Ingabe Uyasidinga Isipholisa-moya?

KULUSUKU olushisayo, olunesifudumezi. Ilanga lihlaba ngokungenamusa phezu kwakho njengoba uzihudula uya ekhaya uvela emsebenzini. Kodwa lapho uvula umnyango wangaphambili wendlu yakho, wamukelwa igagasi lomoya opholile, oqabulayo. Ah-h-h-h, isipholisa-moya! Yeka ukuthi singaba impumuzo kanjani!

Kodwa ake sithi kulusuku olumakhaza, lwasebusika, futhi lapho uvula umnyango wendlu yakho, wamukelwa igagasi lomoya ofudumele, othambisayo. Ingabe ngokubonga uyasho kuwe ngokwakho ukuthi: ‘Ah-h-h-h, isipholisa-moya’?

Mhlawumbe awusho. Nakuba kunjalo, bekungaba ukusabela okufanelekile. “Isipholisa-moya,” kuchaza iWorld Book Encyclopedia, “sipholisa umoya lapho isimo sezulu sishisa. Sifudumeza umoya lapho isimo sezulu simakhaza.”

Nokho, igama elithi “isipholisa-moya” lisetshenziswa ngokuvamile ekupholisweni komoya endaweni evalekile, kungaba indlu, isakhiwo sehhovisi, ihholo, inkundla yebhayisikobho, imoto, ibhasi, isitimela, noma enye indawo evalekile. Nokho, isipholisa-moya senza okungaphezu kokushintsha izinga lokushisa lomoya; silawula futhi ukuhamba komoya, ukuhlanzeka, nomswakama, noma izinga lomhwamuko.

Sidala Izinkinga

Kodwa yini ekhiqiza ukushisa okweqile nomswakama endaweni evalekile? Yebo, umthombo oyinhloko wokushisa ngokuvamile ilanga. Kodwa, ubangelwa nanguwe noma omunye umuntu onawe ekhaya, ehhovisi, emotweni, noma kwenye indawo evalekile. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi thina bantu siyimishini ekhiqiza ukushisa nomswakama. Lapho sizikhandla ngokwengeziwe, kulapho sidala khona ukushisa nomswakama okwengeziwe. Ngisho nalapho sihlezi singanyakazi, imizimba yethu ikhiqiza izinga elithile lokushisa nomswakama.

Ngakho ukuze sikwazi ukuthokomala, ukushisa nomswakama esikukhiphayo kumelwe kususwe ngezinga elifanayo nalelo okukhishwa ngalo. Uma kususwa ngokushesha kakhulu, sizogodola kakhulu. Uma kususwa kancane kakhulu, sizoshisa kakhulu. Ukususa nje ukushisa nomswakama okukhiqizwa abantu abayikhulu abahleli benganyakazi ekamelweni elikhulu kuthatha, ngokwezobuchwepheshe, cishe amathani amathathu okupholisa, noma amaBtu (British thermal units [izilinganiso zokushisa zaseBrithani]) angu-36 000 ngehora.

IBtu eyodwa cishe ilingana nokushisa okukhishwa umentshisi ovuthayo. (Njengendlela yokuqhathanisa, amacalorie angu-252 amelela isilinganiso esifanayo sokushisa njengeBtu eyodwa.) Ngaleyondlela, ukushisa okukhishwa umuntu ohleli kucishe kulingane nokwezinti zomentshisi ezingu-360 ezivuthayo! Kodwa okunezela ekushiseni okuphawulekayo okubangelwa iqembu labantu endaweni evalekile ukushisa okubangelwa izibani nezinye izinto ezisebenzisa ugesi okungenzeka ziyasebenza. Ngakho inzuzo yesipholisa-moya ingabonakala kalula.

Izinzuzo Nezingozi

Ngaphandle kokudala isimo sangaphakathi esihle ngokwengeziwe, isipholisa-moya singase sizuzise empilweni yakho, ikakhulukazi uma lomshini usetshenziswa ngokufanelekile futhi unakekelwa. Ungaqeda ukuqubuka okubangelwa ukushisa, futhi njengoba ngokuvamile usefa impova, ungaba impumuzo ngalabo abaphathwa imfiva ethimulisayo. Ikakhulukazi ngasebegugile, ukunciphisa izinga lokushisa eleqile kungaba inzuzo engokwempilo, futhi kunjalo nangokushintsha umoya omdala ngomoya omusha nokususa ukungcola nezintuli, okufezwa isipholisa-moya.

