Abangenamakhaya—Inkinga Yomhlaba
INKINGA yokuntuleka kwezindlu nokungabi nakhaya, nokho, ayikhethi sizwe; ayilinganiselwe neze ezizweni ezimpofu kuphela, nezisathuthuka. Izinhloko-dolobha ezinkulu namadolobha amakhulu amazwe acebile, cishe ngokungakhethi, nawo anazo izindlu zazo zodaka nezindawo eziminyene. Eduze namabhilidi aphakeme kanokusho nezakhiwo zesimanje ezinde, kunezindawo zabampofu namadolobha aphakathi awohlokayo. Kunjani ukuphila ezindaweni ezinjalo?
Umagazini iScience ukhulumela ukuhlola okwenziwa eChicago, ubika ukuthi abangenamakhaya lapho “babonakala ngobumpofu obeqile nokuzehlukanisa kanye namanani aphakeme okukhubazeka. Abane kwabahlanu baye bagcinwa emajele, ezibhedlela zezifo zengqondo, noma ezikhungweni zokuyekisa ukuba umhuqa wemilaliso.”
Amadolobha amaningi aseU.S. anamalungiselelo athile omphakathi wabantu abangenamakhaya. Ngokwesibonelo, iDolobha laseNew York, lifaka abantu abangashadile abangenamakhaya emaxhokovaneni omphakathi futhi imikhaya emahhotela ezenhlalakahle. Kwakulindeleke ukuthi lapho kufika ubusika, abantu abangashadile abayizi-12 200 kanye namalungu emikhaya ayizi-20 500 ayeyofuna usizo, futhi iziphathimandla zazinethemba lokuthi ngandlela-thile kwakuyoba nendawo eyanele yokubahlalisa.
Indlela ukuphila okuyiyo ezindaweni ezinjalo kungenye indaba ngempela. Amaxhokovana omphakathi okulala ubusuku obubodwa aseNew York ngokuvamile enziwa izindawo zokuvivinya umzimba noma izindawo zokugcina izikhali. Amakhulu abantu alala emibhedeni eklelisiwe endaweni enkulu evulekile. Abanye abantu basemigwaqweni bayenqaba ukuya emaxhokovaneni. Omunye umuntu odabukisayo wathi: “Amaxhokovana awalondekile, futhi ngokuvamile anezimbungulu noma izintwala. Ulala ubhekile.” Ukuphila kunzima kakhulu ngezingane. IDaily News yaseNew York iyabika: “Emaxhokovaneni anjengamakamu okuhlushwa kanye namahhotela aminyene lawo kamuva amadolobha abathumela kuwo, izingane ziba sengozini yohide lwezinkinga zonya—izifo, ukukhubazeka, imilaliso, ubuhlongandlebe nokuphelelwa yithemba. Lezingane zisengozini yokuba isizukulwane esidukile.”
Ngokuvamile kunzima ukuthola izibalo eziqondile, ngenxa yokungabi nandawo yokuzinza kwabantu abangenamakhaya. INhlangano Yesizwe Yabangenamakhaya, iphawula ukuthi inani labantu abangenamakhaya eUnited States liphakathi kwezigidi ezimbili nezintathu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uMnyango Wezindlu Nokuthuthukiswa KweDolobha waseU.S., ubika ukuthi “ngokokubala okungcono kakhulu ngakho konke ukwaziswa okukhona, isibalo esingathenjelwa kakhulu singabantu abangenamakhaya abayizi-250 000 kuya ezi-350 000.” Nokho, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi liyini inani eliqondile labantu abangenamakhaya, wonke umuntu uyavuma ukuthi liyanda.
