Ukubuka Okwezwe
Ukushisa Okuqopha Umlando
Uchwepheshe wesimo sezulu uJames Hansen wayeqiniseka kakhulu ngokuthi ukushisa okubabazekayo kwase kuqalile kakade ukushisa umoya ozungezile womhlaba kangangokuba waqinisekisa izazi zesimo sezulu akanye nazo ngokuthi okungenani owodwa weminyaka emithathu yokuqala yawo-1990 wawuzoqopha umlando ngezinga lokushisa. Ayekushilo kwenzeka ngokushesha kakhulu kunokuba kwakulindelwe. Ngokwezimiso zokubala ezintathu ezizimele, u-1990 wawuwunyaka oshisa kunayo yonke emlandweni. Nakuba kunjalo, eziningi zezazi zesimo sezulu zinomuzwa wokuthi akukabi yisikhathi sokusho ukuthi ukushisa yini okubabazekayo okubangela lamazinga okushisa aqopha umlando noma cha. Zithi unyaka owodwa awanele ukufakazela noma yini. UHansen uyavuma kodwa ugcizelela ukuthi ukuthambekela okuyisisekelo kwenza ukuqinisekisa kwakhe kwaba okokungazibophi. Ngokukamagazini iScience, uthi sekuye kwaba nzima kakhulu ngomoya ozungezile ukuba uphole “ngoba amagesi ashisayo awuphoqelela kakhulu ukuba ube isimo sezulu esishisa ngokwengeziwe.”
Ukuzibulala ENorway
NgokweNhlangano Yezwe Yezempilo, izinga lokuzibulala eNorway liye laphindeka kane eminyakeni engu-30 edlule. Njengamanje, cishe abangu-14 kubo bonke abantu baseNorway abangu-100 000 abaneminyaka engu-15 kuya kwengu-24 bayazibulala. Iphephandaba laseOslo iAftenposten libika ukuthi edolobheni elithuthukile iGjøvik, amaphesenti angu-15 eziguli zasesibhedlela ezingabantu abasebasha alapho ngenxa yokuzama ukuzibulala. Ngokuhlekisayo, leliphephandaba liphawula ukuthi iNorway manje iyizwe laseScandinavia elicebe kunawo wonke. Kunokuba idale injabulo, ingcebo kungenzeka iye yanezela emuzweni ovamile wokulahla ithemba. IAftenposten icaphuna esinye isikhulu sasesibhedlela sithi: “Kungenzeka ukuthi siye sakulahla ukukhathalela kwethu abanye ukuze sigxile emalini nesezintweni ezibonakalayo.”
Indlela Yokuphila Ebulalayo
Ingxenye yabo bonke abafayo ingavinjelwa ngokwenza ushintsho oluthile endleleni yokuphila, kusho uDkt. Ivan Gyarfas, inhloko yesikhungo eselapha izifo zenhliziyo nemithambo yegazi seNhlangano Yezwe Yezempilo. Umdlavuza wamaphaphu, umfutho onamandla wegazi, ukuphelelwa amandla kwenhliziyo, nokufa uhlangothi kubangela amaphesenti angu-70 kuya kwangu-80 abo bonke abafa emazweni athuthukile. Lezifo ngokuvamile zihlanganiswa nemikhuba elimaza impilo yokubhema, ukudla okungenamsoco, nokungavivinyi umzimba—indlela yokuphila yalabo okuthiwa bacebile. Nokho, i-International Herald Tribune yaseParis ibika ukuthi “lezifo ezibangelwa izindlela zokuphila” manje zibangela amaphesenti asukela kwangu-40 kuya kwangu-50 abo bonke abafayo nasemazweni asathuthuka. Ngokuyindida, kubonakala sengathi indlela yokuphila ngokuvamile okuthiwa iphawula intuthuko yezomnotho ihlangene ngokuqondile nezimbangela eziyinhloko zokufa emhlabeni wonke.
Ukuhlaselwa KukaPawulu
Umbhishobhi waseSheshi waseMelika, uJohn S. Spong, usanda kunyathelisa incwadi ethi umphostoli uPawulu wayengungqingili. USpong sekuyisikhathi eside engumuntu onemibono ephambene. Ngawo-1970 wakhankasela ukumiswa kwabesifazane njengabefundisi. Ngawo-1980 wanxusa abapristi ukuba babusise ukuhlangana kongqingili futhi wamisa ungqingili owaziwayo ewuye njengompristi. Manje, ngokweNew York Times, ngokufundisa ukuthi uPawulu wayengungqingili, uSpong “unethemba lokwenza ongqingili bakhululeke ngokwengeziwe esontweni laseSheshi nokukhanga abantu abashiya isonto benomuzwa wokuthi liyisakhiwo esasizophela esasihlangene nezindlela zokucabanga zasendulo.” Nokho iTimes iphawula ukuthi “ukugxekwa kwesihlongozo sakhe ngoPawulu kuye kwavela nhlangothi zonke, abangane nezitha, abakhululekile nabasadla ngoludala, amaProtestani namaKatolika.” Kulokho okungase kube ukusonta okungenakwenzeka kakhulu ngalendaba, uSpong ugomela ngokuthi iziphetho zakhe zisekelwe “ekutadisheni iBhayibheli okungathi sína.”