Nokho, ngesikhathi esifanayo, isipholisa-moya sesimanje, njengoba sisebenzisa isimiso sesiqandisi, singabangela izinkinga zempilo. Abaningi baye baguliswa ukwehlukahluka okukhulu phakathi kwamazinga okushisa angaphandle angaphezu kuka-40° C. namazinga okushisa angaphakathi angaphansi kuka-26° C. abangelwa isipholisa-moya. Eqinisweni, ngenxa yalesizathu abanye baye bayeka ukusebenzisa izipholisa-moya zesimanje bakhetha iziphephetha-moya zasophahleni futhi ngokusobala baye bazuza ngenxa yalokho.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, isipholisa-moya kuthiwa sinengxenye ekukhiqizeni ngokwengeziwe kwezisebenzi zasehhovisi. Futhi sisiza izihambeli ezisemihlanganweni enkundleni evalekile noma ihholo ukuba zilalelisise ngokwengeziwe. Akungabazeki ukuthi kuwumzabalazo ukuzigcina uphapheme lapho izindawo ezinjalo zishisa futhi kufuthelene.

Isipholisa-moya futhi sibalulekile ekusebenzeni ngokuphumelelayo kwezimboni eziningi. Embonini yokudla, isipholisa-moya ikakhulukazi siye saba into eyigugu. Sikwenza kube nokwenzeka ukugcina ukudla unyaka wonke ngokuvimbela ukukhula kwamabacterium abangela ukonakala. Sivikela ufulawa emabhikawozi ukuba ungakhunti. Futhi sisetshenziswa ekwenzeni ushizi. Ngesinye isikhathi ushizi weRoquefort wawenziwa kuphela emigedeni ethile eFrance eyayinomoya opholile, owawunomswakama. Kodwa ngesipholisa-moya, esiphinda kabili isimo esisemigedeni, ushizi ofanayo ungakhiqizwa nakwezinye izindawo.

Nokho, isipholisa-moya sesimanje siye sabangela ukufa nokugula kwabaningi. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-1976, phakathi nomhlangano weButho LaseMelika, amaSosha angu-182 athola lokho kamuva okwaziwa ngokuthi isifo samaButho (Legionnaires’ disease), futhi kwafa angu-29. Ngokuqondene nokusakazeka kwalesifo, iNew Encyclopædia Britannica yaphawula: “Kusolakala ukuthi amanzi angcolile esimisweni sesipholisa-moya angasakaza iLegionella pneumophilia ngamathonsi emoyeni ozungezile.” Izimiso zesipholisa-moya ezinganakekelwa ngokufanelekile ziye zaba nengxenye emoyeni ongcolile oye wabangela futhi ezinye izifo.”

Ukugcwalisa Isidingo

Abantu abaningi bazizwa benesidingo sangempela sesipholisa-moya. Esikhathini esidlule, omata botshani abamanzi babelengiswa emafasiteleni noma eminyango ehlobo, futhi umoya ongenayo wawupholiswa njengoba wawuhwamula umswakama. Cishe eminyakeni engu-500 edlule, kwakhiwa isiphephetha-moya sokuqala esiwumshini. Sasinikeza impumuzo ekushiseni ngokujikelezisa umoya. Ngisho nanamuhla abantu abaningi bathola ukuthi abakudingayo nje ukuze bazigcine bepholile ehlobo ukupholiswa komoya okunikezwa isiphephetha-moya esihle.

Ezindaweni ezinjengogwadule lapho izinga lomswakama liphansi khona, abaningi bajabulela indlela eshibhile yokupholisa. Esimisweni esinjalo, umoya wangaphandle udonswa udlule kumata omanzi wefiber, futhi ngaleyondlela umoya uyapholiswa ngaphambi kokuba ungene esakhiweni. Nokho, ngaloluhlobo lokupholisa, umoya ongaphakathi kumelwe uvunyelwe uphume ngesilinganiso esifanayo naleso umoya opholile ongeniswa ngaso. Ngokuvamile amafasitela ambalwa ashiywa evulwe kancane ayokwanela. Nokho, loluhlobo lwesipholisa-moya ngokuvamile luye lwaba olunganelisi ngenxa yokuthi izinga lokuswakama lomoya liyenyuka libe semazingeni angemahle.

