokuthile okonakele ngempela.”