Ubulili Nentombazane Esentsha
Ukwesaba ingculaza kungenzeka kwalungisa ukuziphatha ngokobulili kwamanye amaMelika, kodwa akubanga namphumela onjalo emantombazaneni asemasha, ngokokuhlola kwamuva okwenziwa iCDC (Centers for Disease Control [Izikhungo Zokunqanda Izifo]) yaseAtlanta, eGeorgia, eU.S.A. Ngo-1970, lapho “inguquko yokuziphatha ngokobulili” yayiphakeme khona, amaphesenti angu-28,6 amantombazane aneminyaka yobudala engu-15 kuya ku-19 eUnited States abika ukuthi ayebe nobuhlobo bobulili ngaphambi komshado. Ngo-1988, lapho umphakathi wawusuqashelisiwe kakade ngengculaza, lelonani lase linyuke laba amaphesenti angu-51,5. Lokho kwanda kwakuphawuleka kakhulu phakathi kwabancane kakhulu, amantombazane aneminyaka engu-15 ubudala: kusukela kumaphesenti angu-4,6 ngo-1970 kuya kumaphesenti angu-25,6 ngo-1988. Ukuhlola kweCDC kwathola futhi nokuthi lapho intombazane incane ngenkathi isimiso sayo sobulili siqala ukusebenza, kulapho kunokwenzeka ngokwengeziwe khona ukuba ibe namasoka amaningana. Akumangalisi ukuthi amantombazane asemasha kwatholakala futhi nokuthi anamazinga aphakeme ngokuqhathaniswa okuphathwa izifo ezithathelwana ngobulili.
Ukuba Umama Okuyingozi
Minyaka yonke abesifazane abangaphezu kwengxenye yesigidi bayafa ngenxa yobunkimbinkimbi bokukhulelwa nokubeletha, kubika iNhlangano Yezwe Yezempilo. Nokho, umagazini iWorld Watch uphawula ukuthi ochwepheshe abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi inani langempela okungenani liphakeme ngokuphindwe kabili kunalelo. Lolusizi lusezingeni elibi kakhulu emazweni angakathuthuki. Kulonyaka iyobulala oyedwa kubo bonke abesifazane abakhule-lwe abangu-73 eNingizimu Melika, oyedwa kwabangu-38 eNingizimu Asia, noyedwa kwabangu-21 eAfrika—uma kuqhathaniswa noyedwa kwabangu-10 000 enyakatho yeYurophu. IWorld Watch ithi izici ezinjengokungondleki kahle nezindawo zokunakekela impilo ezindala yizo ezibangela ukuba umama kube ingozi kangaka. Ukukhishwa kwesisu kukodwa kubangela ukufa komama abangu-200 000 unyaka ngamunye. Ukuhlola kubonisa ukuthi abantwana abashiywa bengenamama bona ngokwabo basengozini enkulu ngokwengeziwe yokungondleki kahle nokufa, ngaleyondlela bakha ingxenye enkulu yabantwana abangu-15 000 000 abangaphansi kweminyaka emihlanu ubudala abafayo unyaka ngamunye emazweni asathuthuka.
Imikhumbi Enobudlova
Ukuvukela okunobudlova esikebheni sokudoba saseTaiwan kuye kwadalula umkhuba okhathazayo emikhunjini yaseTaiwan, kubika umagazini iAsiaweek. Kubikwa ukuthi lokhu kuvukela kwagqashuka ngemva kokuba amatilosi amabili, ecasulwe ukuphathwa ngesihluku ezandleni zikakaputeni womkhumbi, azama ukuzibulala ngokugxumela olwandle—lapho ukaputeni wenza ukuba akhishwe khona futhi wawahlukumeza ngokwengeziwe. Ukuvukela okwalandela, okwashiya okungenani abayisishiyagalombili bamatilosi befile, ngokusobala kwakungesona isenzakalo okuwukuphela kwaso. IAsiaweek ibika ukuthi ngokoMnyango Wezokudoba waseTaiwan, “okungenani abadobi abahamba ngezikebhe abangu-3 000 baseTaiwan kwabikwa ukuthi bafa noma baduka eminyakeni eyishumi edlule.” Esinye isazi sezenhlala-kahle satshela lowomagazini: “Inani labantu ababulawayo noma abaphoqelelwa ukuba bashiye kulezikebhe zokudoba liyamangalisa.”