Khona-ke, isidingo esithile sagcwaliseka lapho eminyakeni yamuva kusungulwa indlela yokuqandisa umoya. Eqinisweni, isimiso sokusebenza sesipholisa-moya sesimanje siyefana naleso sesiqandisi sasekhaya esisetshenziselwa ukugcina ukudla kubanda. Ngaleyondlela, isakhiwo esinesipholisa-moya​—⁠mhlawumbe ikhaya noma ihhovisi lakho⁠—​eqinisweni, siba isiqandisi esisodwa esikhulu.

Ukuze kwehliswe izinga lokushisa lomoya ongaphakathi, umoya oshisayo uyapholiswa njengoba ujikeleza. Ukuze kufezwe lokho, irefrigerant ewuketshezi kodwa ehwamukayo ijikeleziswa phakathi kwezipulingi ezihwamulayo. Njengoba isiphephetha-moya sidlulisa umoya oshisayo phezu kwalezipulingi, irefrigerant iyahwamuka futhi imunce ukushisa, ngaleyondlela ipholise umoya. Khona-ke lomoya opholile ubuyiselwa endaweni opholiswa kuyo. Omunye umswakama nawo uyasuswa lapho umoya upholiswa; uphenduka amanzi ezipulingini ezibandayo ezihwamulayo futhi uchitheke.

Ngalesosikhathi, irefrigerant, ehwamukile ngenxa yokumunca kwayo ukushisa, idlula kuyicompressor. Lapho ifakelwa umoya. Khona-ke idluliswa ezipulingini zamanzi, lapho ikhipha khona ukushisa kwayo futhi ibuyele esimweni esiwuketshezi. Ukushisa kuyasuswa esakhiweni, futhi irefrigerant iyajikeleza futhi idlule ezipulingini ezihwamulayo ukuze iqhubeke nenqubo yokupholisa.

Inqubo yokupholisa umoya ngesiqandisi yasungulwa kamuva ngokuqhathaniswa. Umshini wokupholisa umoya owenzelwe ngokukhethekile ukunethezeka komuntu wasetshenziswa ngokokuqala ngqá enkundleni yebhayisikobho ngo-1922. Isimiso sokuqala sokupholisa umoya sezitimela safakwa ngo-1931, futhi ngo-1939 imishini yafakwa ngokokuqala ngqá ezimotweni. Ngonyaka owalandela, imishini yafakwa emabhasini. Amakhaya nezakhiwo kwaqala ukusebenzisa isipholisa-moya ngawo-1930.

Isidingo abantu abazizwa benaso ngesipholisa-moya ngokusobala siyahlukahluka. Nokho, kunochungechunge lwamazinga okushisa abantu abaningi abawathola ekahle. Kusukela ku-22° C. kuya ku-26° C. kuyisibonelo sendawo ekahle, nomswakama ofanelekile osukela kumaphesenti angu-40 kuya kwangu-60. Lapho isimo sezulu sibanda ngokwanele kangangokuthi sidinga ukufudunyezwa, abantu abaningi bayokwaneliseka lapho izinga lokushisa lisukela ku-22° C. kuya ku-24° C.

Ngakokunye uhlangothi, lapho kushisa ngaphandle, abaningi bayokwaneliseka lapho isipholisa-moya sigcina izinga lokushisa langaphakathi lisukela ku-24° C. kuya ku-27° C. Kodwa uma izinga lokushisa langaphandle liphakeme kakhulu futhi umuntu ephuma engena njalo, kungase kube okuhlakaniphile ukuthi ngenxa yempilo yakhe agcine izinga lokushisa langaphakathi cishe liphakeme kunokuvamile.

Ingabe Uyasidinga?

Ngakho, ngokwezimo zakho, isipholisa-moya singakunikeza izimo ezizungezile ezanelisa ngokwengeziwe. Yiqiniso, kunezinye izindawo emhlabeni lapho singadingeki noma ngisho singafiseleki nokufiseleka khona. Noma ukuthenga isipholisa-moya kungase kube okungenakwenzeka kuwe ngenxa yezimali.

Nokho, ungase unqume ukuthi izinzuzo ongazithola kusipholisa-moya ziyazifanela izindleko ezidingekile zokuba naso. Uma lomshini ukhethwa ngokuyikho, ulinganiswa, ufakwa, futhi unakekelwa, ungakukhonza kahle isikhathi eside ngaphandle kwezindleko ezinkulu futhi, empeleni, uyokwandisa ukunethezeka kwakho.