“Ubhadane Lwesikhathi Sethu”
Amazwe oMphakathi waseYurophu nawo abhekene nezinkinga ezingathi sína zezindlu. IThe Times yaseLondon ibika ukuthi eUnited Kingdom “inani labantu abahlala ezindaweni zokulala nokudla landa kusukela ezi-49 000 kuya ezi-160 000 phakathi kuka-1979-84, kwakunabantu abayizigidi eziyi-1 1/4 ohlwini lwabalindile lomkhandlu futhi amakhaya ayisigidi ngokomthetho abalwa njengangakufanelekele ukuhlalwa abantu.”
Ngokwendaba enesihloko esithi “Ukungabi Nakhaya EYurophu: Ubhadane Lwesikhathi Sethu” ekuThe New York Times, ngaphesheya kweEnglish Channel, “eParis, amaqembu azimele athi okungenani abantu abayizi-10 000 baphila emigwaqweni.” Uhulumeni waseItaly ulinganisela ukuthi amaphesethi angama-20 abantu abasanda kushada “awanayo enye indlela ngaphandle kokuhlala nezihlobo, ngisho nangemva kokuzalwa kwengane yabo yokuqala.” Phakathi kwabantu baseDenmark abangenamakhaya abalinganiselwa ezi-20 000, “inani lalabo abangaphansi kweminyaka engama-30 ubudala liye landa kakhulu kusukela ngo-1980.”
NgokukaPeter Sutherland, iNxusa likaHulumeni Wezindaba Zezenhlalo Zomphakathi WaseYurophu, ngokumangalisayo, konke lokhu kwenzeka nje lezizizwe “zisanda kuqala ukukholelwa ukuthi [zi]seduze nokuqedwa ngokuphelele kobhadane lobumpofu nokungabi nakhaya.”
Ukuthambekela Okushaqisayo
Nokho, eminyakeni yamuva, iziphathimandla eziphathelene nokungabi namakhaya ziye zaphawula ukuthambekela okusha. IThe New York Times yacaphuna ilungu leNhlangano Yabangenamakhaya YaseChicago lithi: “Sibona ukuthambekela kokushintsha okukhulu kwezidingo kusukela ekubeni nje ‘ompofu’ kuya ekubeni ‘owesigaba esiphakathi ngokushesha ube ompofu.’ Balahlekelwa imisebenzi yabo, amakhadi abo okuthenga kanye nezibambiso zezikweleti. Akusenzeki kuphela kwabayimihuqa evamile ehlala emihubheni.”
Ngokufanayo, umqondisi wenhlangano yomsebenzi wezenhlalakahle eConnecticut waphawula: “Ngokudabukisayo, kunokungaqondi ngokuphathelene nokuthi bangobani abantu abangenamakhaya. Akuyena umuntu omthwalo wakhe uhlala usobhokweni esuka kwelinye idolobha eya kwelinye. Empeleni imikhaya engasakwazi ukukhokha intela ngenxa yezintela eziphakeme, ukuswelakala kwemisebenzi, amadivosi.” Ngokombiko owakhishwa uMkhandlu Wabaphathi Bamadolobha WaseU.S. ngoMay odlule, ukuhlolwa kwamadolobha amakhulu angama-29 kwembula ukuthi imikhaya enabantwana yakha ingxenye yesithathu yabangenamakhaya, futhi lokho kwakuwukwanda kwamaphesenti angama-31 kunangonyaka odlule.
Imibuzo Eyimpicabadala
Nakuba ukungathi sína kokuntuleka kwezindlu nenkinga yokungabi nakhaya kuhluka ngokwamazwe nangokwezindawo, kungcono ukusho ukuthi kunabantu abambalwa namuhla abangakuqapheli nhlobo noma okungabathinti ngokuphelele. Futhi okuyimpicabadala kakhulu kuwukuthi naphezu kwemizamo nezimali ezikhishwa ohulumeni, alukho uphawu lokuthi lenkinga iyadamba. Kungani kunjalo? Bavelaphi bonke labantu abangenamakhaya? Futhi, ngaphezu kwakho konke, yiliphi ithemba elikhona ngokuxazulula inkinga yokuntuleka kwezindlu?