Ukwenza Isifundo Sesayensi Yezinto Eziphilayo Sibe Nesidina
Iqembu lezazi zesayensi nothisha muva nje lamemezela ukuthi isifundo sesayensi yezinto eziphilayo sifundiswa kabi kakhulu eUnited States kangangokuthi lesifundo kubonakala sengathi siklanyelwe ukuqeda isithakazelo sabafundi kwezesayensi. Embikweni othena amandla ngokungavamile, leliqembu lathi othisha besayensi yezinto eziphilayo abaqeqeshiwe kahle futhi basebenzisa izincwadi lezo ngokuvamile ezingathakazelisi, ezikha phezulu, eziphelelwe isikhathi, futhi ngisho nezinganembile. Abafundi baphuma ezifundweni ezinjalo zesayensi yezinto eziphilayo, kusho leliqembu, “benombono wokuthi ukuqhubeka nesayensi kungokuthile okumelwe bakugweme uma kunokwenzeka.” UDkt. Timothy H. Goldsmith, usihlalo waleliqembu, wasola zonke izici zesimiso sokufundisa.
Ukungabi Namakhaya EJalimane
Abantu abangaphezu kwesigidi eFederal Republic yaseJalimane abanamakhaya, ngokweNhlangano YaseJalimane Yabantu Abangenayo Indawo Ezinzile. UHeinrich Holtmannspötter, unobhala walenhlangano, uphawula ukuthi abangu-130 000 balaba bayimihambima engenawo umholo ewuhola njalo. Iningi labanye abangenamakhaya lingabafuduki abavela kwamanye amazwe noma abantu abafuna ukukhosela eJalimane. “Kodwa cishe kuzo zonke izimo,” kusho uHoltmannspötter, isizathu sokungabi namakhaya “siwukuntuleka kwezindawo zokuhlala ezishibhile.” Iphephandaba laseJalimane iFrankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung libika ukuthi abangenamakhaya baye banda kakhulu eminyakeni yamuva nokuthi imihambima manje “iyisici esivamile cishe kuwo wonke amadolobha aseJalimane.”
Izingozi Zokugibela Amadlambi
Ibodysurfing, umdlalo wasemanzini wokugibela amadlambi olwandle, ayilula ngaso sonke isikhathi njengoba ibonakala injalo, kuxwayisa umagazini waseMelika i-In Health. UDebbie Goebert, isazi sezifo eziqubukayo sasesiKhungweni Sokucwaninga Nokuqeqesha Abakhubazekile sasePacific Basin, sahlola imibiko yasezibhedlela eHawaii yeminyaka ka-1985 kuya ku-1988. Sathola ukuthi kubantu abangu-500 abalaliswa ezibhedlela ngenxa yokulimala abakuthola olwandle, kwakungabagibela amadlambi ababenokulimala okukhulu okuthatha isikhathi eside. Ukulimala kwabo kwakusukela emathanjeni aphukile namaqolo alimele kuya ekugogekeni ngisho nakwabambalwa abalimele ingqondo. Abaningi balabo abalimala kwakuyizivakashi ezingenakho okuhlangenwe nakho. I-In Health iyaxwayisa: “Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uchitha iholide ethekwini laseHawaii, eCalifornia, eMaryland, noma eAustralia, buza abaqaphi ukuthi amadlambi agubha kangakanani nokuthi ibhishi linjani ngaphambi kokuba ubhukude.”
“Unya Olungenangqondo”
Luthuswa inani labantu ababulawa ukushayela budedengu eBrazil unyaka ngamunye, uhlu lomhleli ephephandabeni iEstado de S. Paulo lwathi: “Kuyindaba yonya olungenangqondo, ukubulala ngokukhululekile, okuqinisekisa, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukungabi nandaba, futhi ngakolunye, ukudelelwa okushaqisayo kokuphila kobuntu.” Yini iBrazil eyenzayo ukuze izame ukusangulukisa abashayeli abanganaki? Omunye umahluleli wagweba omunye owayeneminyaka engu-23 ubudala owabulala abangane bakhe ababili emjahweni wezimoto wasemgwaqweni ukuba achithe iminyaka emibili ebukela ukuhlolwa kwezidumbu zezisulu zezingozi zezimoto. Omunye umshayeli wemoto owabulala intombazane eneminyaka engu-15 ubudala futhi walimaza abanye abayisihlanu wagwetshwa isigwebo “sokusebenza iminyaka emithathu esibhedlela sesimo esibucayi, ikakhulukazi ukusiza ekunakekeleni izisulu zezingozi.”